1
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Jaiswal MK, Gupta A, Ansari FJ, Pandey VK, Tiwari VK. Recent Progress on Synthesis of Functionalized 1,5-Disubstituted Triazoles. Curr Org Synth 2024; 21:513-558. [PMID: 38804327 DOI: 10.2174/1570179420666230418123350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Immediately after the invention of 'Click Chemistry' in 2002, the regioselective 1,2,3- triazole scaffolds resulted from respective organic azides and terminal alkynes under Cu(I) catalysis have been well recognized as the functional heterocyclic core at the centre of modern organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, and material sciences. This CuAAC reaction has several notable features including excellent regioselectivity, high-to-excellent yields, easy to execute, short reaction time, modular in nature, mild condition, readily available starting materials, etc. Moreover, the resulting regioselective triazoles can serve as amide bond isosteres, a privileged functional group in drug discovery and development. More than hundreds of reviews had been devoted to the 'Click Chemistry' in special reference to 1,4-disubstituted triazoles, while only little efforts were made for an opposite regioisomer i.e., 1,5-disubstituted triazole. Herein, we have presented various classical approaches for an expeditious synthesis of a wide range of biologically relevant 1,5- disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole analogues. The syntheses of such a class of diversly functionalized triazoles have emerged as a crucial investigation in the domain of chemistry and biology. This tutorial review covers the literature assessment on the development of various synthetic protocols for the functionalized 1,5-disubstituted triazoles reported during the last 12 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Jaiswal
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Abhishek Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Faisal J Ansari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Vinay K Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Vinod K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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2
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Singh SK, Kumar S, Yadav MS, Gupta A, Tiwari VK. Triazole-Appended Glycohybrid/CuI-Catalyzed C-C Cross-Coupling of Aryl/Heteroaryl Halides with Alkynyl Sugars. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13440-13453. [PMID: 37747895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
This report describes a convenient method for the Cu(I)-catalyzed Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction of aryl/heteroaryl halides and alkynyl sugars in the presence of a 1,2,3-triazole-appended glycohybrid as a biocompatible ligand. The Sonogashira cross-coupling products were exclusively formed without the Glaser-Hay homocoupling reaction in the presence of a glycosyl monotriazolyl ligand at 120 °C. However, the Glaser-Hay homocoupling products were obtained at 60-70 °C in the presence of bis-triazolyl-based macrocyclic glycohybrid ligand L8. The glycosyl triazole ligands were synthesized via the CuI/DIPEA-mediated regioselective CuAAC click reaction, and a series of glycohybrids of glucose, mannose, and galactose alkynes including glycosyl rods were developed in good yields. The developed glycohybrids have been well characterized by various spectroscopic techniques, such as nuclear magnetic resonance, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and single-crystal X-ray data of L3. The protocol works well with the heteroaryl and naphthyl halides, and the mechanistic approach leads to CuI/ligand-assisted oxidative coupling. The coupling protocol has notable features, including low catalytic loading, cost-effectiveness, biocompatible nature, and a wide substrate scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit K Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P. 221005, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P. 221005, India
| | - Mangal S Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P. 221005, India
| | - Abhishek Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P. 221005, India
| | - Vinod K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P. 221005, India
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3
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Jaiswal MK, Gupta A, Yadav MS, Pandey VK, Tiwari VK. Organocatalyzed Regioselective Synthesis of 1,5-Disubstituted 1,2,3-Triazolyl Glycoconjugates. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301749. [PMID: 37432103 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel organocatalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of nitroolefins with glycosyl azides as well as organic azides has been developed for successful construction of 1,5-disubstituted triazolyl glycoconjugates. This metal-free and acid-free, regioselective synthetic protocol proceeds in the presence of only Schreiner thiourea organocatalysts, which enable the required activation of nitroolefins through double hydrogen bonding. The straightforward, operationally simple, and regioselectivity of this methodology, complementing to the classical RuAAC catalyzed synthesis of 1,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles. In the presence of catalytic amount of Schreiner thiourea organocatalyst, organic azides react with a broad array of nitroolefins producing a series of diverse 1,5-disubstituted 1,2,3- triazoles in good yields with excellent regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Jaiswal
