1
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Blankenship BW, Li R, Guo R, Zhao N, Shin J, Yang R, Ko SH, Wu J, Rho Y, Grigoropoulos C. Photothermally Activated Artificial Neuromorphic Synapses. Nano Lett 2023; 23:9020-9025. [PMID: 37724920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Biological nervous systems rely on the coordination of billions of neurons with complex, dynamic connectivity to enable the ability to process information and form memories. In turn, artificial intelligence and neuromorphic computing platforms have sought to mimic biological cognition through software-based neural networks and hardware demonstrations utilizing memristive circuitry with fixed dynamics. To incorporate the advantages of tunable dynamic software implementations of neural networks into hardware, we develop a proof-of-concept artificial synapse with adaptable resistivity. This synapse leverages the photothermally induced local phase transition of VO2 thin films by temporally modulated laser pulses. Such a process quickly modifies the conductivity of the film site-selectively by a factor of 500 to "activate" these neurons and store "memory" by applying varying bias voltages to induce self-sustained Joule heating between electrodes after activation with a laser. These synapses are demonstrated to undergo a complete heating and cooling cycle in less than 120 ns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Blankenship
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Runxuan Li
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ruihan Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Naichen Zhao
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jaeho Shin
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Rundi Yang
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Junqiao Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yoonsoo Rho
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Physical & Life Sciences and NIF & Photon Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Costas Grigoropoulos
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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2
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Rho Y, Miller CF, Yancey RE, Laurence TA, Carr CW, Yoo JH. Wide-field probing of silica laser-induced damage precursors by photoluminescence photochemical quenching. Opt Lett 2023; 48:3789-3792. [PMID: 37450751 DOI: 10.1364/ol.494189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
We describe a wide-field approach to probe transient changes in photoluminescence (PL) of defects on silica surfaces. This technique allows simultaneous capture of spatially resolved PL with spontaneous quenching behavior. We attribute the quenching of PL intensity to photochemical reactions of surface defects and/or subsurface fractures with ambient molecules. Such quenching curves can be accurately reproduced by our theoretical model using two quenchable defect populations with different reaction rates. The fitting parameters of our model are spatially correlated to fractures in silica where point defects and mechanical stresses are known to be present, potentially indicating regions prone to laser-induced damage growth. We believe that our approach allows rapid spatial resolved identification of damage prone morphology, providing a new pathway to fast, non-destructive predictions of laser-induced damage growth.
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3
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Rho Y, Yoo S, Durham DB, Kang D, Minor AM, Grigoropoulos CP. Plasmonic Nonlinear Energy Transfer Enhanced Second Harmonic Generation Nanoscopy. Nano Lett 2023; 23:1843-1849. [PMID: 36847852 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear optical response is a fingerprint of various physicochemical properties of materials related to symmetry, including crystallography, interfacial configuration, and carrier dynamics. However, the intrinsically weak nonlinear optical susceptibility and the diffraction limit of far-field optics restrict probing deep-subwavelength-scale nonlinear optics with measurable signal-to-noise ratio. Here, we propose an alternative approach toward efficient second harmonic generation (SHG) nanoscopy for SHG-active sample (zinc oxide nanowire; ZnO NW) using an SHG-active plasmonic nanotip. Our full-wave simulation suggests that the experimentally observed high near-field SHG contrast is possible when the nonlinear response of ZnO NW is enhanced and/or that of the tip is suppressed. This result suggests possible evidence of quantum mechanical nonlinear energy transfer between the tip and the sample, modifying the nonlinear optical susceptibility. Further, this process probes the nanoscale corrosion of ZnO NW, demonstrating potential use in studying various physicochemical phenomena in nanoscale resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonsoo Rho
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Physical & Life Sciences and NIF & Photon Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - SeokJae Yoo
- Department of Physics, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel B Durham
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - DongJun Kang
- Department of Physics, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrew M Minor
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Costas P Grigoropoulos
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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4
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Li J, Yang R, Rho Y, Ci P, Eliceiri M, Park HK, Wu J, Grigoropoulos CP. Ultrafast Optical Nanoscopy of Carrier Dynamics in Silicon Nanowires. Nano Lett 2023; 23:1445-1450. [PMID: 36695528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Carrier distribution and dynamics in semiconductor materials often govern their physical properties that are critical to functionalities and performance in industrial applications. The continued miniaturization of electronic and photonic devices calls for tools to probe carrier behavior in semiconductors simultaneously at the picosecond time and nanometer length scales. Here, we report pump-probe optical nanoscopy in the visible-near-infrared spectral region to characterize the carrier dynamics in silicon nanostructures. By coupling experiments with the point-dipole model, we resolve the size-dependent photoexcited carrier lifetime in individual silicon nanowires. We further demonstrate local carrier decay time mapping in silicon nanostructures with a sub-50 nm spatial resolution. Our study enables the nanoimaging of ultrafast carrier kinetics, which will find promising applications in the future design of a broad range of electronic, photonic, and optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingang Li
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Rundi Yang
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Yoonsoo Rho
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Physical & Life Sciences and NIF & Photon Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California94550, United States
| | - Penghong Ci
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
| | - Matthew Eliceiri
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Hee K Park
- Laser Prismatics, LLC, San Jose, California95129, United States
| | - Junqiao Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Costas P Grigoropoulos
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
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5
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Ci P, Zhao Y, Sun M, Rho Y, Chen Y, Grigoropoulos CP, Jin S, Li X, Wu J. Breaking Rotational Symmetry in Supertwisted WS 2 Spirals via Moiré Magnification of Intrinsic Heterostrain. Nano Lett 2022; 22:9027-9035. [PMID: 36346996 PMCID: PMC9706673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Twisted stacking of van der Waals materials with moiré superlattices offers a new way to tailor their physical properties via engineering of the crystal symmetry. Unlike well-studied twisted bilayers, little is known about the overall symmetry and symmetry-driven physical properties of continuously supertwisted multilayer structures. Here, using polarization-resolved second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy, we report threefold (C3) rotational symmetry breaking in supertwisted WS2 spirals grown on non-Euclidean surfaces, contrasting the intact symmetry of individual monolayers. This symmetry breaking is attributed to a geometrical magnifying effect in which small relative strain between adjacent twisted layers (heterostrain), verified by Raman spectroscopy and multiphysics simulations, generates significant distortion in the moiré pattern. Density-functional theory calculations can explain the C3 symmetry breaking and unusual SHG response by the interlayer wave function coupling. These findings thus pave the way for further developments in the so-called "3D twistronics".
