1
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Bennett TLR, Long NJ. A convenient synthesis of ferrocene-(ethynylphenyl)thioacetates. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:16465-16471. [PMID: 37873649 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02954a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Ferrocene is popular within the field of molecular electronics due to its well-defined electronic properties. However, where the conductance of highly-conjugated oligophenylethylenes has been widely studied, work on analogous ferrocenyl systems has been relatively rare, possibly due to difficulties associated with the synthesis of molecules containing terminal thioacetates, which are often used to bind molecules to metallic electrodes. Herein, a widely applicable synthetic methodology is demonstrated which can be used to synthesize a variety of conjugated ferrocene-alkyne systems terminated with thioacetates, including symmetric, asymmetric and multi-ferrocene systems. Conjugation of the ferrocene units to their terminal atoms is then shown through the use of both UV/Vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. This work paves the way for future studies and applications of conjugated ferrocene systems in the field of nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy L R Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Nicholas J Long
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
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2
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Sariga, Varghese A. The Renaissance of Ferrocene-Based Electrocatalysts: Properties, Synthesis Strategies, and Applications. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2023; 381:32. [PMID: 37910233 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-023-00441-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The fascinating electrochemical properties of the redox-active compound ferrocene have inspired researchers across the globe to develop ferrocene-based electrocatalysts for a wide variety of applications. Advantages including excellent chemical and thermal stability, solubility in organic solvents, a pair of stable redox states, rapid electron transfer, and nontoxic nature improve its utility in various electrochemical applications. The use of ferrocene-based electrocatalysts enables control over the intrinsic properties and electroactive sites at the surface of the electrode to achieve specific electrochemical activities. Ferrocene and its derivatives can function as a potential redox medium that promotes electron transfer rates, thereby enhancing the reaction kinetics and electrochemical responses of the device. The outstanding electrocatalytic activity of ferrocene-based compounds at lower operating potentials enhances the specificity and sensitivity of reactions and also amplifies the response signals. Owing to their versatile redox chemistry and catalytic activities, ferrocene-based electrocatalysts are widely employed in various energy-related systems, molecular machines, and agricultural, biological, medicinal, and sensing applications. This review highlights the importance of ferrocene-based electrocatalysts, with emphasis on their properties, synthesis strategies for obtaining different ferrocene-based compounds, and their electrochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sariga
- CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, 560029, India
| | - Anitha Varghese
- CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, 560029, India.
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3
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Lorenzetto T, Fabris F, Scarso A. Recent metallosurfactants for sustainable catalysis in water. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2023.101689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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4
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Liu Y, Zhang H, Zhang W, Binks BP, Cui Z, Jiang J. Charge Density Overcomes Steric Hindrance of Ferrocene Surfactant in Switchable Oil-in-Dispersion Emulsions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202210050. [PMID: 36328980 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A ferrocene surfactant can be switched between single and double head form (FcN+ C12 /Fc+ N+ C12 ) triggered by redox reaction. FcN+ C12 can neither stabilize an O/W emulsion alone nor an oil-in-dispersion emulsion in combination with alumina nanoparticles due to the steric hindrance of the ferrocene group. However, such steric hindrance can be overcome by increasing the charge density in Fc+ N+ C12 , so that oil-in-dispersion emulsions can be co-stabilized by Fc+ N+ C12 and alumina nanoparticles at very low concentrations (1×10-7 M (≈50 ppb) and 0.001 wt %, respectively). Not only can reversible formation/destabilization of oil-in-dispersion emulsions be achieved by redox reaction, but also reversible transformation between oil-in-dispersion emulsions and Pickering emulsions can be obtained through reversing the charge of alumina particles by adjusting the pH. The results provide a new protocol for the design of surfactants for stabilization of smart oil-in-dispersion emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical & Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Haojie Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical & Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wanqing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical & Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Bernard P Binks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Zhenggang Cui