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Abhishek Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Mangal S Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Vinay K Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Vinod K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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4
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Liu J, Zhu Y, Luo J, Zhu Z, Zhao L, Zeng X, Li D, Chen J, Lan X. A Simple and Practical Bis-N-Heterocyclic Carbene as an Efficient Ligand in Cu-Catalyzed Glaser Reaction. Molecules 2023; 28:5083. [PMID: 37446745 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugated diyne derivatives are important scaffolds in modern organic synthetic chemistry. Using the Glaser reaction involves the coupling of terminal alkynes which can efficiently produce conjugated diyne derivatives, while the use of a stoichiometric amount of copper salts, strong inorganic base, and excess oxidants is generally needed. Developing an environmentally friendly and effective method for the construction of symmetrical 1,3-diynes compounds by Glaser coupling is still highly desirable. In this study, we present an economical method for the production of symmetric diynes starting from various terminal acetylenes in a Glaser reaction. A simple and practical bis-N-heterocyclic carbene ligand has been introduced as efficient ligands for the Cu-catalyzed Glaser reaction. High product yields were obtained at 100 °C for a variety of substrates including aliphatic and aromatic terminal alkynes and differently substituted terminal alkynes including the highly sterically hindered substrate 2-methoxy ethynylbenzene or 2-trifluoromethyl ethynylbenzene and a series of functional groups, such as trifluoromethyl group, ester group, carboxyl group, and nitrile group. The established protocol is carried out in air under base-free condition and is operationally simple. These research work suggest that bis-N-heterocyclic carbene could also an appealing ligand for Glaser reaction and provide a reference for the preparation of symmetric 1,3-diynes in industrial filed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Xiangnan Rare-Precious Metals Compounds Research and Application, School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - Yao Zhu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Xiangnan Rare-Precious Metals Compounds Research and Application, School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Xiangnan Rare-Precious Metals Compounds Research and Application, School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - Ziyi Zhu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Xiangnan Rare-Precious Metals Compounds Research and Application, School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Xiangnan Rare-Precious Metals Compounds Research and Application, School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zeng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Xiangnan Rare-Precious Metals Compounds Research and Application, School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - Dongdong Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Xiangnan Rare-Precious Metals Compounds Research and Application, School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Xiangnan Rare-Precious Metals Compounds Research and Application, School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - Xiaobing Lan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Xiangnan Rare-Precious Metals Compounds Research and Application, School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China
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5
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Saunders C, Foote JEJ, Wojciechowski JP, Cammack A, Pedersen SV, Doutch JJ, Barriga HMG, Holme MN, Penders J, Chami M, Najer A, Stevens MM. Revealing Population Heterogeneity in Vesicle-Based Nanomedicines Using Automated, Single Particle Raman Analysis. ACS NANO 2023; 17:11713-11728. [PMID: 37279338 PMCID: PMC10311594 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic heterogeneity of many nanoformulations is currently challenging to characterize on both the single particle and population level. Therefore, there is great opportunity to develop advanced techniques to describe and understand nanomedicine heterogeneity, which will aid translation to the clinic by informing manufacturing quality control, characterization for regulatory bodies, and connecting nanoformulation properties to clinical outcomes to enable rational design. Here, we present an analytical technique to provide such information, while measuring the nanocarrier and cargo simultaneously with label-free, nondestructive single particle automated Raman trapping analysis (SPARTA). We first synthesized a library of model compounds covering a range of hydrophilicities and providing distinct Raman signals. These compounds were then loaded into model nanovesicles (polymersomes) that can load both hydrophobic and hydrophilic cargo into the membrane or core regions, respectively. Using our analytical framework, we characterized the heterogeneity of the population by correlating the signal per particle from the membrane and cargo. We found that core and membrane loading can be distinguished, and we detected subpopulations of highly loaded particles in certain cases. We then confirmed the suitability of our technique in liposomes, another nanovesicle class, including the commercial formulation Doxil. Our label-free analytical technique precisely determines cargo location alongside loading and release heterogeneity in nanomedicines, which could be instrumental for future quality control, regulatory body protocols, and development of structure-function relationships to bring more nanomedicines to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Saunders
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - James E. J. Foote
