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Xu X, Zhang X, He H, Dai L, Hu J, Si C. Graphitic Carbon Nitride Enters the Scene: A Promising Versatile Tool for Biomedical Applications. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024. [PMID: 39023123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), since the pioneering work on visible-light photocatalytic water splitting in 2009, has emerged as a highly promising advanced material for environmental and energetic applications, including photocatalytic degradation of pollutants, photocatalytic hydrogen generation, and carbon dioxide reduction. Due to its distinctive two-dimensional structure, excellent chemical stability, and distinctive optical and electrical properties, g-C3N4 has garnered a considerable amount of interest in the field of biomedicine in recent years. This review focuses on the fundamental properties of g-C3N4, highlighting the synthesis and modification strategies associated with the interfacial structures of g-C3N4-based materials, including heterojunction, band gap engineering, doping, and nanocomposite hybridization. Furthermore, the biomedical applications of these materials in various domains, including biosensors, antimicrobial applications, and photocatalytic degradation of medical pollutants, are also described with the objective of spotlighting the unique advantages of g-C3N4. A summary of the challenges faced and future prospects for the advancement of g-C3N4-based materials is presented, and it is hoped that this review will inspire readers to seek further new applications for this material in biomedical and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, College of Light Industry and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, College of Light Industry and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Haodong He
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, College of Light Industry and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Lin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, College of Light Industry and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Jinguang Hu
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Chuanling Si
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, College of Light Industry and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
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Singh MP, Bhardwaj AK, Bharati K, Singh RP, Chaurasia SK, Kumar S, Singh RP, Shukla A, Naraian R, Vikram K. Biogenic and Non-Biogenic Waste Utilization in the Synthesis of 2D Materials (Graphene, h-BN, g-C2N) and Their Applications. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2021.685427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a significant amount of waste generated which creates a huge environmental issue for humanity/earth and a tremendous number of varieties of resources of a different kind are needed globally. In this context, nanoscience technology has shown its potential ability to solve the above issues and provides realistic applications and devices. The beauty of nanotechnology is its multidisciplinary approach, in which green nanotechnology has been translated to focus on waste materials. Waste materials are generally generated from biogenic (rice husk, dead leaves, waste food, etc.) and non-biogenic (several types of plastics waste, lard oil, etc.) materials produced from municipal or industrial waste. Currently, a large number of efforts have been made to utilize the waste materials for the synthesis of 2D materials in a greener way. This green synthetic approach has two advantages 1) it reduces the cost of synthesis and 2) includes minimal use of hazardous chemicals. Biogenic wastes (contains biomolecules) contain several significant constituents such as co-enzymes, enzymes, proteins, terpenoids, etc. These constituents or biomolecules are known to play an energetic role in the formation of a different variety of 2D materials and hence control the protocols of green synthesis of 2D materials. This review focuses on the exploration of the current understanding of 2D-layered material synthesis methods using waste material produce from biogenic and non-biogenic waste. It also investigates the applications of various 2D-layered materials in perspective with synthesis from waste and future challenges along with their limitations to industrial-scale synthesis.
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Jindal H, Kumar D, Sillanpaa M, Nemiwal M. Current progress in polymeric graphitic carbon nitride-based photocatalysts for dye degradation. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2021.108786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Bai X, Wang X, Lu X, Jia T, Sun B, Wang C, Hou S, Zong R. A fluorine induced enhancement of the surface polarization and crystallization of g-C 3N 4 for an efficient charge separation. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00668a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A synergy of high crystallinity and surface polarization constructed by F doping dramatically promotes charge separation efficiency, significantly enhancing photocatalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment (Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture)
- Ministry of Education
- Beijing 100044
- China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control
| | - Xuyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment (Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture)
- Ministry of Education
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Xiongwei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment (Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture)
- Ministry of Education
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Tianqi Jia
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment (Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture)
- Ministry of Education
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Boxuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment (Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture)
- Ministry of Education
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Cong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment (Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture)
- Ministry of Education
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Shanshan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment (Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture)
- Ministry of Education
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Ruilong Zong
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
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Alkali metal (Na/ K) doped graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) for highly selective and sensitive electrochemical sensing of nitrite in water and food samples. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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6
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Electroless deposition of gold nanoparticles on a glassy carbon surface to attain methylene blue degradation via oxygen reduction reactions. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kumru B, Antonietti M. Colloidal properties of the metal-free semiconductor graphitic carbon nitride. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 283:102229. [PMID: 32795670 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The metal-free, polymeric semiconductor graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) family is an emerging class of materials and has striking advantages compared to other semiconductors, i.e. ease of tunability, low cost and synthesis from abundant precursors in a chemical environment. Efforts have been done to improve the properties of g-CN, such as photocatalytic efficiency, designing novel composites, processability and scalability towards discovering novel applications as a remedy for the problems that we are facing today. Despite the fact that the main efforts to improve g-CN come from a catalysis perspective, many fundamental possibilities arise from the special colloidal properties of carbon nitride particles, from synthesis to applications. This review will display how typical colloid chemistry tools can be employed to make 'better g-CNs' and how up to now overseen properties can be levered by integrating a colloid and interface perspective into materials chemistry. Establishing a knowledge on the origins of colloidal behavior of g-CN will be the core of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Kumru
