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K Algethami F, Abdelhamid HN. Heteroatoms-doped carbon dots as dual probes for heavy metal detection. Talanta 2024; 273:125893. [PMID: 38508123 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The utilization of l-cysteine in hydrothermal synthesis allows for the manufacture of carbon dots (CDs) that are doped with heteroatoms including oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur (N, S, O-doped CDs). CDs have a particle size ranging from 1 to 3 nm, with an average particle size of 2.5 nm. N, S, and O-doped CDs display a blue fluorescence emission at a wavelength of 425 nm. It shows a reliance on the specific excitation wavelength between 320 and 500 nm. It has a selective quenching effect specifically with copper (Cu2+) ions when exposed to interactions with heavy metal ions, as compared to other metal ions. The assay has a limit of detection (LOD) of 2 μM and exhibits a linear correlation within the concentration range of 10-33.3 μM. The fluorescence mechanism was elucidated by employing various analytical techniques, such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM , UV-Vis spectroscopy, zeta potential analysis, and conductometry. An analysis of the data reveals that Cu2+ ions exhibit a strong attraction to the external surface of N, S, and O-doped CDs, leading to the formation of aggregates. N, S, and O-doped CDs can be also used as probes for electrochemical investigations utilizing cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), chronoamperometry (CA), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to produce Nyquist and Bode plots. The electrochemical results offer substantiation for the interaction between Cu2+ ions and N, S, and O-doped CDs. Zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials, i.e. CDs, can improve the detection of heavy metals using optical and electrochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal K Algethami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, 11432, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani Nasser Abdelhamid
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71575, Egypt; Egyptian-Russian University, Badr City, Cairo, 11829, Egypt.
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2
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Zhan Q, Ahmad A, Arshad H, Yang B, Chaudhari SK, Batool S, Hasan M, Feng G, Mustafa G, Hatami M. The role of reduced graphene oxide on mitigation of lead phytotoxicity in Triticum aestivum L.plants at morphological and physiological levels. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 211:108719. [PMID: 38739962 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Rapid global industrialization and an increase in population have enhanced the risk of heavy metals accumulation in plant bodies to disrupt the morphological, biochemical, and physiological processes of plants. To cope with this situation, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) NPs were used first time to mitigate abiotic stresses caused in plant. In this study, rGO NPs were synthesized and reduced with Tecoma stans plant leave extract through modified Hummer's methods. The well prepared rGO NPs were characterized by ultra-violet visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Zeta potential, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). However, pot experiment was conducted with four different concentrations (15, 30, 60, 120 mg/L) of rGO NPs and three different concentrations (300, 500,700 mg/L) of lead (Pb) stress were applied. To observe the mitigative effects of rGO NPs, 30 mg/L of rGO NPs and 700 mg/L of Pb were used in combination. Changes in morphological and biochemical characteristics of wheat plants were observed for both Pb stress and rGO NPs treatments. Pb was found to inhibit the morphological and biochemical characteristics of plants. rGO NPs alone as well as in combination with Pb was found to increase the chlorophyll content of wheat plants. Under Pb stress conditions and rGO NPs treatments, antioxidant enzyme activities like ascorbate peroxidases (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) were observed. Current findings revealed that greenly reduced graphene oxide NPs can effectively promote growth in wheat plants under Pb stress by elevating chlorophyll content of leaves, reducing the Pb uptake, and suppressing ROS produced due to Pb toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingying Zhan
- School of Health, Guangzhou Vocational University of Science and Technology, 510555, China
| | - Ashfaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Huma Arshad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Bingxian Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Sunbal Khalil Chaudhari
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Sargodha Campus, 42100, Pakistan
| | - Sana Batool
- Faculty of Chemical and Biological Science, Department of Biotechnology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Murtaza Hasan
- Faculty of Chemical and Biological Science, Department of Biotechnology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Guangzhu Feng
- School of Health, Guangzhou Vocational University of Science and Technology, 510555, China.
| | - Ghazala Mustafa
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Mehrnaz Hatami
- Department of Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak, 38156-8-8349, Iran; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Arak University, 38156-8-8349, Arak, Iran.