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical & Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jianzhong Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical & Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
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5
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Gao S, Pang H, Zhao Y, Dai Y, Hong P, Liao B. Tadpole‐like Copolymer for Fabrication of Silica‐encapsulated Polysulfide Microspheres. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuxi Gao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Industrial Surfactant Institute of Chemical Engineering Guangdong Academy of Sciences Guangzhou Guangdong 510665 China
| | - Hao Pang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Industrial Surfactant Institute of Chemical Engineering Guangdong Academy of Sciences Guangzhou Guangdong 510665 China
| | - Yifang Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Industrial Surfactant Institute of Chemical Engineering Guangdong Academy of Sciences Guangzhou Guangdong 510665 China
| | - Yongqiang Dai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Industrial Surfactant Institute of Chemical Engineering Guangdong Academy of Sciences Guangzhou Guangdong 510665 China
| | - PeiPing Hong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Industrial Surfactant Institute of Chemical Engineering Guangdong Academy of Sciences Guangzhou Guangdong 510665 China
| | - Bing Liao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Industrial Surfactant Institute of Chemical Engineering Guangdong Academy of Sciences Guangzhou Guangdong 510665 China
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6
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Gurunarayanan V, Ramapanicker R. Amphiphilic conjugates of ferrocene with amino acids and peptides: Design, synthesis, and studies on their aggregation behavior. J Pept Sci 2021; 27:e3332. [PMID: 33884698 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new class of ferrocenyl surfactants based on covalent linkage between amino acids or peptides and ferrocene was designed. Accordingly, five ferrocenyl amphiphiles, FcS1-5, were synthesized, and their aggregation behaviors in aqueous solutions were studied. Compared to the other surfactants containing ferrocenyl units, FcS have a relatively smaller size and low molecular weight and are easy to synthesize. The influences of the number of carboxylic acid head groups and the number of Fc group in the hydrophobic tail, on the stability and aggregation behavior of these amphiphiles in aqueous medium, were explored to deduce the structure property relationships. A combination of fluorescence and dynamic light scattering techniques was used to elucidate the behavior of these molecules. A good agreement between the results obtained using different techniques was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinithra Gurunarayanan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India
| | - Ramesh Ramapanicker
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India.,Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India
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Bitter S, Schilling M, Brahm JP, Polarz S, Winter RF. Voltammetry as a Tool to Monitor the Aggregation Behavior of a Zwitterionic Ferrocene Surfactant. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:4183-4191. [PMID: 33787275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Amphiphiles are unique in their ability to self-assemble in aqueous solution into aggregates. The control of the self-organization of amphiphiles and the live monitoring of the ensuing structure changes by analytical methods are key challenges in this field. One way to gain control and to trigger the self-assembly/disassembly of amphiphiles is to introduce a redox-active constituent to the amphiphile structure, as is the case with metallosurfactants. In this work, we report a cyclic and square-wave voltammetric study on the multi-stimuli-responsive amphiphile 1-(Z)-heptenyl-1'-dimethylammoniummethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ferrocene (1). We observe separate waves/peaks for molecules of 1 present as the monomer in its electrode-immobilized, its freely diffusing form, and its aggregated form. This allows for a direct monitoring of how the underlying equilibria depend on the concentration and time. Isothermal titration calorimetry indicates that aggregation is entropically and enthalpically favored. Our findings thus illustrate the utility of voltammetric methods for investigating self-assembly processes of redox-active amphiphiles and their redox switchability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bitter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Markus Schilling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jan P Brahm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Polarz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leibniz-University Hannover, Callinstrasse 9, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Rainer F Winter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Bennett TLR, Wilkinson LA, Lok JMA, O’Toole RCP, Long NJ. Synthesis, Electrochemistry, and Optical Properties of Highly Conjugated Alkynyl-Ferrocenes and -Biferrocenes. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Troy L. R. Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, MSRH, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Luke A. Wilkinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Jasmine M. A. Lok