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghong Ci
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Institute
for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
| | - Yuzhou Zhao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin -
Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, United States
| | - Muhua Sun
- National
Center for Electron Microscopy in Beijing, School of Materials Science
and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Yoonsoo Rho
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Physical
& Life Sciences and NIF & Photon Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California94550, United States
| | - Yabin Chen
- School
of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute
of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Costas P. Grigoropoulos
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Song Jin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin -
Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, United States
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- Institute
for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
| | - Junqiao Wu
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
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6
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Dai C, Rho Y, Pham K, McCormick B, Blankenship BW, Zhao W, Zhang Z, Gilbert SM, Crommie MF, Wang F, Grigoropoulos CP, Zettl A. Kirigami Engineering of Suspended Graphene Transducers. Nano Lett 2022; 22:5301-5306. [PMID: 35760394 PMCID: PMC9284606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The low mass density and high mechanical strength of graphene make it an attractive candidate for suspended-membrane energy transducers. Typically, the membrane size dictates the operational frequency and bandwidth. However, in many cases it would be desirable to both lower the resonance frequency and increase the bandwidth, while maintaining overall membrane size. We employ focused ion beam milling or laser ablation to create kirigami-like modification of suspended pure-graphene membranes ranging in size from microns to millimeters. Kirigami engineering successfully reduces the resonant frequency, increases the displacement amplitude, and broadens the effective bandwidth of the transducer. Our results present a promising route to miniaturized wide-band energy transducers with enhanced operational parameter range and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Dai
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley
and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yoonsoo Rho
- Laser
Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Khanh Pham
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Brady McCormick
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Brian W. Blankenship
- Laser
Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Wenyu Zhao
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Zuocheng Zhang
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - S. Matt Gilbert
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael F. Crommie
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley
and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Feng Wang
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley
and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Costas P. Grigoropoulos
- Laser
Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alex Zettl
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley
and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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7
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Cheema SS, Shanker N, Hsu SL, Rho Y, Hsu CH, Stoica VA, Zhang Z, Freeland JW, Shafer P, Grigoropoulos CP, Ciston J, Salahuddin S. Emergent ferroelectricity in subnanometer binary oxide films on silicon. Science 2022; 376:648-652. [PMID: 35536900 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm8642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The critical size limit of voltage-switchable electric dipoles has extensive implications for energy-efficient electronics, underlying the importance of ferroelectric order stabilized at reduced dimensionality. We report on the thickness-dependent antiferroelectric-to-ferroelectric phase transition in zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) thin films on silicon. The emergent ferroelectricity and hysteretic polarization switching in ultrathin ZrO2, conventionally a paraelectric material, notably persists down to a film thickness of 5 angstroms, the fluorite-structure unit-cell size. This approach to exploit three-dimensional centrosymmetric materials deposited down to the two-dimensional thickness limit, particularly within this model fluorite-structure system that possesses unconventional ferroelectric size effects, offers substantial promise for electronics, demonstrated by proof-of-principle atomic-scale nonvolatile ferroelectric memory on silicon. Additionally, it is also indicative of hidden electronic phenomena that are achievable across a wide class of simple binary materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj S Cheema
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nirmaan Shanker
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Shang-Lin Hsu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yoonsoo Rho
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Cheng-Hsiang Hsu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Vladimir A Stoica
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - John W Freeland
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Padraic Shafer
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Costas P Grigoropoulos
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sayeef Salahuddin
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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8
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Cheema SS, Shanker N, Wang LC, Hsu CH, Hsu SL, Liao YH, San Jose M, Gomez J, Chakraborty W, Li W, Bae JH, Volkman SK, Kwon D, Rho Y, Pinelli G, Rastogi R, Pipitone D, Stull C, Cook M, Tyrrell B, Stoica VA, Zhang Z, Freeland JW, Tassone CJ, Mehta A, Saheli G, Thompson D, Suh DI, Koo WT, Nam KJ, Jung DJ, Song WB, Lin CH, Nam S, Heo J, Parihar N, Grigoropoulos CP, Shafer P, Fay P, Ramesh R, Mahapatra S, Ciston J, Datta S, Mohamed M, Hu C, Salahuddin S. Ultrathin ferroic HfO 2-ZrO 2 superlattice gate stack for advanced transistors. Nature 2022; 604:65-71. [PMID: 35388197 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04425-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
With the scaling of lateral dimensions in advanced transistors, an increased gate capacitance is desirable both to retain the control of the gate electrode over the channel and to reduce the operating voltage1. This led to a fundamental change in the gate stack in 2008, the incorporation of high-dielectric-constant HfO2 (ref. 2), which remains the material of choice to date. Here we report HfO2-ZrO2 superlattice heterostructures as a gate stack, stabilized with mixed ferroelectric-antiferroelectric order, directly integrated onto Si transistors, and scaled down to approximately 20 ångströms, the same gate oxide thickness required for high-performance transistors. The overall equivalent oxide thickness in metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors is equivalent to an effective SiO2 thickness of approximately 6.5 ångströms. Such a low effective oxide thickness and the resulting large capacitance cannot be achieved in conventional HfO2-based high-dielectric-constant gate stacks without scavenging the interfacial SiO2, which has adverse effects on the electron transport and gate leakage current3. Accordingly, our gate stacks, which do not require such scavenging, provide substantially lower leakage current and no mobility degradation. This work demonstrates that ultrathin ferroic HfO2-ZrO2 multilayers, stabilized with competing ferroelectric-antiferroelectric order in the two-nanometre-thickness regime, provide a path towards advanced gate oxide stacks in electronic devices beyond conventional HfO2-based high-dielectric-constant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj S Cheema
