1
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Pitcairn J, Ongkiko MA, Iliceto A, Speakman PJ, Calder S, Cochran MJ, Paddison JAM, Liu C, Argent SP, Morris AJ, Cliffe MJ. Controlling Noncollinear Ferromagnetism in van der Waals Metal-Organic Magnets. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19146-19159. [PMID: 38953583 PMCID: PMC11258693 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Van der Waals (vdW) magnets both allow exploration of fundamental 2D physics and offer a route toward exploiting magnetism in next generation information technology, but vdW magnets with complex, noncollinear spin textures are currently rare. We report here the syntheses, crystal structures, magnetic properties and magnetic ground states of four bulk vdW metal-organic magnets (MOMs): FeCl2(pym), FeCl2(btd), NiCl2(pym), and NiCl2(btd), pym = pyrimidine and btd = 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole. Using a combination of neutron diffraction and bulk magnetometry we show that these materials are noncollinear magnets. Although only NiCl2(btd) has a ferromagnetic ground state, we demonstrate that low-field hysteretic metamagnetic transitions produce states with net magnetization in zero-field and high coercivities for FeCl2(pym) and NiCl2(pym). By combining our bulk magnetic data with diffuse scattering analysis and broken-symmetry density-functional calculations, we probe the magnetic superexchange interactions, which when combined with symmetry analysis allow us to suggest design principles for future noncollinear vdW MOMs. These materials, if delaminated, would prove an interesting new family of 2D magnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jem Pitcairn
- School
of Chemistry, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Antonio Ongkiko
- School
of Metallurgy and Materials, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United
Kingdom
| | - Andrea Iliceto
- School
of Metallurgy and Materials, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United
Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Speakman
- School
of Chemistry, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Calder
- Neutron
Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Malcolm J. Cochran
- Neutron
Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Joseph A. M. Paddison
- Neutron
Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Cheng Liu
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen P. Argent
- School
of Chemistry, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Morris
- School
of Metallurgy and Materials, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United
Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Cliffe
- School
of Chemistry, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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2
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Yi Y, Han J, Li Z, Cao S, Zhang Z. Inducing abundant magnetic phases and enhancing magnetic stability by edge modifications and physical regulations for NiI 2 nanoribbons. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:5045-5058. [PMID: 38258528 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04536f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Recently, a magnetic semiconducting NiI2 monolayer was successfully fabricated. To obtain richer magneto-electronic properties and find new physics for NiI2, we studied the zigzag-type NiI2 nanoribbon (ZNiI2NR) with edges modified by different concentrations of H and/or O atoms. Results show that these ribbons hold a higher energy stability, thermal stability, and magnetic stability, and the Curie temperature can be increased to 143 from 15 K for the bare-edged ribbons. They feature a half-semiconductor, bipolar magnetic semiconductor, or half-metal, depending on the edge-terminated atomic species and concentrations, and are closely related to the ribbon edge states, impurity bands or hybridized bands. By applying strain or an electric field, ribbons can achieve a reversible multi-magnetic phase transition among a bipolar magnetic semiconductor, half-semiconductor, half-metal, and magnetic metal. This is because strain changes the Ni-I bond length, resulting in a variation of bond configurations (weight of ionic and covalent bonds) and the number of unpaired electrons. The compressive strain can increase the Curie temperature because it makes the edged Ni-I-Ni bond angle closer to 90°, leading to the FM d-p-d superexchange interaction being increased. The electric field varies the magnetic phase because it alters the electrostatic potential of the ribbon edges, and the Curie temperature is enhanced under the electric field because the ribbon is changed to a metallic state (half-metal or magnetic metal), in which the magnetic Ni atoms satisfy the Stoner criterion and hold a large magnetic exchange coefficient and electron state density at the Fermi surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yi
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials Genome Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China.
| | - Jianing Han
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials Genome Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China.
| | - Zhanhai Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials Genome Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China.
| | - Shengguo Cao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials Genome Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China.
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials Genome Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China.