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P. Wojciechowski
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Cammack
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Simon V. Pedersen
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - James J. Doutch
- ISIS
Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Didcot OX11 ODE, United Kingdom
| | - Hanna M. G. Barriga
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margaret N. Holme
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jelle Penders
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamed Chami
- BioEM
Lab, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Najer
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Copper-Catalyzed Radical Trifluoromethylalkynylation of Unactivated Alkenes with Terminal Alkynes. J Fluor Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2023.110107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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7
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Luo A, Zhou H, Zhou Q, Hua Q, Zhao X, Yu X, Yang K, Hu YJ. On-DNA Alkyne Iodination and Acetylenic Coupling as a Useful Tool for DEL Synthesis. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:2299-2306. [PMID: 36450158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
1-Iodoalkynes and 1,3-diynes are versatile chemical intermediates and pharmaceutically valuable ingredients. In this study, copper mediated on-DNA alkyne iodination and Cadiot-Chodkiewicz coupling are developed for the first time. This generates diverse, systematic, and unprecedented topographic structural features, which could be invaluable as molecular recognition agents for drug discovery in DEL screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayun Luo
- Pharmaron (Ningbo) Technology Development Co., Ltd. No. 800 Bin-Hai 4th Road, Hangzhou Bay New Zone, Ningbo, 315336, China
| | - Hongxia Zhou
- Pharmaron (Ningbo) Technology Development Co., Ltd. No. 800 Bin-Hai 4th Road, Hangzhou Bay New Zone, Ningbo, 315336, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Pharmaron (Ningbo) Technology Development Co., Ltd. No. 800 Bin-Hai 4th Road, Hangzhou Bay New Zone, Ningbo, 315336, China
| | - Qini Hua
- Pharmaron (Ningbo) Technology Development Co., Ltd. No. 800 Bin-Hai 4th Road, Hangzhou Bay New Zone, Ningbo, 315336, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Pharmaron (Ningbo) Technology Development Co., Ltd. No. 800 Bin-Hai 4th Road, Hangzhou Bay New Zone, Ningbo, 315336, China
| | - Xiaobing Yu
- Pharmaron (Ningbo) Technology Development Co., Ltd. No. 800 Bin-Hai 4th Road, Hangzhou Bay New Zone, Ningbo, 315336, China
| | - Kexin Yang
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Yun Jin Hu
- Pharmaron (Ningbo) Technology Development Co., Ltd. No. 800 Bin-Hai 4th Road, Hangzhou Bay New Zone, Ningbo, 315336, China
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8
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Abrishami F, Soufi A, Mahyari M. Cu(I)@g-C3N4/PEI: A New Heterogeneous Catalyst for Glaser Reaction in Deep Eutectic Solvent. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-022-04188-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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9
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Convenient and efficient reaction system for the oxidative coupling of terminal alkynes over Cu+-containing layered double hydroxides. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Liao YA, Peng WS, Liu LJ, Ye TY, Fu JH, Chan YT, Tsai FY. Iron-Catalyzed Cadiot-Chodkiewicz Coupling with High Selectivity in Water under Air. J Org Chem 2022; 87:13698-13707. [PMID: 36164765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An iron-based catalytic system was developed for the cross-coupling of 1-bromoalkynes with terminal alkynes to selectively generate unsymmetrical 1,3-butadiynes in water under air. It was found that a combination of 1-bromoalkynes derived from less acidic terminal alkynes with more acidic counterparts would greatly enhance yields and selectivity for unsymmetrical 1,3-butadiynes. The reaction was also applicable for the synthesis of unsymmetrical 1,3,5-hexatriynes through coupling of 1-bromoalkynes and trimethylsilyl-protected 1,3-butadiynes in a one-pot manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-An Liao
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Sheng Peng
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Jun Liu
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Ting-You Ye
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Hao Fu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Tsu Chan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Yu Tsai
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
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11
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Transition-Metal-Free Synthesis of Symmetrical 1,4-diarylsubstituted 1,3-Diynes By Iodine-Mediated Decarboxylative Homocoupling of Arylpropiolic Acids. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.153908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Han JF, Guo P, Ye KY, Chen L. Cobalt-Catalyzed Glaser-type Homocoupling Reaction. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1711-6097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA highly efficient cobalt-catalyzed homocoupling of terminal alkynes with di-tert-butyldiaziridinone as the oxidant has been developed. The protocol tolerates a wide array of terminal alkynes, both activated and unactivated alkynes, to afford the corresponding conjugated 1,3-diynes. The mild reaction conditions further allow late-stage homocoupling of alkynes derived from complex natural products.