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Nirmaan Shanker
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Li-Chen Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Cheng-Hsiang Hsu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Shang-Lin Hsu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Hung Liao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Matthew San Jose
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Jorge Gomez
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Wriddhi Chakraborty
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Wenshen Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jong-Ho Bae
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Steve K Volkman
- Applied Science and Technology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Daewoong Kwon
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yoonsoo Rho
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Gianni Pinelli
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - Ravi Rastogi
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - Dominick Pipitone
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - Corey Stull
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Cook
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - Brian Tyrrell
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - Vladimir A Stoica
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - John W Freeland
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Christopher J Tassone
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Apurva Mehta
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Dong Ik Suh
- Research & Development Division, SK hynix, Icheon, Korea
| | - Won-Tae Koo
- Research & Development Division, SK hynix, Icheon, Korea
| | - Kab-Jin Nam
- Semiconductor R&D Center, Samsung Electronics, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Dong Jin Jung
- Semiconductor R&D Center, Samsung Electronics, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Woo-Bin Song
- Semiconductor R&D Center, Samsung Electronics, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Chung-Hsun Lin
- Logic Technology Development, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA
| | - Seunggeol Nam
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jinseong Heo
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Korea
| | - Narendra Parihar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Costas P Grigoropoulos
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Padraic Shafer
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Fay
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Ramamoorthy Ramesh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Souvik Mahapatra
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Suman Datta
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Mohamed Mohamed
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - Chenming Hu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sayeef Salahuddin
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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9
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Tang K, Dong K, Li J, Gordon MP, Reichertz FG, Kim H, Rho Y, Wang Q, Lin CY, Grigoropoulos CP, Javey A, Urban JJ, Yao J, Levinson R, Wu J. Temperature-adaptive radiative coating for all-season household thermal regulation. Science 2021; 374:1504-1509. [PMID: 34914515 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf7136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Kechao Tang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Circuits (MOE), School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Kaichen Dong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jiachen Li
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Applied Science and Technology Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Madeleine P Gordon
- Applied Science and Technology Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Hyungjin Kim
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yoonsoo Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Qingjun Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Chang-Yu Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Ali Javey
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Urban
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jie Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ronnen Levinson
- Heat Island Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Junqiao Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Applied Science and Technology Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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10
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Shin J, Jeong S, Kim J, Choi YY, Choi J, Lee JG, Kim S, Kim M, Rho Y, Hong S, Choi JI, Grigoropoulos CP, Ko SH. Dynamic Pore Modulation of Stretchable Electrospun Nanofiber Filter for Adaptive Machine Learned Respiratory Protection. ACS Nano 2021; 15:15730-15740. [PMID: 34585584 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The recent emergence of highly contagious respiratory disease and the underlying issues of worldwide air pollution jointly heighten the importance of the personal respirator. However, the incongruence between the dynamic environment and nonadaptive respirators imposes physiological and psychological adverse effects, which hinder the public dissemination of respirators. To address this issue, we introduce adaptive respiratory protection based on a dynamic air filter (DAF) driven by machine learning (ML) algorithms. The stretchable elastomer fiber membrane of the DAF affords immediate adjustment of filtration characteristics through active rescaling of the micropores by simple pneumatic control, enabling seamless and constructive transition of filtration characteristics. The resultant DAF-respirator (DAF-R), made possible by ML algorithms, successfully demonstrates real-time predictive adapting maneuvers, enabling personalizable and continuously optimized respiratory protection under changing circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeho Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seongmin Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jinmo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yun Young Choi
- Department of Computational Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seojdamun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Joonhwa Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jae Gun Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seongyoon Kim
- Department of Computational Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seojdamun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Munju Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yoonsoo Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sukjoon Hong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea
| | - Jung-Il Choi
- Department of Computational Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seojdamun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Costas P Grigoropoulos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Institute of Advanced Machines and Design/Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
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11