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
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Kumar Y, Rani S, Shabir J, Kumar LS. Nitrogen-Rich and Porous Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheet-Immobilized Palladium Nanoparticles as Highly Active and Recyclable Catalysts for the Reduction of Nitro Compounds and Degradation of Organic Dyes. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:13250-13258. [PMID: 32548511 PMCID: PMC7288708 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we have successfully synthesized nitrogen-rich graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheets by a simple direct thermal polymerization approach. The synthesized g-C3N4 nanosheets were exfoliated using HCl to make their surface a few nanometers thick. The ultrathin surface was achieved by simply mixing g-C3N4 in 3 M HCl. After that, palladium nanoparticles were uniformly immobilized on the surface of g-C3N4. The synthesized materials were characterized by various physiochemical techniques such as X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Information about morphology and size was obtained through transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area, pore volume, and pore diameter were determined using nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements. The prepared material (Pd/g-C3N4) was utilized as an efficient catalyst for the reduction of hazardous nitroarenes and degradation of organic dyes. The catalyst could be easily recovered through centrifugation and then could be reused multiple times for the further catalytic cycles with a little loss in its catalytic activity. The work presented here illustrates the sustainable anchoring of metal nanoparticles over the surface of nitrogen-rich g-C3N4 nanosheets and could be utilized for different types of catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Kumar
- School
of Sciences, Indira Gandhi National Open
University, Maidan Garhi, New Delhi 110068, India
| | - Swati Rani
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Javaid Shabir
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Lalita S. Kumar
- School
of Sciences, Indira Gandhi National Open
University, Maidan Garhi, New Delhi 110068, India
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Sartaj S, Ali N, Khan A, Malik S, Bilal M, Khan M, Ali N, Hussain S, Khan H, Khan S. Performance evaluation of photolytic and electrochemical oxidation processes for enhanced degradation of food dyes laden wastewater. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2020; 81:971-984. [PMID: 32541115 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2020.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater containing dyes is considered as the top-priority pollutant when discharged into the environment. Herein, we report for the applicability of 254 nm ultraviolet light and electrochemical process using a titanium ruthenium oxide anode for the degradation of Allura red and erythrosine dyes. During the photolytic process, 95% of Allura red dye (50 ppm) was removed after 1 h at pH 12 and 35 °C, whereas 90% color removal of erythrosine dye (50 ppm) was achieved after 6 h of treatment at pH 6.0 and 30 °C. On the other hand, 99.60% of Allura red dye (200 ppm) was removed within 5 min by the electrochemical process applying a current density (5 mA cm-2) at pH 5.0 and 0.1 mol L-1 sodium chloride (NaCl) electrolytic medium. Similarly, 99.61% of erythrosine dye (50 ppm) degradation was achieved after 10 min at a current density of 8 mA cm-2, pH 6.0, and 0.1 mol L-1 of NaCl electrolyte. The minimum energy consumption value for Allura red and erythrosine dyes (0.196 and 0.941 kWh m-3, respectively) was calculated at optimum current densities of 5 and 8 mA cm-2. The results demonstrated that the electrochemical process is more efficient at removing dyes in a shorter time than the photolytic process since it generates powerful oxidants like the chlorine molecule, hypochlorous acid, and hypochlorite on the surface of the anode and initiates a chain reaction to oxidize the dyes molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Sartaj
- Key Laboratory for Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology of Jiangsu Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Deep Utilization Technology of Rock-salt Resource, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China; Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 25120, Pakistan
| | - Nisar Ali
- Key Laboratory for Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology of Jiangsu Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Deep Utilization Technology of Rock-salt Resource, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Adnan Khan
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 25120, Pakistan
| | - Sumeet Malik
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 25120, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China E-mail:
| | - Menhad Khan
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 25120, Pakistan
| | - Nauman Ali
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 25120, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Hussain
- Faculty of Materials & Chemical Engineering GIK, Institute of Engineering Sciences & Technology, 23460 Topi, KP, Pakistan
| | - Hammad Khan
- Faculty of Materials & Chemical Engineering GIK, Institute of Engineering Sciences & Technology, 23460 Topi, KP, Pakistan
| | - Sabir Khan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), 14801-970 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Shaheen I, Ahmad KS, Zequine C, Gupta RK, Thomas AG, Malik MA. Green synthesis of ZnO–Co 3O 4 nanocomposite using facile foliar fuel and investigation of its electrochemical behaviour for supercapacitors. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj03430d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the sustainable fabrication of supercapacitors with enhanced properties is one of the significant research hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irum Shaheen
- Department of Environmental Sciences
- Fatima Jinnah Women University
- Rawalpindi
- Pakistan
| | - Khuram Shahzad Ahmad
- Department of Environmental Sciences
- Fatima Jinnah Women University
- Rawalpindi
- Pakistan
| | | | - Ram K. Gupta
- Department of Chemistry
- Pittsburg State University
- USA
| | - Andrew G. Thomas
- Department of Materials
- Photon Science Institute and Sir Henry Royce Institute
- Alan Turing Building The University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
| | - Mohammad Azad Malik
- Department of Materials
- Photon Science Institute and Sir Henry Royce Institute
- Alan Turing Building The University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
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Kvg R, Das S, Osborne JW, Natarajan C, Mukherjee A. Novel nano-bio (Nano Zerovalent Iron and Klebsiella sp.) composite beads for congo red removal using response surface methodology. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2019; 7:103413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2019.103413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
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