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13
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Yadav SK, Ramesh B, Jeganmohan M. Cobalt(III)-Catalyzed Chemo- and Regioselective [4 + 2]-Annulation of Aromatic Sulfoxonium Ylides with 1,3-Diynes. J Org Chem 2022; 87:4134-4153. [PMID: 35245072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Air-stable, highly abundant, and cost-effective Co(III)-catalyzed redox-neutral [4 + 2]-annulation of aromatic sulfoxonium ylides with 1,3-diynes providing useful substituted 1-naphthol derivatives in a regioselective manner is described. Further, the prepared 1-naphthols having internal alkyne were converted into useful polycarbocyclic molecules and spiro-dienone derivatives in good-to-excellent yields. A possible reaction mechanism involving ortho C-H activation as a key step was proposed and supported by deuterium labeling and kinetic isotope labeling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balu Ramesh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Masilamani Jeganmohan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
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14
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Mishra N, Singh SK, Singh AS, Agrahari AK, Tiwari VK. Glycosyl Triazole Ligand for Temperature-Dependent Competitive Reactions of Cu-Catalyzed Sonogashira Coupling and Glaser Coupling. J Org Chem 2021; 86:17884-17895. [PMID: 34875833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glycosyl triazoles have been introduced as efficient ligands for the Cu-catalyzed Sonogashira reaction to overcome the challenges of sideways homocoupling reactions in Cu catalysis in this reaction. The atmospheric oxygen in a sealed tube did not affect the coupling, and no need of complete exclusion of oxygen was experienced in the presence of glycohybrid triazole ligand L3. High product yields were obtained at 130 °C for a variety of substrates including aliphatic and aromatic terminal alkynes and differently substituted aromatic halides including 9-bromo noscapine. In contrast, at room temperature, a very low loading of the L3-Cu catalytic system could produce excellent yields in Glaser coupling including homocoupling and heterocoupling of a variety of aliphatic and aromatic alkynes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Advanced Study, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sumit K Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Advanced Study, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Anoop S Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Advanced Study, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Anand K Agrahari
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Advanced Study, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Vinod K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Advanced Study, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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15
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Tiwari VK, Yadav MS, Jaiswal MK, Kumar S. Trichloroacetimidate-Triggered Expeditious and Novel Synthesis of N-Acylbenzotriazoles. SYNOPEN 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1656-7293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractA facile route for the synthesis of a diverse range of N-acylbenzotriazole derivatives from the corresponding carboxylic acids has been established through a carbonyl activation pathway. In this method, trichloroacetonitrile is performed as an effective reagent for an easy access of N-acylbenzotriazoles which was simply proceeded through the activation of carboxylic acids via in situ imidate formation in anhydrous 1,2-dichloroethane followed by addition of 1H-benzotriazole at 80 °C for 3–4 h. Easy handling, one-pot, and metal-free conditions demonstrate the notable merits of the devised protocol.