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3
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Wang Z, Pan H, Zhou B. Nonvolatile magnetoelectric coupling in two-dimensional van der Waals sandwich heterostructure CuInP 2S 6/MnCl 3/CuInP 2S 6. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:29098-29107. [PMID: 37862024 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03798c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Electrical control of magnetism is of great interest for low-energy-consumption spintronic applications. Due to the recent experimental breakthrough in two-dimensional materials, with the absence of hanging bonds on the surface and strong tolerance for lattice mismatch, heterogeneous integration of different two-dimensional materials provides a new opportunity for coupling between different physical properties. Here, we report the realization of nonvolatile magnetoelectric coupling in vdW sandwich heterostructure CuInP2S6/MnCl3/CuInP2S6. Using first-principles calculations, we reveal that when interfacing with ferroelectric CuInP2S6, the Dirac half-metallic state of monolayer MnCl3 will be destroyed. Moreover, depending on the electrically polarized direction of CuInP2S6, MnCl3 can be a half-metal or a ferromagnetic semiconductor. We unveil that the obtained ferromagnetic semiconductor in MnCl3 can be attributed to the different gain and loss of electrons on the two adjacent Mn atoms due to the sublattice symmetry broken by interlayer coupling. The effects of interfacial magnetoelectric coupling on magnetic anisotropy and ferromagnetic Curie temperature of MnCl3 are also investigated, and a multiferroic memory based on this model is designed. Our work not only provides a promising way to design nonvolatile electrical control of magnetism but also renders monolayer MnCl3 an appealing platform for developing low-dimensional memory devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichun Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic & Communicate Devices, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Honggang Pan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic & Communicate Devices, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Baozeng Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic & Communicate Devices, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
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4
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Gao Y, Pan H, Zhou B. Bilayer hexagonal structure MnN 2 nanosheets with room-temperature ferromagnetic half-metal behavior and a tunable electronic structure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:23728-23737. [PMID: 37615054 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01588b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) layered materials have atomically thin thickness and outstanding physical properties, attracting intensive research in the past year. As one of these materials, a 2D magnet is an ideal platform for fundamental physics research and magnetic device development. Recently, a non-MoS2-type geometry was found to be more favorable in 2D transition-metal dinitrides. In this work, driven by this new configuration, we perform a comprehensive first-principles study on the bilayer hexagonal structure of 2D manganese dinitrides. Our results show that 2D MnN2 is a ferromagnetic half-metal at its ground state with 100% spin-polarization ratio at the Fermi energy level. The phonon spectrum calculation and ab initio molecular dynamics simulation show that the 2D MnN2 crystal has a high thermodynamic stability and its 2D lattice can be retained at room-temperature. Monte Carlo simulations based on the Heisenberg model predict a Curie temperature of over 563 K and its electronic properties can be regulated by biaxial strain. The half-metallic states are mainly contributed by Mn d orbitals, and the magnetic exchange of the system mainly comes from the Mn-N-Mn super-exchange. The p-d orbital hybridization will provide a small antiparallel magnetic moment of N atoms, and the p-orbital dangling bond can be eliminated by oxidation to enhance the total magnetic moment of the system. The study of magnetic anisotropy energy indicates that the easy magnetization axis is in-plane and hybridization between Mn dyz and dz2 orbitals gives the largest magnetic anisotropy contribution. In view of these results, we consider that novel 2D MnN2 is one of the most promising two-dimensional materials for nano-spintronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic & Communicate Devices, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Honggang Pan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic & Communicate Devices, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Baozeng Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic & Communicate Devices, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
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5
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Jiang J, Mi W. Two-dimensional magnetic Janus monolayers and their van der Waals heterostructures: a review on recent progress. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:788-807. [PMID: 36594899 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01362b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A magnetic Janus monolayer, a special type of material which has asymmetric arrangements of its surface at the nanoscale, has been shown to present rather exotic properties for applications in spintronics and its intersections. This review aims to offer a comprehensive review of the emergent physical properties of magnetic Janus monolayers and their van der Waals heterostructures from a theoretical point of view. The review starts by introducing the theoretical methodologies composed of the state-of-the-art methods and the challenges and limitations in validations for the descriptions of the magnetic ground states and thermodynamic properties in magnetic materials. The built-in polarization field induced physical phenomena of magnetic Janus monolayers are then presented. The tunable electronic and magnetic properties of magnetic Janus monolayer-based van der Waals heterostructures are discussed. Finally, the conclusions and future challenges in this field are prospected. This review serves as a complete summary of the two-dimensional magnetic Janus library and emergent electronic and magnetic properties in magnetic Janus monolayers and their heterostructures, and provides guidelines for the design of electronic and spintronic devices based on Janus materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparation Technology, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