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Kim H, Uddin SZ, Lien DH, Yeh M, Azar NS, Balendhran S, Kim T, Gupta N, Rho Y, Grigoropoulos CP, Crozier KB, Javey A. Actively variable-spectrum optoelectronics with black phosphorus. Nature 2021; 596:232-237. [PMID: 34381234 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03701-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Room-temperature optoelectronic devices that operate at short-wavelength and mid-wavelength infrared ranges (one to eight micrometres) can be used for numerous applications1-5. To achieve the range of operating wavelengths needed for a given application, a combination of materials with different bandgaps (for example, superlattices or heterostructures)6,7 or variations in the composition of semiconductor alloys during growth8,9 are used. However, these materials are complex to fabricate, and the operating range is fixed after fabrication. Although wide-range, active and reversible tunability of the operating wavelengths in optoelectronic devices after fabrication is a highly desirable feature, no such platform has been yet developed. Here we demonstrate high-performance room-temperature infrared optoelectronics with actively variable spectra by presenting black phosphorus as an ideal candidate. Enabled by the highly strain-sensitive nature of its bandgap, which varies from 0.22 to 0.53 electronvolts, we show a continuous and reversible tuning of the operating wavelengths in light-emitting diodes and photodetectors composed of black phosphorus. Furthermore, we leverage this platform to demonstrate multiplexed nondispersive infrared gas sensing, whereby multiple gases (for example, carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour) are detected using a single light source. With its active spectral tunability while also retaining high performance, our work bridges a technological gap, presenting a potential way of meeting different requirements for emission and detection spectra in optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungjin Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Shiekh Zia Uddin
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Der-Hsien Lien
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Yeh
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nima Sefidmooye Azar
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Taehun Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Niharika Gupta
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yoonsoo Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Kenneth B Crozier
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ali Javey
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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12
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Dong K, Zhang T, Li J, Wang Q, Yang F, Rho Y, Wang D, Grigoropoulos CP, Wu J, Yao J. Flat Bands in Magic-Angle Bilayer Photonic Crystals at Small Twists. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 126:223601. [PMID: 34152166 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.223601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The new physics of magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene (TBG) motivated extensive studies of flat bands hosted by moiré superlattices in van der Waals structures, inspiring the investigations into their photonic counterparts with potential applications including Bose-Einstein condensation. However, correlation between photonic flat bands and bilayer photonic moiré systems remains unexplored, impeding further development of moiré photonics. In this work, we formulate a coupled-mode theory for low-angle twisted bilayer honeycomb photonic crystals as a close analogy of TBG, discovering magic-angle photonic flat bands with a non-Anderson-type localization. Moreover, the interlayer separation constitutes a convenient degree of freedom in tuning photonic moiré bands without high pressure. A phase diagram is constructed to correlate the twist angle and separation dependencies to the photonic magic angles. Our findings reveal a salient correspondence between fermionic and bosonic moiré systems and pave the avenue toward novel applications through advanced photonic band or state engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichen Dong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Tiancheng Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiachen Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Qingjun Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Fuyi Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yoonsoo Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Danqing Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Costas P Grigoropoulos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Junqiao Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jie Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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13
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Rho Y, Vijayan S. 0124 A Prefrontal-Amygdala Network Model of the Cellular and Circuit-Level Mechanisms of Emotional Memory Consolidation During the Awake State and REM Sleep. Sleep 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep has been implicated in the consolidation of emotional memories. Our recent work found a candidate system for REM-related memory consolidation. We showed that during REM sleep, the frontal cortices are dominated by theta (4–8 Hz) oscillations and bursts of beta (15–35 Hz) activity. Studies suggest that rhythmic interactions between the frontal cortices and limbic structures, in particular the amygdala, play a critical role in the consolidation of emotional memories. However, the mechanisms responsible for memory consolidation during these rhythmic interactions during REM sleep remain unknown.
Methods
We used biophysically based neural models to build a large-scale network model of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala (AMY) and incorporated synaptic plasticity mechanisms, such as spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP), into the connections between these two regions. Norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (SE) levels were manipulated to mimic the different physiological conditions during the awake state and REM sleep.
Results
We were able to reproduce the oscillatory dynamics observed in experimental studies and identify cell-type specific synaptic changes caused by STDP. During the awake state, PFC connections to all cell types of the AMY become strengthened when PFC neurons provide theta frequency inputs, with the connections strengthening to a greater extent when inputs are in burst mode rather than single spike mode. When the PFC provides beta inputs, we see the exact opposite relationship: synaptic strengths become weaker when inputs are in burst mode rather than single spike mode. During REM sleep conditions, the connections to all principal cell types of the AMY become strengthened, with synaptic connections to some subtypes of pyramidal cells becoming stronger than others. Surprisingly, however, the synaptic connections to the interneurons become weaker in response to theta frequency inputs.
Conclusion
Using our large-scale network model, we show how the levels of the neurotransmitters NE and SE during the awake state and REM sleep affect oscillatory dynamics and in turn influence the strengthening or weakening of connections related to emotional memories.
Support
United States Army Research Office, Award number ARO W91lNF-17-1-0300
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Rho
- Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
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14
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Long J, Eliceiri M, Vangelatos Z, Rho Y, Wang L, Su Z, Xie X, Zhang Y, Grigoropoulos CP. Early dynamics of cavitation bubbles generated during ns laser ablation of submerged targets. Opt Express 2020; 28:14300-14309. [PMID: 32403471 DOI: 10.1364/oe.391584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we observe and study the early evolution of cavitation bubbles generated during pulsed laser ablation of titanium targets in different liquid environments utilizing a high-resolution stroboscopic shadowgraphy system. A hydrodynamic model is proposed to calculate the early pressure changes within the bubble and in the surrounding fluid. Our results show that the cavitation bubble is a low-pressure region that is bounded by a high-pressure fluid lamina after the incipient stage, and its evolution is primarily affected by the liquid density. Moreover, the initial bubble pressure increases substantially in high viscosity liquids. This work illuminates how the liquid properties affect the early bubble dynamics and is a step towards a deeper understanding of laser-materials interactions in liquid environments.