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3
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Ullah N, Bruce-Tagoe TA, Asamoah GA, Danquah MK. Multimodal Biosensing of Foodborne Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5959. [PMID: 38892147 PMCID: PMC11172999 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial foodborne pathogens present significant challenges to public health and the food industry, requiring rapid and accurate detection methods to prevent infections and ensure food safety. Conventional single biosensing techniques often exhibit limitations in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and rapidity. In response, there has been a growing interest in multimodal biosensing approaches that combine multiple sensing techniques to enhance the efficacy, accuracy, and precision in detecting these pathogens. This review investigates the current state of multimodal biosensing technologies and their potential applications within the food industry. Various multimodal biosensing platforms, such as opto-electrochemical, optical nanomaterial, multiple nanomaterial-based systems, hybrid biosensing microfluidics, and microfabrication techniques are discussed. The review provides an in-depth analysis of the advantages, challenges, and future prospects of multimodal biosensing for foodborne pathogens, emphasizing its transformative potential for food safety and public health. This comprehensive analysis aims to contribute to the development of innovative strategies for combating foodborne infections and ensuring the reliability of the global food supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael K. Danquah
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (N.U.); (T.A.B.-T.); (G.A.A.)
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4
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Hasan M, Liu Q, Kanwal A, Tariq T, Mustafa G, Batool S, Ghorbanpour M. A comparative study on green synthesis and characterization of Mn doped ZnO nanocomposite for antibacterial and photocatalytic applications. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7528. [PMID: 38553550 PMCID: PMC10980724 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58393-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Biological and green synthesis of nanomaterial is a superior choice over chemical and physical methods due to nanoscale attributes implanted in a green chemistry matrix, have sparked a lot of interest for their potential uses in a variety of sectors. This research investigates the growing relevance of nanocomposites manufactured using ecologically friendly, green technologies. The transition to green synthesis correlates with the worldwide drive for environmentally sound procedures, limiting the use of traditional harsh synthetic techniques. Herein, manganese was decorated on ZnO NPs via reducing agent of Withania-extract and confirmed by UV-spectrophotometry with highest peak at 1:2 ratio precursors, and having lower bandgap energy (3.3 eV). XRD showed the sharp peaks and confirms the formation of nanoparticles, having particle size in range of 11-14 nm. SEM confirmed amorphous tetragonal structure while EDX spectroscopy showed the presence of Zn and Mn in all composition. Green synthesized Mn-decorated ZnO-NPs screened against bacterial strains and exhibited excellent antimicrobial activities against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. To check further, applicability of synthesized Mn-decorated Zn nanocomposites, their photocatalytic activity against toxic water pollutants (methylene blue (MB) dye) were also investigated and results showed that 53.8% degradation of MB was done successfully. Furthermore, the installation of green chemistry in synthesizing nanocomposites by using plant extract matrix optimizes antibacterial characteristics, antioxidant and biodegradability, helping to build sustainable green Mn decorated ZnO nanomaterial. This work, explains how biologically friendly Mn-doped ZnO nanocomposites can help reduce the environmental impact of traditional packaging materials. Based on these findings, it was determined that nanocomposites derived from biological resources should be produced on a wide scale to eradicate environmental and water contaminants through degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murtaza Hasan
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Qiang Liu
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Ayesha Kanwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Tuba Tariq
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Ghazala Mustafa
- Depatment of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Sana Batool
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Mansour Ghorbanpour
- Department of Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak, 38156-8-8349, Iran.
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Arak University, Arak, 38156-8-8349, Iran.
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Sushma, Sharma S, Ghosh KS. Applications of Functionalized Carbon-Based Quantum Dots in Fluorescence Sensing of Iron(III). J Fluoresc 2024:10.1007/s10895-024-03611-1. [PMID: 38411860 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-024-03611-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Iron, an essential trace element exhibits detrimental effects on human health when present at higher or lower concentration than the required. Therefore, there is a pressing demand for sensitive and selective detection of Fe3+ in water, food etc. Unfortunately, in several instances, the traditional approaches suffer from a number of shortcomings like complicated procedures, limited sensitivity, poor selectivity and more expensive and time consuming. The scope of optical tuning and excellent photophysical properties of carbon- based nanomaterials like carbon dots (C-dots) and graphene dots (g-dots) have made them promising optical sensors of metal ions. Moreover, high surface area, superior stability of such materials contributes towards the fruitful development of sensors. The present review offered critical information on the fabrication and fluorimetric applications of these functional nanomaterials for sensitive and selective detection of Fe3+. An in-depth discussion on fluorescent C-dots made from naturally occurring materials and chemical techniques were presented. Effect of doping in C-dots was also highlighted in terms of improved fluorescence response and selectivity. In a similar approach g-dots were also discussed. Many of these sensors exhibited great selectivity, superior sensitivity, high quantum yield, robust chemical and photochemical stability and real-time applicability. Further improvement in these factors can be targeted to develop new sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, Hamirpur, H.P. 177005, India
| | - Shivani Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, Hamirpur, H.P. 177005, India
| | - Kalyan Sundar Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, Hamirpur, H.P. 177005, India.