| | - Wenbo Mi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparation Technology, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
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6
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Dong XJ, Ren MJ, Zhang CW. Quantum anomalous Hall effect in germanene by proximity coupling to a semiconducting ferromagnetic substrate NiI 2. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:21631-21637. [PMID: 36047444 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02688k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Interfaces between materials are ubiquitous in materials science, especially in devices. As device dimensions continue to be reduced, understanding the physical characteristics that appear at interfaces is crucial to exploit them for applications, spintronics in this case. Here, based on first-principles calculations, we propose a general and tunable platform to realize an exotic quantum anomalous Hall effect (QAHE) with the germanene monolayer by proximity coupling to a semiconducting ferromagnetic NiI2 (Ge/NiI2). Through analysis of the Berry curvature and band structure with spin-orbit coupling, the QAHE phase with an integer Chern number (C = -1), which is induced by band inversion between Ge-p orbitals, can achieve complete spin polarization for low-dissipation electronic devices. Also, the proximity coupling between germanene and the NiI2 substrate makes the non-trivial bandgap reach up to 85 meV, and the Curie temperature of the Ge/NiI2 heterostructure (HTS) is enhanced to 238 K, which is much higher than that of pristine NiI2. An effective k·p model is proposed to clarify the quantum phenomena in the Ge/NiI2 HTS. These findings shed light on the possible role of magnetic proximity effects on condensed matter physics in germanene and open new perspectives for multifunctional spin quantum devices in spintronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Dong
- School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273100, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao-Juan Ren
- School of Physics and Technology, Institute of Spintronics, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chang-Wen Zhang
- School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273100, People's Republic of China.,School of Physics and Technology, Institute of Spintronics, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Guo Y, Yu X, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Yuan S, Li Y, Yang SA, Wang J. 2D Multiferroicity with Ferroelectric Switching Induced Spin-Constrained Photoelectricity. ACS NANO 2022; 16:11174-11181. [PMID: 35816175 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Multiferroic materials with tunable magnetoelectric orders enable the integration of sensing, data storage, and processing into one single device. The scarcity of single-phase multiferroics spurs extensive research in pursuit of composite systems combining different types of ferroic materials. In this work, spin-constrained photoelectric memory is proposed in two-dimensional (2D) layered magnetic/ferroelectric heterostructures, holding the possibility of low-power electrical write operation and nondestructive optical read operation. The ground state of ferromagnetic (FM) and antiferromagnetic (AFM) orderings in the magnetic layer is altered by polarization direction of the ferroelectric layer. Specifically, the FM heterostructure exhibits a type-II band alignment. Due to the light-induced charge transfer, spin-polarized/unpolarized current arises from the FM/AFM state, which can be recorded as the "1"/"0" state and served for logic processing and memory applications. Our first-principles calculations demonstrate that the NiI2/In2Se3 heterobilayer is an ideal candidate to realize such a spin-dependent photoelectric memory. The reversible FM state (easy-axis magnetic anisotropy) and AFM state (easy-plane magnetic orientation) in the NiI2 layer originate from interfacial charge transfer and effective electric field due to the proximity effect. This work offers considerable potential in the integration of memory processing capability into one single device with 2D layered multiferroic heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilv Guo
- School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
- Research Laboratory for Quantum Materials, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Xing Yu
- School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Yehui Zhang
- School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Xiwen Zhang
- School of Mechanism Engineering & School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Shijun Yuan
- School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Yafei Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, School of Chemistry and Material Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shengyuan A Yang
- Research Laboratory for Quantum Materials, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Jinlan Wang
- School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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8