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16
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Thangarasu AK, Yadhukrishnan VO, Krishnakumar KA, Varma SS, Lankalapalli RS. Cu(I)-azidopyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidine Catalyzed Glaser-Hay Reaction under Mild Conditions. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2021; 2:3-7. [PMID: 36855403 PMCID: PMC9954286 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.1c00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The limitation of the CuAAC "click" reaction with a 2-azidopyridine substrate, owing to its equilibrium with a tetrazole isomer, is exploited herein for its utility in the Glaser-Hay reaction. A catalytic combination of a 2-azidopyridine analogue, 4-azido-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine, and CuI afforded homocoupled products of terminal alkynes, without any trace of triazole product, under mild conditions with a broad substrate scope. Emphasis on carbohydrate-based substrates appended to a propargylic group led to 1,3-diynes in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K. Thangarasu
- Chemical
Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National
Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India,Academy
of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Velickakathu O. Yadhukrishnan
- Chemical
Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National
Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - K. A. Krishnakumar
- Chemical
Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National
Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India,Academy
of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Sanjay Suresh Varma
- Chemical
Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National
Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Ravi S. Lankalapalli
- Chemical
Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National
Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India,Academy
of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India,
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17
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Singh S, Yadav MS, Singh AS, Agrahari AK, Mishra N, Kumar S, Tiwari VK. d-Glucosamine as the Green Ligand for Cu(I)-Catalyzed Regio- and Stereoselective Domino Synthesis of ( Z)-3-Methyleneisoindoline-1-ones and ( E)- N-Aryl-4 H-thiochromen-4-imines. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:21125-21138. [PMID: 34423220 PMCID: PMC8375096 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
d-Glucosamine, a natural, inexpensive, and conveniently accessible sugar, has been explored as an efficient ligand for the Cu(I)-catalyzed regio- and stereoselective synthesis of an array of (Z)-3-methyleneisoindoline-1-ones and (E)-N-aryl-4H-thiochromen-4-imines in good-to-excellent yield in a tandem fashion via the reaction of 2-halobenzamide and 2-halobenzothioamide with terminal alkynes, respectively. The water solubility and biocompatible nature of the ligand offer easy separation of the catalytic system toward the aqueous phase as well as change in the reaction path in terms of the product also demonstrated the variation of the reaction temperature. The domino reaction proceeds by the Sonogashira and Ullmann type cross-coupling reaction, followed by Cu(I)-promoted additive cyclization of heteroatom to the triple bond. In addition, d-glucosamine causes successful Glaser-Hay coupling of terminal alkynes under Cu catalysis to produce a high yield of respective 1,3-diynes.
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Agrahari AK, Bose P, Jaiswal MK, Rajkhowa S, Singh AS, Hotha S, Mishra N, Tiwari VK. Cu(I)-Catalyzed Click Chemistry in Glycoscience and Their Diverse Applications. Chem Rev 2021; 121:7638-7956. [PMID: 34165284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Copper(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between organic azides and terminal alkynes, commonly known as CuAAC or click chemistry, has been identified as one of the most successful, versatile, reliable, and modular strategies for the rapid and regioselective construction of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles as diversely functionalized molecules. Carbohydrates, an integral part of living cells, have several fascinating features, including their structural diversity, biocompatibility, bioavailability, hydrophilicity, and superior ADME properties with minimal toxicity, which support increased demand to explore them as versatile scaffolds for easy access to diverse glycohybrids and well-defined glycoconjugates for complete chemical, biochemical, and pharmacological investigations. This review highlights the successful development of CuAAC or click chemistry in emerging areas of glycoscience, including the synthesis of triazole appended carbohydrate-containing molecular architectures (mainly glycohybrids, glycoconjugates, glycopolymers, glycopeptides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycoclusters, and glycodendrimers through regioselective triazole forming modular and bio-orthogonal coupling protocols). It discusses the widespread applications of these glycoproducts as enzyme inhibitors in drug discovery and development, sensing, gelation, chelation, glycosylation, and catalysis. This review also covers the impact of click chemistry and provides future perspectives on its role in various emerging disciplines of science and technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand K Agrahari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Priyanka Bose
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Manoj K Jaiswal
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Sanchayita Rajkhowa
- Department of Chemistry, Jorhat Institute of Science and Technology (JIST), Jorhat, Assam 785010, India
