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Katari O, Kumar K, Bhamble S, Jain S. Gemini surfactants as next-generation drug carriers in cancer management. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:1029-1051. [PMID: 39039919 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2384037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gemini surfactants (GS) are an elite class of amphiphilic molecules that have shown up as a potential candidate in the field of drug delivery because of their exceptional physicochemical properties. They comprise two hydrophilic headgroups connected by an adaptable spacer and hydrophobic tails that has shown promising results in delivering different therapeutic agents to cancer cells at preclinical level. However further studies are in demand to unlock the full potential of GS in this field. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the new advancements in GS as drug carriers in cancer therapy, their capacity to overcome conventional shortcomings and the demand for innovative approaches in disease treatment. A detailed list of GS-based formulations along with a brief description on oligomeric surfactants have also been provided in this review. This article summarizes data from studies identified through literature database searches including PubMed and Google Scholar (2010-2023). EXPERT OPINION There are major challenges that need to be addressed in this field which restrict their progression toward clinical phase. Further research can focus on developing a theranostic system that can provide simultaneous real-time monitoring along with treatment care. Nevertheless, ensuring the safety parameters of these nanocarriers followed by their regulatory approval is a time-consuming and expensive process. A collaborative approach between regulatory bodies, research institutions, and pharmaceutical companies can speed up the process in the upcoming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oly Katari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Keshav Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Shrushti Bhamble
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Sanyog Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India
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Panchal SS, Vasava DV. Synthetic biodegradable polymeric materials in non-viral gene delivery. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2023.2167081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Siddhi S. Panchal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Dilip V. Vasava
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
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Maiti B, Kumar K, Datta S, Bhattacharya S. Physical-Chemical Characterization of Bilayer Membranes Derived from (±) α-Tocopherol-Based Gemini Lipids and Their Interaction with Phosphatidylcholine Bilayers and Lipoplex Formation with Plasmid DNA. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:36-49. [PMID: 34955028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Membrane formation and aggregation properties of two series of (±) α-tocopherol-based cationic gemini lipids without and with hydroxyl functionalities at the headgroup region (TnS n = 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 12; THnS n = 4, 5, 6, 8, and 12) with varying polymethylene spacer lengths were investigated extensively while comparing with the corresponding properties of the monomeric counterparts (TM and THM). Liposomal suspensions of each cationic lipid were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), zeta potential measurements, and small-angle X-ray diffraction studies. The length of the spacer and the presence of hydroxyl functionalities at the headgroup region strongly contribute to the aggregation behavior of these gemini lipids in water. The interaction of each tocopherol lipid with a model phospholipid, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC)-derived vesicles, was thoroughly examined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH)-doped fluorescence anisotropy measurements. The binding efficiency of the cationic tocopherol liposomes with plasmid DNA (pDNA) was followed by an ethidium bromide (EB) exclusion assay and zeta potential measurements, whereas negatively charged micellar sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-mediated release of the pDNA from various preformed pDNA-liposomal complexes (lipoplex) was studied by an ethidium bromide (EB) reintercalation assay. The structural transformation of pDNA upon complexation with liposome was characterized using circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopic measurements. Gemini lipid-pDNA interactions depend on both the presence of hydroxyl functionalities at the headgroups and the length of the spacer chain between the headgroups. Succinctly, we performed a detailed physical-chemical characterization of the membranes formed from cationic monomeric and gemini lipids bearing tocopherol as their hydrophobic backbone and describe the role of inserting the -OH group at the headgroup of such lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bappa Maiti
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- Technical Research Centre, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Krishan Kumar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Subhasis Datta
- School of Applied & Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Santanu Bhattacharya
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- Technical Research Centre, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
- School of Applied & Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
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Muñoz-Úbeda M, Semenzato M, Franco-Romero A, Junquera E, Aicart E, Scorrano L, López-Montero I. Transgene expression in mice of the Opa1 mitochondrial transmembrane protein through bicontinuous cubic lipoplexes containing gemini imidazolium surfactants. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:425. [PMID: 34922554 PMCID: PMC8684174 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01167-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipoplexes are non-viral vectors based on cationic lipids used to deliver DNA into cells, also known as lipofection. The positively charge of the hydrophilic head-group provides the cationic lipids the ability to condensate the negatively charged DNA into structured complexes. The polar head can carry a large variety of chemical groups including amines as well as guanidino or imidazole groups. In particular, gemini cationic lipids consist of two positive polar heads linked by a spacer with different length. As for the hydrophobic aliphatic chains, they can be unsaturated or saturated and are connected to the polar head-groups. Many other chemical components can be included in the formulation of lipoplexes to improve their transfection efficiency, which often relies on their structural features. Varying these components can drastically change the arrangement of DNA molecules within the lamellar, hexagonal or cubic phases that are provided by the lipid matrix. Lipofection is widely used to deliver genetic material in cell culture experiments but the simpler formulations exhibit major drawbacks related to low transfection, low specificity, low circulation half-life and toxicity when scaled up to in vivo experiments. RESULTS So far, we have explored in cell cultures the transfection ability of lipoplexes based on gemini cationic lipids that consist of two C16 alkyl chains and two imidazolium polar head-groups linked with a polyoxyethylene spacer, (C16Im)2(C4O). Here, PEGylated lipids have been introduced to the lipoplex formulation and the transgene expression of the Opa1 mitochondrial transmembrane protein in mice was assessed. The addition of PEG on the surface of the lipid mixed resulted in the formation of Ia3d bicontinuous cubic phases as determined by small angle X-ray scattering. After a single intramuscular administration, the cubic lipoplexes were accumulated in tissues with tight endothelial barriers such as brain, heart, and lungs for at least 48 h. The transgene expression of Opa1 in those organs was identified by western blotting or RNA expression analysis through quantitative polymerase chain reaction. CONCLUSIONS The expression reported here is sufficient in magnitude, duration and toxicity to consolidate the bicontinuous cubic structures formed by (C16Im)2(C4O)-based lipoplexes as valuable therapeutic agents in the field of gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Muñoz-Úbeda
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Hospital, 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain.