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15
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Wang L, Paeng D, Jin Z, Zhang H, Kim YS, Rho Y, Eliceiri M, Grigoropoulos CP. Design and validation of a ten nanosecond resolved resistive thermometer for Gaussian laser beam heating. Rev Sci Instrum 2019; 90:124903. [PMID: 31893827 DOI: 10.1063/1.5118811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pulsed laser processing plays a crucial role in additive manufacturing and nanomaterial processing. However, probing the transient temperature field during the pulsed laser interaction with the processed materials is challenging as it requires both high spatial and temporal resolution. Previous transient thermometry studies have measured neither sub-100 µm spatial resolution nor sub-10 ns temporal resolution. The temperature field induced by Gaussian laser beam profiles has also not been accounted for. Here, we demonstrate a 9 ns rise time, 50 µm sized Pt thin-film sensor for probing the temperature field generated by a nanosecond pulsed laser on a semiconductor thin film. The measurement error sources and associated improvements in the thin film fabrication, sensor patterning, and electrical circuitry are discussed. We carried out the first experimental and theoretical analysis of spatial resolution and accuracy for measuring a Gaussian pulse on the serpentine structure. Transparent silica and sapphire substrates, as well as 7-45 nm insulation layer thicknesses, are compared for sensing accuracy and temporal resolution. Finally, the measured absolute temperature magnitude is validated through the laser-induced melting of the 40 nm thick amorphous silicon film. Preliminary study shows its potential application for probing heat conduction among ultrathin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letian Wang
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1740, USA
| | - Dongwoo Paeng
- Lam Research Corporation, 4650 Cushing Pkwy, Fremont, California 94538, USA
| | - Zeqing Jin
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1740, USA
| | - He Zhang
- Lam Research Corporation, 4650 Cushing Pkwy, Fremont, California 94538, USA
| | - Y S Kim
- Lam Research Corporation, 4650 Cushing Pkwy, Fremont, California 94538, USA
| | - Yoonsoo Rho
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1740, USA
| | - Matthew Eliceiri
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1740, USA
| | - Costas P Grigoropoulos
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1740, USA
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16
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Su Z, Bedolla-Valdez ZI, Wang L, Rho Y, Chen S, Gonel G, Taurone EN, Moulé AJ, Grigoropoulos CP. High-Speed Photothermal Patterning of Doped Polymer Films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:41717-41725. [PMID: 31619041 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors (OSCs) offer a new avenue to the next-generation electronics, but the lack of a scalable and inexpensive nanoscale patterning/deposition technique still limits their use in electronic applications. Recently, a new lithographic etching technique has been introduced that uses molecular dopants to reduce semiconducting polymer solubility in solvents and a direct-write laser to remove dopants locally, enabling rapid OSC etching with diffraction limited resolution. Previous publications postulated that the reaction that enables patterning is a photochemical reaction between photoexcited dopants with neutral solvent molecules. In this work, we analyze the photoinduced dissolution kinetics of F4TCNQ doped P3HT films using time-resolved in situ optical probing. We find two competing mechanisms that control de-doping and dissolution: the first is the photochemical reaction posited in the literature, and the second involves direct heating of the polymer by the laser, inducing increased solubility for both the polymer and dopant. We show that the wavelength-specific photochemical effect is dominant in low photon doses while the photothermal effect is dominant with high excitation rates regardless of laser wavelength. With sufficiently high optical intensity input, the photothermal mechanism can in principle achieve a high writing speed up to 1 m/s. Our findings bring new insights into the mechanisms behind laser direct writing of OSCs based on dopant induced solubility control and enable ultraprecise fabrications of various device configurations in large-scale manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengliang Su
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , 94720 California , United States
| | - Zaira I Bedolla-Valdez
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of California , Davis , 95616 California , United States
| | - Letian Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , 94720 California , United States
| | - Yoonsoo Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , 94720 California , United States
| | - Sunny Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , 94720 California , United States
| | - Goktug Gonel
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of California , Davis , 95616 California , United States
| | - Eric N Taurone
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of California , Davis , 95616 California , United States
| | - Adam J Moulé
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of California , Davis , 95616 California , United States
| | - Costas P Grigoropoulos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , 94720 California , United States
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17
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Rho Y, Pei J, Wang L, Su Z, Eliceiri M, Grigoropoulos CP. Site-Selective Atomic Layer Precision Thinning of MoS 2 via Laser-Assisted Anisotropic Chemical Etching. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:39385-39393. [PMID: 31553575 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Various exotic optoelectronic properties of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) strongly depend on their number of layers, and typically manifest in ultrathin few-layer or monolayer formats. Thus, precise manipulation of thickness and shape is essential to fully access their potential in optoelectronic applications. Here, we demonstrate site-selective atomic layer precision thinning of exfoliated MoS2 flake by laser. The oxidation mediated anisotropic chemical etching initiated from edge defects and progressed by controlled scanning of the laser beam. Thereby, the topmost layer can be preferentially removed in designed patterns without damaging the bottom flake. In addition, we could monitor the deceleration of the thinning by in situ reflectance measurement. The apparent slow down of the thinning rate is attributed to the sharp reduction in the temperature of the flake due to thickness dependent optical properties. Fabrication of monolayer stripes by laser thinning suggests potential applications in nonlinear optical gratings. The proposed thinning method would offer a unique and rather straightforward way to obtain arbitrary shape and thickness of a TMDCs flake for various optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonsoo Rho
- Laser Thermal Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Jiayun Pei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
| | - Letian Wang
- Laser Thermal Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Zhengliang Su
- Laser Thermal Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Matthew Eliceiri
- Laser Thermal Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Costas P Grigoropoulos
- Laser Thermal Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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18