| | - Anoop S Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Srinivas Hotha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science and Engineering Research (IISER), Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Nidhi Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Vinod K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
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Tiwari VK. Development of Diverse Range of Biologically Relevant Carbohydrate-Containing Molecules: Twenty Years of Our Journey*. CHEM REC 2021; 21:3029-3048. [PMID: 34047444 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing demand for significant amount of carbohydrate-containing molecules owing to their complete chemical, biological, and pharmacological investigations to better understand their role in many important biological events. Clinical studies of a wide range of simple carbohydrates or their derivatives, glycohybrids, glycoconjugates, and neoglycoconjugates have been conducted worldwide for the successful treatment of various frontline diseases. Herein, a brief perspective of carbohydrate-based molecular scaffolding and my experience during the last 20 years in the area of synthetic carbohydrate chemistry, mainly for their impact in drug discovery & development, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P.-221005, India
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Wang B, Gao L, Zheng G. Leaf-like CuO nanosheets on rGO as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for C-C homocoupling of terminal alkynes. CATAL COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2020.106260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Khan I, Ibrar A, Zaib S. Alkynoates as Versatile and Powerful Chemical Tools for the Rapid Assembly of Diverse Heterocycles under Transition-Metal Catalysis: Recent Developments and Challenges. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2021; 379:3. [PMID: 33398642 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-020-00316-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Heterocycles, heteroaromatics and spirocyclic entities are ubiquitous components of a wide plethora of synthetic drugs, biologically active natural products, marketed pharmaceuticals and agrochemical targets. Recognizing their high proportion in drugs and rich pharmacological potential, these invaluable structural motifs have garnered significant interest, thus enabling the development of efficient catalytic methodologies providing access to architecturally complex and diverse molecules with high atom-economy and low cost. These chemical processes not only allow the formation of diverse heterocycles but also utilize a range of flexible and easily accessible building units in a single operation to discover diversity-oriented synthetic approaches. Alkynoates are significantly important, diverse and powerful building blocks in organic chemistry due to their unique and inherent properties such as the electronic bias on carbon-carbon triple bonds posed by electron-withdrawing groups or the metallic coordination site provided by carbonyl groups. The present review highlights the comprehensive picture of the utility of alkynoates (2007-2019) for the synthesis of various heterocycles (> 50 types) using transition-metal catalysts (Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, Ag, Au, Pt, Cu, Mn, Fe) in various forms. The valuable function of versatile alkynoates (bearing multifunctional groups) as simple and useful starting materials is explored, thus cyclizing with an array of coupling partners to deliver a broad range of oxygen-, nitrogen-, sulfur-containing heterocycles alongside fused-, and spiro-heterocyclic compounds. In addition, these examples will also focus the scope and reaction limitations, as well as mechanistic investigations into the synthesis of these heterocycles. The biological significance will also be discussed, citing relevant examples of drug molecules highlighting each class of heterocycles. This review summarizes the recent developments in the synthetic methods for the synthesis of various heterocycles using alkynoates as readily available starting materials under transition-metal catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtiaz Khan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Aliya Ibrar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, The University of Haripur, Haripur, KPK-22620, Pakistan
| | - Sumera Zaib
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenrong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou, Gansu 730070 P. R. China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou, Gansu 730070 P. R. China
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Akhtar R, Zahoor AF. Transition metal catalyzed Glaser and Glaser-Hay coupling reactions: Scope, classical/green methodologies and synthetic applications. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1802757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Akhtar
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ameer Fawad Zahoor
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Chaabane L, Beyou E, Luneau D, Baouab MHV. Functionalization of graphene oxide sheets with magnetite nanoparticles for the adsorption of copper ions and investigation of its potential catalytic activity toward the homocoupling of alkynes under green conditions. J Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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Dong XY, Cheng JT, Zhang YF, Li ZL, Zhan TY, Chen JJ, Wang FL, Yang NY, Ye L, Gu QS, Liu XY. Copper-Catalyzed Asymmetric Radical 1,2-Carboalkynylation of Alkenes with Alkyl Halides and Terminal Alkynes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9501-9509. [PMID: 32338510 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A copper-catalyzed intermolecular three-component asymmetric radical 1,2-carboalkynylation of alkenes has been developed, providing straightforward access to diverse chiral alkynes from readily available alkyl halides and terminal alkynes. The utilization of a cinchona alkaloid-derived multidentate N,N,P-ligand is crucial for the efficient radical generation from mildly oxidative precursors by copper and the effective inhibition of the undesired Glaser coupling side reaction. The substrate scope is broad, covering (hetero)aryl-, alkynyl-, and aminocarbonyl-substituted alkenes, (hetero)aryl and alkyl as well as silyl alkynes, and tertiary to primary alkyl radical precursors with excellent functional group compatibility. Facile transformations of the obtained chiral alkynes have also been demonstrated, highlighting the excellent complementarity of this protocol to direct 1,2-dicarbofunctionalization reactions with C(sp2/sp3)-based reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yang Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China.,Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiang-Tao Cheng