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Wang QH, Bedoya-Pinto A, Blei M, Dismukes AH, Hamo A, Jenkins S, Koperski M, Liu Y, Sun QC, Telford EJ, Kim HH, Augustin M, Vool U, Yin JX, Li LH, Falin A, Dean CR, Casanova F, Evans RFL, Chshiev M, Mishchenko A, Petrovic C, He R, Zhao L, Tsen AW, Gerardot BD, Brotons-Gisbert M, Guguchia Z, Roy X, Tongay S, Wang Z, Hasan MZ, Wrachtrup J, Yacoby A, Fert A, Parkin S, Novoselov KS, Dai P, Balicas L, Santos EJG. The Magnetic Genome of Two-Dimensional van der Waals Materials. ACS NANO 2022; 16:6960-7079. [PMID: 35442017 PMCID: PMC9134533 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Magnetism in two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) materials has recently emerged as one of the most promising areas in condensed matter research, with many exciting emerging properties and significant potential for applications ranging from topological magnonics to low-power spintronics, quantum computing, and optical communications. In the brief time after their discovery, 2D magnets have blossomed into a rich area for investigation, where fundamental concepts in magnetism are challenged by the behavior of spins that can develop at the single layer limit. However, much effort is still needed in multiple fronts before 2D magnets can be routinely used for practical implementations. In this comprehensive review, prominent authors with expertise in complementary fields of 2D magnetism (i.e., synthesis, device engineering, magneto-optics, imaging, transport, mechanics, spin excitations, and theory and simulations) have joined together to provide a genome of current knowledge and a guideline for future developments in 2D magnetic materials research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Hua Wang
- Materials
Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport
and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Amilcar Bedoya-Pinto
- NISE
Department, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure
Physics, 06120 Halle, Germany
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat
de València, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Mark Blei
- Materials
Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport
and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Avalon H. Dismukes
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Assaf Hamo
- Department
of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Sarah Jenkins
- Twist
Group,
Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Campus Duisburg, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Maciej Koperski
- Institute
for Functional Intelligent Materials, National
University of Singapore, 117544 Singapore
| | - Yu Liu
- Condensed
Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Qi-Chao Sun
- Physikalisches
Institut, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Evan J. Telford
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Department
of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Hyun Ho Kim
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Energy Engineering
Convergence, Kumoh National Institute of
Technology, Gumi 39177, Korea
| | - Mathias Augustin
- Institute
for Condensed Matter Physics and Complex Systems, School of Physics
and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Uri Vool
- Department
of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- John Harvard
Distinguished Science Fellows Program, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jia-Xin Yin
- Laboratory
for Topological Quantum Matter and Spectroscopy, Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Lu Hua Li
- Institute
for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Alexey Falin
- Institute
for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Cory R. Dean
- Department
of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Fèlix Casanova
- CIC nanoGUNE
BRTA, 20018 Donostia - San Sebastián, Basque
Country, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Richard F. L. Evans
- Department
of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Mairbek Chshiev
- Université
Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Spintec, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Institut
Universitaire de France, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Artem Mishchenko
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- National
Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Cedomir Petrovic
- Condensed
Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Rui He
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, 910 Boston Avenue, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United
States
| | - Liuyan Zhao
- Department
of Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Adam W. Tsen
- Institute
for Quantum Computing and Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Brian D. Gerardot
- SUPA, Institute
of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt
University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Mauro Brotons-Gisbert
- SUPA, Institute
of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt
University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Zurab Guguchia
- Laboratory
for Muon Spin Spectroscopy, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Sefaattin Tongay
- Materials
Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport
and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- National
Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - M. Zahid Hasan
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Princeton
Institute for Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- National
High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida
State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Joerg Wrachtrup
- Physikalisches
Institut, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck
Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Amir Yacoby
- Department
of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- John A.
Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Albert Fert
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
- Unité
Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767 Palaiseau, France
- Department
of Materials Physics UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia - San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Stuart Parkin
- NISE
Department, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure
Physics, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Kostya S. Novoselov
- Institute
for Functional Intelligent Materials, National
University of Singapore, 117544 Singapore
| | - Pengcheng Dai
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Luis Balicas
- National
High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida
State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
- Department
of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Elton J. G. Santos
- Institute
for Condensed Matter Physics and Complex Systems, School of Physics
and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
- Higgs Centre
for Theoretical Physics, The University
of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
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9
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Bikaljević D, González-Orellana C, Peña-Díaz M, Steiner D, Dreiser J, Gargiani P, Foerster M, Niño MÁ, Aballe L, Ruiz-Gomez S, Friedrich N, Hieulle J, Jingcheng L, Ilyn M, Rogero C, Pascual JI. Noncollinear Magnetic Order in Two-Dimensional NiBr 2 Films Grown on Au(111). ACS NANO 2021; 15:14985-14995. [PMID: 34491033 PMCID: PMC8482757 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Metal halides are a class of layered materials with promising electronic and magnetic properties persisting down to the two-dimensional limit. While most recent studies focused on the trihalide components of this family, the rather unexplored metal dihalides are also van der Waals layered systems with distinctive magnetic properties. Here we show that the dihalide NiBr2 grows epitaxially on a Au(111) substrate and exhibits semiconducting and magnetic behavior starting from a single layer. Through a combination of a low-temperature scanning-tunneling microscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and photoemission electron microscopy, we identify two competing layer structures of NiBr2 coexisting at the interface and a stoichiometrically pure layer-by-layer growth beyond. Interestingly, X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements revealed a magnetically ordered state below 27 K with in-plane magnetic anisotropy and zero-remanence in the single layer of NiBr2/Au(111), which we attribute to a noncollinear magnetic structure. The combination of such two-dimensional magnetic order with the semiconducting behavior down to the 2D limit offers the attractive perspective of using these films as ultrathin crystalline barriers in tunneling junctions and low-dimensional devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djuro Bikaljević
- CIC
nanoGUNE-BRTA, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Marina Peña-Díaz
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CSIC/UPV-EHU), 20018 Donostia-San
Sebastián, Spain
| | - Dominik Steiner
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jan Dreiser
- Paul
Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse
111, CH-5232 Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
| | - Pierluigi Gargiani
- ALBA
Synchrotron Light Source, Carrer de la Llum, 2-26, 08290 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Foerster
- ALBA
Synchrotron Light Source, Carrer de la Llum, 2-26, 08290 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Niño
- ALBA
Synchrotron Light Source, Carrer de la Llum, 2-26, 08290 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucía Aballe
- ALBA
Synchrotron Light Source, Carrer de la Llum, 2-26, 08290 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Ruiz-Gomez
- ALBA
Synchrotron Light Source, Carrer de la Llum, 2-26, 08290 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Li Jingcheng
- CIC
nanoGUNE-BRTA, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Maxim Ilyn
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CSIC/UPV-EHU), 20018 Donostia-San
Sebastián, Spain
| | - Celia Rogero
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CSIC/UPV-EHU), 20018 Donostia-San
Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center DIPC, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Pascual
- CIC
nanoGUNE-BRTA, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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10