- Dpto. Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Martina Semenzato
- Fondazione Per La Ricerca Biomèdica Avanzata, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Anais Franco-Romero
- Fondazione Per La Ricerca Biomèdica Avanzata, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Junquera
- Dpto. Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Aicart
- Dpto. Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luca Scorrano
- Fondazione Per La Ricerca Biomèdica Avanzata, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Iván López-Montero
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Hospital, 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain.
- Dpto. Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Yadav MR, Kumar M, Murumkar PR. Further Studies on Cationic Gemini Amphiphiles as Carriers for Gene Delivery-The Effect of Linkers in the Structure and Other Factors Affecting the Transfection Efficacy of These Amphiphiles. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:33370-33388. [PMID: 34926887 PMCID: PMC8674915 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy has the therapeutic potential to address a multitude of health problems, and it also has utility in different domains of science. However, its applications are plagued due to the absence of a suitable, safe, efficient, selective, and universal vector, which could help in delivering the desired nucleic acid cargo to the site of action. Though viral vectors are efficient, they pose various health risks. Different types of synthetic agents have been tried as nucleic acid vectors by researchers but with limited success. Gemini amphiphiles (GAs) are a class of synthetic surfactants having biscationic heads with attached hydrophilic and lipophilic groups. Herein, we synthesized two classes of GAs differing in the chemical nature and length of the linkers, head groups, and lipophilic chains. The resulting compounds were evaluated for their efficiency to transfect A549 and HeLa cell lines with a β-galactosidase reporter plasmid. A 3-oxypentyl linker, a monohydroxyethyl head group, and a tetradecyl moiety as the lipophilic chain offered the best transfection efficiency (compound 10BIII). Dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) as the helper lipid improved the transfection efficacy of the GAs in the absence of serum. In the presence of serum, DOPE and cholesterol, as the helper lipids, improved the transfection efficacy of the resulting formulations. The synthesized GAs showed concentration-dependent toxicity in the MTT assay. Biodistribution studies using 99mTc-labeled lipoplexes indicated that the lipoplexes got concentrated in some vital organs such as the spleen, liver, and lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mange Ram Yadav
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, The Maharaja Sayajirao University
of Baroda, Vadodara 390 001, Gujarat, India
- Centre
of Research for Development, Parul University, Waghodia Road, Vadodara 391 760, Gujarat, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, The Maharaja Sayajirao University
of Baroda, Vadodara 390 001, Gujarat, India
| | - Prashant R. Murumkar
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, The Maharaja Sayajirao University
of Baroda, Vadodara 390 001, Gujarat, India
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Chis AA, Dobrea CM, Rus LL, Frum A, Morgovan C, Butuca A, Totan M, Juncan AM, Gligor FG, Arseniu AM. Dendrimers as Non-Viral Vectors in Gene-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy. Molecules 2021; 26:5976. [PMID: 34641519 PMCID: PMC8512881 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) has been intensively studied as a promising new strategy of prodrug delivery, with its main advantages being represented by an enhanced efficacy and a reduced off-target toxicity of the active drug. In recent years, numerous therapeutic systems based on GDEPT strategy have entered clinical trials. In order to deliver the desired gene at a specific site of action, this therapeutic approach uses vectors divided in two major categories, viral vectors and non-viral vectors, with the latter being represented by chemical delivery agents. There is considerable interest in the development of non-viral vectors due to their decreased immunogenicity, higher specificity, ease of synthesis and greater flexibility for subsequent modulations. Dendrimers used as delivery vehicles offer many advantages, such as: nanoscale size, precise molecular weight, increased solubility, high load capacity, high bioavailability and low immunogenicity. The aim of the present work was to provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advances regarding the use of dendrimers as non-viral carriers in the GDEPT therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adina Frum
- Preclinical Department, Faculty of Medicine, “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (A.A.C.); (C.M.D.); (L.-L.R.); (A.B.); (M.T.); (A.M.J.); (F.G.G.); (A.M.A.)
| | - Claudiu Morgovan
- Preclinical Department, Faculty of Medicine, “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (A.A.C.); (C.M.D.); (L.-L.R.); (A.B.); (M.T.); (A.M.J.); (F.G.G.); (A.M.A.)
