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Zhang L, Xu Y, Feng T, Zhang Y, Sun J, Wang X, Bai C, Zhang X, Shen J. Chitosan toughened epoxy resin by chemical cross-linking: Enabling excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132565. [PMID: 38782327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
There is a growing demand for the development of epoxy resin modified with biomaterials, aiming to achieve high toughness. Herein, chitosan crosslinked epoxy resin (CE) was synthesized by diisocyanate as a bridge. With 4,4'-diamino-diphenylmethane (DDM) as the curing agent, thanks to the unique cross-linking structure of the CE resin and the presence of carbamate groups, the cured CE/DDM exhibited superior properties compared to commercially available epoxy resin (E51). The tensile strength of the cured CE-3/DDM reached 90.17 MPa, the elongation at break was 11.2 %, and the critical stress intensity factor (KIC) measured 1.78 MPa m1/2. These values were 21.4 %, 151.6 %, and 81.6 % higher than those of the cured E51/DDM, respectively. It is worth noting that the addition of biomass material chitosan did not reduce the thermal stability of the resin. Additionally, the CE coatings on the metal substrate exhibited exceptional corrosion resistance, as evidenced by higher impedance values in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization voltages in the Tafel curve compared to those of the E51 coating. This study opens up a novel approach to modifying epoxy resin with biomass materials with high toughness and corrosion resistance, without sacrificing other performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Yuxuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Tengyu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jiajun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Chengying Bai
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Jun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China; Research Institute of Urbanization and Urban Safety, School of Civil and Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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2
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Stajcic I, Veljkovic F, Petrovic M, Veličkovic S, Radojevic V, Vlahović B, Stajcic A. Impact- and Thermal-Resistant Epoxy Resin Toughened with Acacia Honey. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102261. [PMID: 37242836 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
High performance polymers with bio-based modifiers are promising materials in terms of applications and environmental impact. In this work, raw acacia honey was used as a bio-modifier for epoxy resin, as a rich source of functional groups. The addition of honey resulted in the formation of highly stable structures that were observed in scanning electron microscopy images as separate phases at the fracture surface, which were involved in the toughening of the resin. Structural changes were investigated, revealing the formation of a new aldehyde carbonyl group. Thermal analysis confirmed the formation of products that were stable up to 600 °C, with a glass transition temperature of 228 °C. An energy-controlled impact test was performed to compare the absorbed impact energy of bio-modified epoxy containing different amounts of honey with unmodified epoxy resin. The results showed that bio-modified epoxy resin with 3 wt% of acacia honey could withstand several impacts with full recovery, while unmodified epoxy resin broke at first impact. The absorbed energy at first impact was 2.5 times higher for bio-modified epoxy resin than it was for unmodified epoxy resin. In this manner, by using simple preparation and a raw material that is abundant in nature, a novel epoxy with high thermal and impact resistance was obtained, opening a path for further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Stajcic
- Department of Physical Chemistry, "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, P.O. Box 522, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Filip Veljkovic
- Department of Physical Chemistry, "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, P.O. Box 522, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milos Petrovic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Suzana Veličkovic
- Department of Physical Chemistry, "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, P.O. Box 522, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Radojevic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branislav Vlahović
- Mathematics and Physics Department, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Aleksandar Stajcic
- Center for Microelectronic Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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3
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Yoon M, Lim CS. Comparative experiments on amine vs. acid anhydride curing agents for epoxy resin required for automotive parts. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03396-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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4
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Hu F, La Scala JJ, Yadav SK, Throckmorton J, Palmese GR. Epoxidized soybean oil modified using fatty acids as tougheners for thermosetting epoxy resins: Part 2—Effect of curing agent and epoxy molecular weight. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fengshuo Hu
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering Drexel University 3141 Chestnut Sreet Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - John J. La Scala
- Manufacturing Science and Technology Branch DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory USA
| | - Santosh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering Drexel University 3141 Chestnut Sreet Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - James Throckmorton
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering Drexel University 3141 Chestnut Sreet Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Giuseppe R. Palmese
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering Drexel University 3141 Chestnut Sreet Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
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5
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Ebrahimabadi Y, Mehrshad M, Mokhtary M, Abdollahi M. Studies of thermal, mechanical properties, and kinetic cure reaction of
carboxyl‐terminated
polybutadiene acrylonitrile liquid rubber with diepoxy octane. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Ebrahimabadi
- Department of Chemistry, Rasht Branch Islamic Azad University Rasht Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehrshad
- Department of Chemistry, Sabzevar Branch Islamic Azad University Sabzevar Iran
| | - Masoud Mokhtary
- Department of Chemistry, Rasht Branch Islamic Azad University Rasht Iran
| | - Mahdi Abdollahi
- Polymer Reaction Engineering Department Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
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6
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Bassett AW, Honnig AE, La Scala JJ, Stanzione JF. Network toughening of additively manufactured, high glass transition temperature materials via sequentially cured, interpenetrating polymers. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy E Honnig
- Department of Chemical Engineering Rowan University Glassboro NJ USA
| | - John J La Scala
- Combat Capabilities Development Command – Army Research Laboratory Aberdeen Proving Ground MD USA
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7
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Cao Z, Gao F, Zhao J, Wei X, Cheng Q, Zhong J, Lin C, Shu J, Fu C, Shen L. Bio-Based Coating Materials Derived from Acetoacetylated Soybean Oil and Aromatic Dicarboxaldehydes. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1809. [PMID: 31689971 PMCID: PMC6918255 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-based coating materials were prepared from epoxidized soybean oil as a renewable source. Acetoacetylated soybean oil was synthesized by the ring-opened and transesterification reaction of epoxidized soybean oil, and its chemical structure was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and rheometric viscosity analyses. On the basis of acetoacetylated soybean oil, several bio-based coating materials were prepared using different aromatic dicarboxaldehydes (1,2-benzenedialdehyde, 1,3-benzenedialdehyde, 1,4-phthalaldehyde, 4,4'-biphenyldicarboxaldehyde) and characterized. The resulting films possess good performance, including the highest glass transition temperature of 54 °C, a Young's modulus of 24.91 MPa, tensile strength of 5.65 MPa, and an elongation at break of 286%. Thus, this work demonstrates the Knoevenagel condensation reaction, which is based on soybean oil as a potential newer eco-friendly raw material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Cao
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Waterborne Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science &Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Fei Gao
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Waterborne Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science &Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Jinze Zhao
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Waterborne Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science &Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Xiao Wei
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Waterborne Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science &Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Qian Cheng
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Waterborne Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science &Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Jiang Zhong
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Waterborne Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science &Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Cong Lin
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Waterborne Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science &Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Jinbing Shu
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Waterborne Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science &Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Changqing Fu
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Waterborne Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science &Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Liang Shen
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Waterborne Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science &Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China.