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yu-Feng Zhang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhong-Liang Li
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tian-Ya Zhan
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ji-Jun Chen
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Fu-Li Wang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ning-Yuan Yang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liu Ye
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qiang-Shuai Gu
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Liu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Agrahari AK, Singh AK, Singh AS, Singh M, Maji P, Yadav S, Rajkhowa S, Prakash P, Tiwari VK. Click inspired synthesis of p-tert-butyl calix[4]arene tethered benzotriazolyl dendrimers and their evaluation as anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm agents. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02591g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CuAAC inspired calix-[4]arene tethered benzotriazolyl dendrimers were developed and investigated for their therapeutic potential, where 7 displayed potent anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm activities against drug-resistant & slime producing organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand K. Agrahari
- Department of Chemistry
- Centre of Advanced Study
- Institute of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi-221005
| | - Ashish K. Singh
- Bacterial Biofilm and Drug Resistance Research Laboratory
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi-221005
- India
| | - Anoop S. Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Centre of Advanced Study
- Institute of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi-221005
| | - Mala Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Centre of Advanced Study
- Institute of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi-221005
| | - Pathik Maji
- Department of Chemistry
- Guru Ghasidas University
- Bilaspur-495009
- India
| | - Shivangi Yadav
- Bacterial Biofilm and Drug Resistance Research Laboratory
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi-221005
- India
| | - Sanchayita Rajkhowa
- Department of Chemistry
- Jorhat Institute of Science and Technology
- Jorhat-785010
- India
| | - Pradyot Prakash
- Bacterial Biofilm and Drug Resistance Research Laboratory
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi-221005
- India
| | - Vinod K. Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry
- Centre of Advanced Study
- Institute of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi-221005
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Liu P, Yang M, Gong Y, Yu Y, Zhao YL. Copper-Catalyzed Cascade Cyclization Reaction of Enamines and Electron-Deficient Terminal Alkynes: Synthesis of Polysubstituted Pyrido[1,2-a]indoles. Org Lett 2019; 22:36-40. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Liu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yue Gong
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yu-Long Zhao
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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Ageshina AA, Chesnokov GA, Topchiy MA, Alabugin IV, Nechaev MS, Asachenko AF. Making endo-cyclizations favorable again: a conceptually new synthetic approach to benzotriazoles via azide group directed lithiation/cyclization of 2-azidoaryl bromides. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:4523-4534. [PMID: 30994147 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00615j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although benzotriazoles are important and ubiquitous, currently there is only one conceptual approach to their synthesis: bridging the two ortho-amino groups with an electrophilic nitrogen atom. Herein, we disclose a new practical alternative - the endo-cyclization of 2-azidoaryl lithiums obtained in situ from 2-azido-aryl bromides. The scope of the reaction is illustrated using twenty-four examples with a variety of alkyl, alkoxy, perfluoroalkyl, and halogen substituents. We found that the directing effect of the azide group allows selective metal-halogen exchange in aryl azides containing several bromine atoms. Furthermore, (2-bromophenyl)diazomethane undergoes similar cyclization to give an indazole. Thus, cyclizations of aryl lithiums containing an ortho-X = Y = Z group emerge as a new general approach for the synthesis of aromatic heterocycles. DFT computations suggested that the observed endo-selectivity applies to the anionic cyclizations of other functionalities that undergo "1,1-additions" (i.e., azides, diazo compounds, and isonitriles). In contrast, cyclizations with the heteroatomic functionalities that follow the "1,2-addition" pattern (cyanates, thiocyanates, isocyanates, isothiocyanates, and nitriles) prefer the exo-cyclization path. Hence, such reactions expand the current understanding of stereoelectronic factors in anionic cyclizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A Ageshina
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Leninskiy prospect 29, Russian Federation.
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