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Cho H, Kwon J, Ha I, Jung J, Rho Y, Lee H, Han S, Hong S, Grigoropoulos CP, Ko SH. Mechano-thermo-chromic device with supersaturated salt hydrate crystal phase change. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaav4916. [PMID: 31360761 PMCID: PMC6660208 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav4916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Active control of transparency/color is the key to many functional optoelectric devices. Applying an electric field to an electrochromic or liquid crystal material is the typical approach for optical property control. In contrast to the conventional electrochromic method, we developed a new concept of smart glass using new driving mechanisms (based on mechanical stimulus and thermal energy) to control optical properties. This mechano-thermo-chromic smart glass device with an integrated transparent microheater uses a sodium acetate solution, which shows a unique marked optical property change under mechanical impact (mechanochromic) and heat (thermochromic). Such mechano-thermo-chromic devices may provide a useful approach in future smart window applications that could be operated by external environment conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunmin Cho
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Jinhyeong Kwon
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Manufacturing System R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), 89 Yangdaegiro-gil, Ipjang-myon, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do 31056, Korea
| | - Inho Ha
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Jinwook Jung
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Yoonsoo Rho
- Laser Thermal Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Habeom Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehag-ro, 63Beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Seungyong Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ajou University, 206 Worldcupro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16499, Korea
| | - Sukjoon Hong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea
| | - Costas P. Grigoropoulos
- Laser Thermal Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design (SNU-IAMD), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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19
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Wang L, Rho Y, Shou W, Hong S, Kato K, Eliceiri M, Shi M, Grigoropoulos CP, Pan H, Carraro C, Qi D. Programming Nanoparticles in Multiscale: Optically Modulated Assembly and Phase Switching of Silicon Nanoparticle Array. ACS Nano 2018; 12:2231-2241. [PMID: 29481049 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Manipulating and tuning nanoparticles by means of optical field interactions is of key interest for nanoscience and applications in electronics and photonics. We report scalable, direct, and optically modulated writing of nanoparticle patterns (size, number, and location) of high precision using a pulsed nanosecond laser. The complex nanoparticle arrangement is modulated by the laser pulse energy and polarization with the particle size ranging from 60 to 330 nm. Furthermore, we report fast cooling-rate induced phase switching of crystalline Si nanoparticles to the amorphous state. Such phase switching has usually been observed in compound phase change materials like GeSbTe. The ensuing modification of atomic structure leads to dielectric constant switching. Based on these effects, a multiscale laser-assisted method of fabricating Mie resonator arrays is proposed. The number of Mie resonators, as well as the resonance peaks and dielectric constants of selected resonators, can be programmed. The programmable light-matter interaction serves as a mechanism to fabricate optical metasurfaces, structural color, and multidimensional optical storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letian Wang
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720-1740 , United States
| | - Yoonsoo Rho
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720-1740 , United States
| | - Wan Shou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Missouri University of Science and Technology , Rolla , Missouri 65401 , United States
| | - Sukjoon Hong
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720-1740 , United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Hanyang University , 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, 20 Sangnok-gu , Ansan , Gyeonggi-do 15588 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kimihiko Kato
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-0032 , Japan
| | - Matthew Eliceiri
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720-1740 , United States
| | - Meng Shi
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720-1740 , United States
- School of Energy and Power Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Costas P Grigoropoulos
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720-1740 , United States
| | - Heng Pan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Missouri University of Science and Technology , Rolla , Missouri 65401 , United States
| | - Carlo Carraro
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720-1462 , United States
| | - Dongfeng Qi
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720-1740 , United States
- Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices, The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies , Ningbo University , Ningbo , Zhejiang 315211 , People's Republic of China
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20
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Rho Y, Zhu C, Kiarie E, de Lange CFM. Standardized ileal digestible amino acids and digestible energy contents in high-protein distiller's dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:3591-3597. [PMID: 28805905 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2017.1553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical composition and, therefore, potential nutritive value of corn distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is constantly evolving as the ethanol industry innovates processing techniques. We determined standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA (Exp. 1) and DE (Exp. 2) contents in high-protein (HP; >40% on a DM basis) DDGS samples. Two HP DDGS (HP-A and HP-B) samples and 1 conventional DDGS (CON) sample were selected for this study. Three semipurified corn starch-based diets (minimum 18% CP, as-fed basis) were formulated with DDGS as the sole source of AA. A fourth, N-free diet was prepared to estimate basal ileal endogenous AA losses. The corn starch:sucrose:oil ratio was kept constant across diets to allow calculation of DE content in DDGS by the difference method. In Exp. 1, 8 ileal-cannulated barrows (23.9 kg initial BW) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design ( = 8). Pigs were fed at 2.8 × maintenance energy requirement. In each period, pigs were adjusted to diets for 5 d followed by a 2 d of 8 h each grab continuous ileal digesta collection. In Exp. 2, 9 barrows (24.9 kg BW) were assigned to the 4 diets in a repeated 9 × 4 Youden square design to give 9 replicates per diet. In each period, pigs were adjusted to diets for 7 d followed by 5 d of fecal grab sample collection. The analyzed CP was 30.1, 42.3, and 43.1% (on a DM basis) in the CON, HP-A, and HP-B samples, respectively; the corresponding values for GE were 5,067, 5,425, and 5,407 kcal/kg DM, respectively. The concentrations of fat and NDF were comparable among the DDGS samples. Except for Arg and Val, the SID values for indispensable AA were not different ( > 0.05) among the 3 DDGS samples. However, HP samples had higher ( < 0.05) SID values for indispensable AA and CP compared with the CON sample. The SID of Lys content was 4.9, 6.1, and 7.4 g/kg DM for the CON, HP-A, and HP-B, respectively; the corresponding values for Met and Thr were 4.6, 6.8, and 7.4 g/kg DM, respectively, and 6.8, 9.5, and 10.7 g/kg DM, respectively. The DE content in HP samples was greater ( < 0.01) than in the CON (3,614, 4,494, and 4,555 kcal/kg DM for the CON, HP-A, and HP-B, respectively). In conclusion, HP DDGS had higher SID content of AA and DE compared with the CON.