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8
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Mora A, Decostanzi M, David G, Caillol S. Cardanol‐Based Epoxy Monomers for High Thermal Properties Thermosets. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201800421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne‐Sophie Mora
- Institut Charles GerhardtUMR 5253 – CNRSUniversité de MontpellierEcole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier240 Avenue Emile Jeanbrau34296MontpellierFrance
| | - Mélanie Decostanzi
- Institut Charles GerhardtUMR 5253 – CNRSUniversité de MontpellierEcole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier240 Avenue Emile Jeanbrau34296MontpellierFrance
| | - Ghislain David
- Institut Charles GerhardtUMR 5253 – CNRSUniversité de MontpellierEcole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier240 Avenue Emile Jeanbrau34296MontpellierFrance
| | - Sylvain Caillol
- Institut Charles GerhardtUMR 5253 – CNRSUniversité de MontpellierEcole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier240 Avenue Emile Jeanbrau34296MontpellierFrance
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9
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Huo S, Ma H, Liu G, Jin C, Chen J, Wu G, Kong Z. Synthesis and Properties of Organosilicon-Grafted Cardanol Novolac Epoxy Resin as a Novel Biobased Reactive Diluent and Toughening Agent. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:16403-16408. [PMID: 31458276 PMCID: PMC6644176 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to develop a biobased functional reactive diluent for thermosetting epoxy resins suitable for high-performance applications. An advanced organosilicon-grafted cardanol novolac epoxy resin (SCNER) was synthesized from cardanol novolac epoxy resin and heptamethyltrisiloxane. After the chemical structure of SCNER was identified by Fourier transform infrared, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR, it was used to modify the diglycidyl ether of the bisphenol A (DGEBA)/methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride system. The SCNER showed unique advantages, reducing the viscosity of DGEBA and improving the properties of the cured resin. With 10 wt % SCNER, the cured resin exhibited a higher tensile strength (78.84 MPa) and impact strength (32.36 kJ·m-2). The single glass transition temperature (T g) step proved the homogeneous phase structure of the cured resin. Inevitably, the T g of the cured resin decreased for the addition of SCNER. The dynamic mechanical analysis results indicated that the storage modulus of the cured resin decreased with the increasing content of SCNER. The morphology showing the ductile fracture of the cured resin was testified by scanning electron microscopy. The dilution and toughening properties of SCNER paves the way to a wide range of possible "eco-friendly" applications, especially in the fields of coatings, paintings, and adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Huo
- Institute
of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF; National Engineering
Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization; Key and Open Laboratory
on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA; Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy
and Materials of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210042, China
- E-mail:
| | - Hongliang Ma
- Institute
of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF; National Engineering
Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization; Key and Open Laboratory
on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA; Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy
and Materials of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Guifeng Liu
- Institute
of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF; National Engineering
Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization; Key and Open Laboratory
on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA; Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy
and Materials of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Can Jin
- Institute
of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF; National Engineering
Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization; Key and Open Laboratory
on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA; Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy
and Materials of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Institute
of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF; National Engineering
Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization; Key and Open Laboratory
on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA; Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy
and Materials of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Guomin Wu
- Institute
of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF; National Engineering
Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization; Key and Open Laboratory
on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA; Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy
and Materials of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Zhenwu Kong
- Institute
of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF; National Engineering
Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization; Key and Open Laboratory
on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA; Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy
and Materials of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210042, China
- Institute
of New Technology of Forestry, CAF, Beijing 100091, China
- E-mail:
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10
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Sahoo SK, Khandelwal V, Manik G. Renewable Approach To Synthesize Highly Toughened Bioepoxy from Castor Oil Derivative–Epoxy Methyl Ricinoleate and Cured with Biorenewable Phenalkamine. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b02043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sushanta K. Sahoo
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vinay Khandelwal
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gaurav Manik
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, Uttar Pradesh, India
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