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Bergeron H, Lebedev D, Hersam MC. Polymorphism in Post-Dichalcogenide Two-Dimensional Materials. Chem Rev 2021; 121:2713-2775. [PMID: 33555868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials exhibit a wide range of atomic structures, compositions, and associated versatility of properties. Furthermore, for a given composition, a variety of different crystal structures (i.e., polymorphs) can be observed. Polymorphism in 2D materials presents a fertile landscape for designing novel architectures and imparting new functionalities. The objective of this Review is to identify the polymorphs of emerging 2D materials, describe their polymorph-dependent properties, and outline methods used for polymorph control. Since traditional 2D materials (e.g., graphene, hexagonal boron nitride, and transition metal dichalcogenides) have already been studied extensively, the focus here is on polymorphism in post-dichalcogenide 2D materials including group III, IV, and V elemental 2D materials, layered group III, IV, and V metal chalcogenides, and 2D transition metal halides. In addition to providing a comprehensive survey of recent experimental and theoretical literature, this Review identifies the most promising opportunities for future research including how 2D polymorph engineering can provide a pathway to materials by design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadallia Bergeron
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Dmitry Lebedev
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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11
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Komarov NS, Pavlova TV, Andryushechkin BV. New atomic-scale insights into the I/Ni(100) system: phase transitions and growth of an atomically thin NiI 2 film. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:1896-1913. [PMID: 33459299 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06171a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We use a traditional surface science approach to create and study an atomically thin NiI2 film (a promising two-dimensional ferromagnetic material) formed on nickel substrate as a result of molecular iodine adsorption. The I/Ni(100) system was examined with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and density functional theory calculations. We found out that the iodine adsorption on Ni(100) at 300 K leads to the formation of non-equilibrium phases, whereas the adsorption at elevated temperature (≥390 K) gives rise to the thermodynamically stable phases. In both cases, a simple p(2 × 2) structure is formed at 0.25 ML. As more iodine is adsorbed at 300 K, the p(2 × 2) phase is replaced by the small coexisting domains of c(3 × 2) and c(6 × 2) phases both corresponding to the coverage of 0.33 ML, while adsorption at elevated temperature results in the formation of only one c(3 × 2) phase. At further iodine adsorption the c(3 × 2) phase transforms into the c(5 × 2) one, while the c(6 × 2) phase - into the one both corresponding to the coverage of 0.40 ML. In addition to simple chemisorbed phases, a new shifted-row reconstruction of Ni(100) induced by iodine adsorption was discovered. At coverages exceeding 0.40 ML, we observed complex LEED patterns and superstructures in STM and assigned them to specific surface reconstructions. We also found that prolonged iodine dosing leads to the nucleation of nickel iodide islands and the growth of a 2D atomically thin iodide film partially exfoliated from the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Komarov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 38, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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12
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Han H, Zheng H, Wang Q, Yan Y. Enhanced magnetic anisotropy and Curie temperature of the NiI 2 monolayer by applying strain: a first-principles study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:26917-26922. [PMID: 33205779 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03803b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) intrinsic ferromagnetic semiconductors with high magnetic anisotropy (MA) and Curie temperature (TC) are desirable for low-dimensional spintronic applications. We present here the structural stability, MA and TC of the semiconducting NiI2 monolayer under strain from -4% to 4% using first-principles calculations. The unstrained NiI2 monolayer exhibits an in-plane magnetic anisotropy energy of -0.11 meV per unit cell and a TC of 79 K. Most noteworthily, the in-plane MA and TC of the NiI2 monolayer are simultaneously enhanced under compressive strain; meanwhile, the NiI2 monolayer is still stable. In particular, when the compressive strain reaches -4%, the in-plane MA is more than three times higher than that in the unstrained system. Based on the second-order perturbation theory of spin-orbit coupling, the density of states and the orbital magnetic anisotropy contributions are analyzed, indicating that the compressive strain effect originates from the increase of the negative contribution from the spin-orbit coupling interaction between the opposite spin py and px orbitals of the I atom. This study provides a promising route for exploring new 2D ferromagnetic semiconductors with higher MA and TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hecheng Han
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, China.