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Rho Y, Zhu C, Kiarie E, de Lange CFM. 252 Apparent ileal and total tract digestibility of corn DDGS steeped without or with fiber degrading enzymes and fed to growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/asasann.2017.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Rho Y, Zhu C, Kiarie E, de Lange CFM. 257 Standardized ileal digestible amino acids and digestible energy contents in high-protein distiller's dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/asasmw.2017.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Rho Y, Moran K, Wey D, Zhu C, Walsh MC, Kiarie E, van Heugten E, de Lange CFM. 082 Growth performance responses of growing pigs when fed corn-soybean meal diets with corn DDGS treated with fiber degrading enzymes with or without extended steeping. J Anim Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/asasmw.2017.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Rho Y, Zhu C, Kiarie E, de Lange CFM. Standardized ileal digestible amino acids and digestible energy contents in high-protein distiller’s dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Rho Y, Kang KT, Lee D. Highly crystalline Ni/NiO hybrid electrodes processed by inkjet printing and laser-induced reductive sintering under ambient conditions. Nanoscale 2016; 8:8976-8985. [PMID: 27073978 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr00708b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we perform drop-on-demand (DOD) inkjet printing and laser reductive sintering of precrystallized NiO nanoparticle (NP) ink under ambient conditions to obtain NiO/Ni hybrid electrode patterns on a highly localized area. By formulating an inkjet-printable and laser-reducible NiO NP ink, and by exploring the optimum conditions of inkjet printing parameters, we generate stable droplets, enabling arbitrary shapes of NiO NP dot arrays or line patterns to be deposited. Subsequent short-time low-temperature sintering produces highly crystalline NiO electrodes. Furthermore, laser reductive sintering applied on deposited NiO NP patterns can successfully realize a selective transformation of NiO into Ni electrodes under ambient conditions. Therefore, we can define either NiO or Ni electrodes, or a combination of the two on specific areas with precise amounts of ink. In addition, we identify the characteristics of the synthesized NPs, NP ink, NiO and Ni electrodes using various analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonsoo Rho
- Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Ansan 15588, South Korea.
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Lee D, Rho Y, Allen FI, Minor AM, Ko SH, Grigoropoulos CP. Synthesis of hierarchical TiO2 nanowires with densely-packed and omnidirectional branches. Nanoscale 2013; 5:11147-11152. [PMID: 24071926 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr02584e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a hierarchical TiO2 nanostructure with densely-packed and omnidirectional branches grown by a hydrothermal method is introduced. This morphology is achieved via high-concentration TiCl4 treatment of upright backbone nanowires (NWs) followed by hydrothermal growth. Secondary nanobranches grow in all directions from densely distributed, needle-like seeds on the jagged round surface of the backbone NWs. In addition, hierarchical, flower-like branches grow on the top surface of each NW, greatly increasing the surface area. For dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) applications, the TiO2 nanostructure demonstrated a photoconversion efficiency of up to 6.2%. A parametric study of the DSSC efficiency showed that branched TiO2 DSSCs can achieve nearly four times the efficiency of non-branched TiO2 nanowire DSSCs, and up to 170% the efficiency of previously-reported sparsely-branched TiO2 NW DSSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeho Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1740, USA.