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6
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Li Y, Lu H, Xu S. The construction of dual-emissive ratiometric fluorescent probes based on fluorescent nanoparticles for the detection of metal ions and small molecules. Analyst 2024; 149:304-349. [PMID: 38051130 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01711g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of fluorescent nanoparticles (FNPs), such as CDs, QDs, and MOFs, the construction of FNP-based probes has played a key role in improving chemical sensors. Ratiometric fluorescent probes exhibit distinct advantages, such as resistance to environmental interference and achieving visualization. Thus, FNP-based dual-emission ratiometric fluorescent probes (DRFPs) have rapidly developed in the field of metal ion and small molecule detection in the past few years. In this review, firstly we introduce the fluorescence sensing mechanisms; then, we focus on the strategies for the fabrication of DRFPs, including hybrid FNPs, single FNPs with intrinsic dual emission and target-induced new emission, and DRFPs based on auxiliary nanoparticles. In the section on hybrid FNPs, methods to assemble two types of FNPs, such as chemical bonding, electrostatic interaction, core satellite or core-shell structures, coordination, and encapsulation, are introduced. In the section on single FNPs with intrinsic dual emission, methods for the design of dual-emission CDs, QDs, and MOFs are discussed. Regarding target-induced new emission, sensitization, coordination, hydrogen bonding, and chemical reaction induced new emissions are discussed. Furthermore, in the section on DRFPs based on auxiliary nanoparticles, auxiliary nanomaterials with the inner filter effect and enzyme mimicking activity are discussed. Finally, the existing challenges and an outlook on the future of DRFP are presented. We sincerely hope that this review will contribute to the quick understanding and exploration of DRFPs by researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, China
- Laboratory of Functional Polymers, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, China.
| | - Hongzhi Lu
- Laboratory of Functional Polymers, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, China.
| | - Shoufang Xu
- Laboratory of Functional Polymers, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, China.
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7
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Cetinkaya YN, Bulut O, Oktem HA, Yilmaz MD. Fluorescent silica nanoparticles as nano-chemosensors for the sequential detection of Pb 2+ ions and bacterial-spore biomarker dipicolinic acid (DPA) in aqueous solution. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 303:123222. [PMID: 37542871 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report fluorescein-labelled silica nanoparticles (FSNP) which serve as fluorescent nano-chemosensors for sequential detection of Pb2+ (which is a toxic heavy metal) and dipicolinic acid (DPA) (which is a distinctive indicator biomarker of bacterial spores) with high sensitivity and selectivity. The fluorescence of FSNP is quenched because of the complex formation between Pb2+ ions and surface amide groups, however, the fluorescence is recovered in contact with DPA, resulting from the association of DPA with surface bound Pb2+ ions. FSNP-Pb2+ complexes show high sensitivity towards DPA with a low detection limit of 850 nM which is approximately seventy times lower than the infectious dosage of bacterial spores (60 μM). Lateral flow test platform was further developed to show the applicability and practicability of our system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagmur Nur Cetinkaya
- Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Konya Food and Agriculture University, 42080 Konya, Turkey
| | - Onur Bulut
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Konya Food and Agriculture University, 42080 Konya, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Avni Oktem
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; Nanobiz Technology Inc., Gallium Block No: 27 / 218, METU Technopolis, Ankara, Turkey
| | - M Deniz Yilmaz
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42140 Konya, Turkey; BITAM-Science and Technology Research and Application Center, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42140 Konya, Turkey.