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13
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Li Z, Zhang J, Zhou B. Electric polarization related Dirac half-metallicity in Mn-trihalide Janus monolayers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:26468-26477. [PMID: 33185231 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05028h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A two-dimensional Dirac half-metal system, in which the 100% spin polarization and massless Dirac fermions can coexist, will show more advantages on the efficient spin injection and high spin mobility in spintronic devices. Moreover, it is attractive to achieve out-of-plane electric polarization in addition to the Dirac half-metal behavior, because this will open a new horizon in the field of multifunctional devices. In this work, a systematic study is made of Janus monolayers of Mn2X3Y3 (X, Y = Cl, Br and I, X ≠ Y) with asymmetric out-of-plane structural configurations, based on first-principles calculations. We demonstrate that monolayer Mn2X3Y3 freestanding films will remain stable experimentally by using the stability analysis. All the Janus monolayers show a ferromagnetic ground state and maintain their original DHM behavior. However, due to the large electric polarization, the hybridization intensities of Mn and the halogen atoms on both sides of Mn2Cl3I3 are very different, resulting in an obvious distortion of the spin-polarized Dirac cone. The distorted Dirac cone is repaired by the compression, indicating that strain can improve the orbital distortion induced by the electric polarization. All Mn2X3Y3 monolayer have in-plane magnetization anisotropy, which is mainly contributed by heavy halogen elements (Br and I), and the polarized substitution and biaxial strain will not change the easy magnetization orientation of the system. Thus, the electrically polarized Dirac half-metal system has potential for application in multifunctional spintronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic & Communicate Devices, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
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14
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Duarte de Vargas D, Baierle RJ. Tunable spin-polarized band gap in Si2/NiI2 vdW heterostructure. RSC Adv 2020; 10:8927-8935. [PMID: 35496562 PMCID: PMC9050046 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10199c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations we investigate the structural and electronic properties of a heterogeneous van der Waals (vdW) structure consisting of silicene and NiI2 single layers. We observe an interaction between the two layers with a net charge transfer from the ferromagnetic semiconductor NiI2 to silicene, breaking the inversion symmetry of the silicene structure. However, the charges flow in opposite directions for the two spin channels, which leads to a vdW heterostructure with a spin-polarized band gap between the π and π* states. The band gap can be tuned by controlling the vertical distance between the layers. The features shown by this vdW heterostructure are new, and we believe that silicene on a NiI2 layer can be used to construct heterostructures which have appropriate properties to be used in nanodevices where control of the spin-dependent carrier mobility is necessary and can be incorporated into silicon based electronics. Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations we investigate the structural and electronic properties of a heterogeneous van der Waals (vdW) structure consisting of silicene and NiI2 single layers.![]()
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15
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Li Z, Zhou B, Luan C. Strain-tunable magnetic anisotropy in two-dimensional Dirac half-metals: nickel trihalides. RSC Adv 2019; 9:35614-35623. [PMID: 35528104 PMCID: PMC9074703 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06474e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of intrinsic two-dimensional (2D) ferromagnetism has sparked intense interest due to the potential applications in spintronics. Magnetic anisotropy energy defines the stability of magnetization in a specific direction with respect to the crystal lattice and is an important parameter for nanoscale applications. In this work, using first-principles calculations we predict that 2D NiX3 (X = Cl, Br, and I) can be a family of intrinsic Dirac half-metals characterized by a band structure with an insulator gap in one spin channel and a Dirac cone in the other. The combination of 100% spin polarization and massless Dirac fermions renders the monolayer NiX3 a superior candidate material for efficient spin injection and high spin mobility. The NiX3 is dynamically and thermodynamically stable up to high temperature and the magnetic moment of about 1 μ B per Ni3+ ion is observed with high Curie temperature and large magnetic anisotropy energy. Moreover, detailed calculations of their energetics, atomic structures, and electronic structures under the influence of a biaxial strain ε have been carried out. The magnetic anisotropy energy also exhibits a strain dependence in monolayer NiX3. The hybridization between Ni d xy and d x 2-y 2 orbitals gives the largest magnetic anisotropy contribution, whether for the off-plane magnetized NiCl3 (NiBr3) or the in-plane magnetized NiI3. The outstanding attributes of monolayer NiX3 will substantially broaden the applicability of 2D magnetism for a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic & Communicate Devices, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology Tianjin 300384 China
| | - Baozeng Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic & Communicate Devices, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology Tianjin 300384 China
| | - Chongbiao Luan
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang Sichuan 621999 China
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