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Hong S, Yeo J, Manorotkul W, Kang HW, Lee J, Han S, Rho Y, Suh YD, Sung HJ, Ko SH. Digital selective growth of a ZnO nanowire array by large scale laser decomposition of zinc acetate. Nanoscale 2013; 5:3698-3703. [PMID: 23494004 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr34346d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We develop a digital direct writing method for ZnO NW micro-patterned growth on a large scale by selective laser decomposition of zinc acetate. For ZnO NW growth, by replacing the bulk heating with the scanning focused laser as a fully digital local heat source, zinc acetate crystallites can be selectively activated as a ZnO seed pattern to grow ZnO nanowires locally on a larger area. Together with the selective laser sintering process of metal nanoparticles, more than 10,000 UV sensors have been demonstrated on a 4 cm × 4 cm glass substrate to develop all-solution processible, all-laser mask-less digital fabrication of electronic devices including active layer and metal electrodes without any conventional vacuum deposition, photolithographic process, premade mask, high temperature and vacuum environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukjoon Hong
- Applied Nano Technology and Science (ANTS) lab, Mechanical Engineering Department, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
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Ghosh A, Rho Y, McIntosh AR, Kötter R, Jirsa VK. Noise during rest enables the exploration of the brain's dynamic repertoire. PLoS Comput Biol 2008; 4:e1000196. [PMID: 18846206 PMCID: PMC2551736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally brain function is studied through measuring physiological responses in controlled sensory, motor, and cognitive paradigms. However, even at rest, in the absence of overt goal-directed behavior, collections of cortical regions consistently show temporally coherent activity. In humans, these resting state networks have been shown to greatly overlap with functional architectures present during consciously directed activity, which motivates the interpretation of rest activity as day dreaming, free association, stream of consciousness, and inner rehearsal. In monkeys, it has been shown though that similar coherent fluctuations are present during deep anesthesia when there is no consciousness. Here, we show that comparable resting state networks emerge from a stability analysis of the network dynamics using biologically realistic primate brain connectivity, although anatomical information alone does not identify the network. We specifically demonstrate that noise and time delays via propagation along connecting fibres are essential for the emergence of the coherent fluctuations of the default network. The spatiotemporal network dynamics evolves on multiple temporal scales and displays the intermittent neuroelectric oscillations in the fast frequency regimes, 1–100 Hz, commonly observed in electroencephalographic and magnetoencephalographic recordings, as well as the hemodynamic oscillations in the ultraslow regimes, <0.1 Hz, observed in functional magnetic resonance imaging. The combination of anatomical structure and time delays creates a space–time structure in which the neural noise enables the brain to explore various functional configurations representing its dynamic repertoire. There has been a great deal of interest generated by the observation of resting-state or “default-mode” networks in the human brain. These networks seem to be most engaged when persons are not involved in overt goal-directed behavior. These networks are also thought to underlie certain aspects of conscious introspection and to be specific to humans. Our paper provides a new explanation for rest state fluctuations by suggesting that they reflect a deeper biological principle of organization and are a consequence of the space–time structure of primate anatomical connectivity. In a computational study using a biologically realistic primate cortical connectivity matrix, we show that the rest state networks emerge only if the time delays of signal transmission between brain areas are considered. The combination of anatomical structure and time delays creates a space–time structure in which the neural noise enables the brain to explore various functional configurations representing its dynamic repertoire. The latter repertoire spans temporal scales of multiple orders of magnitude including scales observed in electric potentials and magnetic fields on the scalp, as well as in blood flow signals. Our results provide a testable explanation of the real-world phenomenon of rest state fluctuations in the primate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandamohan Ghosh
- Theoretical Neuroscience Group, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement, Marseille, France
- UMR6233, CNRS, Marseille, France
- * E-mail: ;
| | - Y. Rho
- Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Physics Department, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States of America
| | - A. R. McIntosh
- Rotman Research Institute of Baycrest Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - R. Kötter
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, University Medical Centre St. Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Vogt Brain Research Institute and Anatomy II, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - V. K. Jirsa
- Theoretical Neuroscience Group, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement, Marseille, France
- UMR6233, CNRS, Marseille, France
- Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Physics Department, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: ;
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Ghosh A, Rho Y, McIntosh AR, Kötter R, Jirsa VK. Cortical network dynamics with time delays reveals functional connectivity in the resting brain. Cogn Neurodyn 2008; 2:115-20. [PMID: 19003478 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-008-9044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In absence of all goal-directed behavior, a characteristic network of cortical regions involving prefrontal and cingulate cortices consistently shows temporally coherent fluctuations. The origin of these fluctuations is unknown, but has been hypothesized to be of stochastic nature. In the present paper we test the hypothesis that time delays in the network dynamics play a crucial role in the generation of these fluctuations. By tuning the propagation velocity in a network based on primate connectivity, we scale the time delays and demonstrate the emergence of the resting state networks for biophysically realistic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ghosh
- Theoretical Neuroscience Group, UMR6152 Institut de Science du Mouvement CNRS, 163 Avenue de Luminy, CP 910, 13288, Marseille Cedex 9, France,
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Abstract
Various formats are being used for Web-based academic articles such as conference papers and journal papers. We surveyed the formats being used and tried to identify reading activities and the proper formats by carrying out two online surveys: an email-based survey with an email-based questionnaire and a Web-based survey with a Web-based questionnaire.The survey results show that readers overview Web-based academic articles from the screen, print them out and then read the printed articles. The results also show that the structural formats employed by most papers on the Web are against readers' preferences. The simple two-frame format was most preferred by 47% of the respondents as readers, but the cascade format of page windows was regarded as the worst by 65%. An interesting result is that 26% of the respondents selected as the worst style the paper-like format that is currently widely used for Web-based articles. Brief data sets and results are shown in this article.In addition, the importance of examples embedded in the Web-based questionnaire was shown by two consecutive surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Rho
- School of Computer Science & Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, AUSTRALIA
| | - T. D. Gedeon
- School of Information Technology, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, AUSTRALIA
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