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | | | - Nicholas J. Long
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, MSRH, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, U.K
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9
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Bitter S, Schlötter M, Schilling M, Krumova M, Polarz S, Winter RF. Ferro-self-assembly: magnetic and electrochemical adaptation of a multiresponsive zwitterionic metalloamphiphile showing a shape-hysteresis effect. Chem Sci 2020; 12:270-281. [PMID: 34163595 PMCID: PMC8178951 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05249c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallosurfactants are molecular compounds which combine the unique features of amphiphiles, like their capability of self-organization, with the peculiar properties of metal complexes like magnetism and a rich redox chemistry. Considering the high relevance of surfactants in industry and science, amphiphiles that change their properties on applying an external trigger are highly desirable. A special feature of the surfactant reported here, 1-(Z)-heptenyl-1′-dimethylammonium-methyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ferrocene (6), is that the redox-active ferrocene constituent is in a gemini-position. Oxidation to 6+ induces a drastic change of the surfactant's properties accompanied by the emergence of paramagnetism. The effects of an external magnetic field on vesicles formed by 6+ and the associated dynamics were monitored in situ using a custom-made optical birefringence and dual dynamic light scattering setup. This allowed us to observe the optical anisotropy as well as the anisotropy of the diffusion coefficient and revealed the field-induced formation of oriented string-of-pearls-like aggregates and their delayed disappearance after the field is switched off. The self-organization properties of a stimuli responsive amphiphile can be altered by subjecting the paramagnetic oxidized form to a magnetic field of 0.8 T and monitored in real time by coupling optical birefringence with dynamic light scattering.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bitter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz Universitätsstrasse 10 78457 Konstanz Germany
| | - Moritz Schlötter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz Universitätsstrasse 10 78457 Konstanz Germany
| | - Markus Schilling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz Universitätsstrasse 10 78457 Konstanz Germany
| | - Marina Krumova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz Universitätsstrasse 10 78457 Konstanz Germany
| | - Sebastian Polarz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz Universitätsstrasse 10 78457 Konstanz Germany .,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leibniz-University Hannover Callinstrasse 9 30167 Hannover Germany
| | - Rainer F Winter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz Universitätsstrasse 10 78457 Konstanz Germany
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Gao T, Ma C, Wang N, Guo Z, Shi Y, Sin LT. Synthesis and Aggregation Behavior of Jellyfish-Shaped Triazine Hexamer Quaternary Ammonium Chloride Surfactant. J Oleo Sci 2020; 69:1021-1030. [PMID: 32788513 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess20016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel jellyfish-shaped triazine hexamer quaternary ammonium chloride surfactant (TH12QC) was synthesized, which consisted of one triazine spacer group and six long flexible hydrophobic chains. The molecular structure and aggregation behavior of TH12QC was investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), surface tension, electrical conductivity, dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscope (TEM), etc. The results show that the jellyfish-shaped TH12QC has better surface activity and lower surface tension than traditional ionic and Gemini surfactants in aqueous solution. There are two inflection points in the curve of conductivity versus concentration of the TH12QC aqueous solution, which correspond to the critical aggregation concentration (CAC) and the critical micelle concentration (CMC) respectively. The existence of CAC indicates that there is a pre-aggregation process before TH12QC forms micelles. The results of DLS and TEM show that network pre-aggregation, spherical aggregation and dense spherical aggregation were observed in different concentration of TH12QC aqueous solution, and the electrostatic equilibrium of the system subtly depends on the concentration of the solution. In addition, intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonding is also an important factor. This study provides a method for studying the aggregation behavior and morphology of oligomeric surfactants with rigid spacer groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- TianXu Gao
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology
| | - Chi Ma
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology.,Advanced Manufacturing Institute of Polymer Industry, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology
| | - Na Wang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology.,Advanced Manufacturing Institute of Polymer Industry, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology
| | - Zhuo Guo
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology
| | - Ying Shi
- Advanced Manufacturing Institute of Polymer Industry, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology
| | - Lee Tin Sin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman
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