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8
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Saif MS, Hasan M, Zafar A, Ahmed MM, Tariq T, Waqas M, Hussain R, Zafar A, Xue H, Shu X. Advancing Nanoscale Science: Synthesis and Bioprinting of Zeolitic Imidazole Framework-8 for Enhanced Anti-Infectious Therapeutic Efficacies. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2832. [PMID: 37893205 PMCID: PMC10604899 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infectious disorders are becoming a major health problem for public health. The zeolitic imidazole framework-8 with a novel Cordia myxa extract-based (CME@ZIF-8) nanocomposite showed variable functionality, high porosity, and bacteria-killing activity against Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli strains have been created by using a straightforward approach. The sizes of synthesized zeolitic imidazole framework-8 (ZIF-8) and CME@ZIF-8 were 11.38 nm and 12.44 nm, respectively. Prepared metal organic frameworks have been characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy, Fourier transform spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. An antibacterial potential comparison between CME@ZIF-8 and zeolitic imidazole framework-8 has shown that CME@ZIF-8 was 31.3%, 28.57%, 46%, and 47% more efficient than ZIF-8 against Staphylococcus aureus and 43.7%, 42.8%, 35.7%, and 70% more efficient against Escherichia coli, while it was 31.25%, 33.3%, 46%, and 46% more efficient than the commercially available ciprofloxacin drug against Staphylococcus aureus and 43.7%, 42.8%, 35.7%, and 70% more efficient against Escherichia coli, respectively, for 750, 500, 250, and 125 μg mL-1. Minimum inhibitory concentration values of CME@ZIF-8 for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were 15.6 and 31.25 μg/mL respectively, while the value of zeolitic imidazole framework-8 alone was 62.5 μg/mL for both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The reactive oxygen species generated by CME@ZIF-8 destroys the bacterial cell and its organelles. Consequently, the CME@ZIF-8 nanocomposites have endless potential applications for treating infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saqib Saif
- Faculty of Chemical and Biological Science, Department of Biochemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan; (M.S.S.)
| | - Murtaza Hasan
- Faculty of Chemical and Biological Science, Department of Biotechnology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Ayesha Zafar
- School of Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, 24 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia;
| | - Muhammad Mahmood Ahmed
- Faculty of Chemical and Biological Science, Department of Bioinformatics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan; (M.M.A.)
| | - Tuba Tariq
- Faculty of Chemical and Biological Science, Department of Biochemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan; (M.S.S.)
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Faculty of Chemical and Biological Science, Department of Biotechnology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Riaz Hussain
- Faculty of Chemical and Biological Science, Department of Veterinary Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Amna Zafar
- Faculty of Chemical and Biological Science, Department of Bioinformatics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan; (M.M.A.)
| | - Huang Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Xugang Shu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
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Phimmasone S, Boonsri P, Siangproh W, Ratanawimarnwong N, Jittangprasert P, Mantim T, Limchoowong N, Songsrirote K. Carbon dots derived from citric acid and urea as fluorometric probe for determining melamine contamination in infant formula sample. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2023; 12:015003. [PMID: 37647911 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/acf547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Melamine has been intentionally added into food products to increase the protein count at less cost, especially in dairy products for infant resulting in serious adverse effects on health of consumers. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a method to quantify melamine in dairy products based on the change of fluorescent properties of carbon dots (CDs) as sensing probe. CDs with green-fluorescent emission were synthesized from citric acid and urea under microwave irradiation. The synthesized CDs emitted fluorescence at the maximum wavelength of 538 nm with excitation wavelength of 410 nm. Thus, they provided high sensitivity and selectivity on melamine detection by which fluorescent emission of the CDs was increasingly quenched upon increasing melamine concentrations. Optimal conditions for melamine determination using the CDs was under pH 6, volume ratio between CDs and sample of 2:8 and reaction time of 15 min. The developed method provided high precision of melamine determination with less than 5% of %RSD (n = 5), wide detection range from 1.0 to 200.0 ppm, and high sensitivity with limit of detection (LOD) of 0.47 ppm and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 1.56 ppm, which is within the regulated level by the Food and Drug Administration of the United States for melamine in dairy products. Several analytical characterization techniques were conducted to elucidate the reaction mechanism between CDs and melamine, and the hydrogen bonding interaction was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souliyanh Phimmasone
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Pornthip Boonsri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Weena Siangproh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Agricultural Innovation and Food Safety, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand
| | - Nuanlaor Ratanawimarnwong
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Agricultural Innovation and Food Safety, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand
| | - Piyada Jittangprasert
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Agricultural Innovation and Food Safety, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand
| | - Thitirat Mantim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Agricultural Innovation and Food Safety, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand
| | - Nunticha Limchoowong
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Agricultural Innovation and Food Safety, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand
| | - Kriangsak Songsrirote
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Agricultural Innovation and Food Safety, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand
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