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Sanmartín I, Sendra L, Moret I, Herrero MJ, Aliño SF. Multicompartmental Lipopolyplex as Vehicle for Antigens and Genes Delivery in Vaccine Formulations. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020281. [PMID: 33669785 PMCID: PMC7922173 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vector design and its characterization is an area of great interest in current vaccine research. In this article, we have formulated and characterized a multicompartmental lipopolyplex, which associates multiple liposomes and polyplexes in the same complex. These particles allow the simultaneous delivery of lipid or water-soluble antigens associated with genes to the same cell, in much higher amounts than conventional lipopolyplexes. The vector characterization and optimization were carried out using liposomes with entrapped carboxyfluorescein and adapted electrophoretic assays. Two types of lipopolyplexes (containing hydrophilic or lipophilic antigens) were employed to evaluate their interest in vaccination. The lipopolyplex loaded with an extract of water-soluble melanoma proteins proved to efficiently induce humoral response in murine melanoma model, increasing the levels of IgM and IgG. The specificity of the immune response induced by the lipopolyplex was demonstrated in mice with the lipopolyplex containing the GD3 ganglioside lipid antigen, abundant in melanoma cells. The levels of anti-GD3 IgG increased markedly without modifying the expression of humoral antibodies against other gangliosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaías Sanmartín
- Faculty of Veterinary and Experimental Sciences, Universidad Católica de Valencia, 46001 Valencia, Spain;
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (L.S.); (I.M.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Luis Sendra
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (L.S.); (I.M.); (M.J.H.)
- Pharmacogenetics Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Inés Moret
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (L.S.); (I.M.); (M.J.H.)
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - María José Herrero
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (L.S.); (I.M.); (M.J.H.)
- Pharmacogenetics Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador F. Aliño
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (L.S.); (I.M.); (M.J.H.)
- Pharmacogenetics Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-963-864-972
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Liu C, Zhang L, Zhu W, Guo R, Sun H, Chen X, Deng N. Barriers and Strategies of Cationic Liposomes for Cancer Gene Therapy. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 18:751-764. [PMID: 32913882 PMCID: PMC7452052 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cationic liposomes (CLs) have been regarded as the most promising gene delivery vectors for decades with the advantages of excellent biodegradability, biocompatibility, and high nucleic acid encapsulation efficiency. However, the clinical use of CLs in cancer gene therapy is limited because of many uncertain factors in vivo. Extracellular barriers such as opsonization, rapid clearance by the reticuloendothelial system and poor tumor penetration, and intracellular barriers, including endosomal/lysosomal entrapped network and restricted diffusion to the nucleus, make CLs not the ideal vector for transferring extrinsic genes in the body. However, the obstacles in achieving productive therapeutic effects of nucleic acids can be addressed by tailoring the properties of CLs, which are influenced by lipid compositions and surface modification. This review focuses on the physiological barriers of CLs against cancer gene therapy and the effects of lipid compositions on governing transfection efficiency, and it briefly discusses the impacts of particle size, membrane charge density, and surface modification on the fate of CLs in vivo, which may provide guidance for their preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Liu
- Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Department of Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ligang Zhang
- Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Department of Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wenhui Zhu
- Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Department of Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Raoqing Guo
- Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Department of Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Huamin Sun
- Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Department of Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Department of Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ning Deng
- Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Department of Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Rak M, Ochałek A, Gawarecka K, Masnyk M, Chmielewski M, Chojnacki T, Swiezewska E, Madeja Z. Boost of serum resistance and storage stability in cationic polyprenyl-based lipofection by helper lipids compositions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 155:199-209. [PMID: 32750413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipofection is a widely used molecular biology technique and one of the most promising non-viral gene therapy strategies. However, one of the main drawbacks of using cationic lipids-based lipoplexes in DNA/RNA delivery is serum-associated inhibition of transfection. We have addressed this issue using PTAI (trimethylpolyprenylammonium iodides)-based lipofection model. To overcome serum-sensitivity we used 100 different formulations based on different PTAI, various helper lipids compositions, lipoplex surface modifications with polyethylene glycol (PEG), and precondensation of DNA with poly-L-lysine (PLL). Multicomponent helper lipids compositions boosted serum resistance and largely improved long-term storage of PTAI-based reagents. This was observed, in particular, for PTAI with longer isoprenoid chains. Additionally, our PTAI-based carriers were efficient for DNA and RNA delivery and safe for human red blood cells (RBC). Moreover, a broad array of the modifications used resulted in an important observation - a diverse susceptibility of various cell types to different compositions was noted. Overall, our results show that helper lipids composition mediates efficient serum-resistant DNA/RNA lipofection. Additionally, multicomponent PTAI-based reagents are promising gene delivery carriers both, at the cellular and organismal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Rak
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Anna Ochałek
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gawarecka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Masnyk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry PAS, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Chmielewski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry PAS, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Chojnacki
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Swiezewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Madeja
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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