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Bag S, Sasmal HS, Chaudhary SP, Dey K, Blätte D, Guntermann R, Zhang Y, Položij M, Kuc A, Shelke A, Vijayaraghavan RK, Ajithkumar TG, Bhattacharyya S, Heine T, Bein T, Banerjee R. Covalent Organic Framework Thin-Film Photodetectors from Solution-Processable Porous Nanospheres. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1649-1659. [PMID: 36622362 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of homogeneous covalent organic framework (COF) thin films on a desired substrate with decent crystallinity, porosity, and uniform thickness has great potential for optoelectronic applications. We have used a solution-processable sphere transmutation process to synthesize 300 ± 20 nm uniform COF thin films on a 2 × 2 cm2 TiO2-coated fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) surface. This process controls the nucleation of COF crystallites and molecular morphology that helps the nanospheres to arrange periodically to form homogeneous COF thin films. We have synthesized four COF thin films (TpDPP, TpEtBt, TpTab, and TpTta) with different functional backbones. In a close agreement between the experiment and density functional theory, the TpEtBr COF film showed the lowest optical band gap (2.26 eV) and highest excited-state lifetime (8.52 ns) among all four COF films. Hence, the TpEtBr COF film can participate in efficient charge generation and separation. We constructed optoelectronic devices having a glass/FTO/TiO2/COF-film/Au architecture, which serves as a model system to study the optoelectronic charge transport properties of COF thin films under dark and illuminated conditions. Visible light with a calibrated intensity of 100 mW cm-2 was used for the excitation of COF thin films. All of the COF thin films exhibit significant photocurrent after illumination with visible light in comparison to the dark. Hence, all of the COF films behave as good photoactive substrates with minimal pinhole defects. The fabricated out-of-plane photodetector device based on the TpEtBr COF thin film exhibits high photocurrent density (2.65 ± 0.24 mA cm-2 at 0.5 V) and hole mobility (8.15 ± 0.64 ×10-3 cm2 V-1 S-1) compared to other as-synthesized films, indicating the best photoactive characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Bag
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur741246, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur741246, India
| | - Himadri Sekhar Sasmal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur741246, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur741246, India
| | - Sonu Pratap Chaudhary
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur741246, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur741246, India
| | - Kaushik Dey
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur741246, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur741246, India
| | - Dominic Blätte
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (E), 81377Munich, Germany
| | - Roman Guntermann
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (E), 81377Munich, Germany
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66c, 01069Dresden, Germany
| | - Miroslav Položij
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66c, 01069Dresden, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Kuc
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Abteilung Ressourcenökologie, Forschungsstelle Leipzig, 04318Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ankita Shelke
- Central NMR Facility and Physical/Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune411008, India
| | - Ratheesh K Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur741246, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur741246, India
| | - Thalasseril G Ajithkumar
- Central NMR Facility and Physical/Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune411008, India
| | - Sayan Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur741246, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur741246, India
| | - Thomas Heine
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66c, 01069Dresden, Germany.,Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Abteilung Ressourcenökologie, Forschungsstelle Leipzig, 04318Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University and IBS Center for Nanomedicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Thomas Bein
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (E), 81377Munich, Germany
| | - Rahul Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur741246, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur741246, India
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Chaki Roy N, Kundu T. Photoresponse of CVD grown crystalline quantum dot-embedded covalent organic framework thin film. RSC Adv 2023; 13:3669-3676. [PMID: 36756569 PMCID: PMC9890657 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06190b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a new family of novel 2D materials which are highly sought after for integration into future sensors and other devices for their highly porous structures and large surface areas. However, low-temperature large-area growth of these semiconductive materials with a clean surface for direct device applications is still a challenging task. To provide an on-chip photonic device, a COF366-Quantum dot (COF366-QDs) thin-film-based device fabricated by in situ chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is presented. The high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) displays the formation of the periodic, crystalline and porous framework of the COF layer with mono-dispersed QDs of average particle size of ∼2.5-3 nm. The fabricated COF366-QD layer acts as a photoactive layer in the photonic device with an Au-COFQD-Au structure where a conduction path is formed between the metal electrodes through a network of COF layer with embedded QDs. The device shows photoactive response under 514 nm visible light with a very low dark current of 4.36 × 10-11 A with a minimum light detection capability of 160 nW and a responsivity of ∼3.42 A W-1. The photonic device was highly stable for successive switching cycles with very low attenuation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a Quantum dot embedded COF366 thin-film by chemical vapor deposition. The proposed interfacing of COF366-QD thin-films on silicon substrate using in situ low-temperature CVD technique can be highly valuable for the development of transfer-free, clean, and low-cost preparation of industrial-scale organic electronics, optoelectronic device applications, and lab-on-chip based technologies for a wide range of future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Chaki Roy
- Centre for Research in Nanotechnology & Science (CRNTS), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT Bombay) India
| | - Tapanendu Kundu
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT Bombay) India
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Wang C, Zhang Z, Zhu Y, Yang C, Wu J, Hu W. 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks: From Synthetic Strategies to Advanced Optical-Electrical-Magnetic Functionalities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2102290. [PMID: 35052010 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), an emerging class of organic crystalline polymers with highly oriented structures and permanent porosity, can adopt 2D or 3D architectures depending on the different topological diagrams of the monomers. Notably, 2D COFs have particularly gained much attention due to the extraordinary merits of their extended in-plane π-conjugation and topologically ordered columnar π-arrays. These properties together with high crystallinity, large surface area, and tunable porosity distinguish 2D COFs as an ideal candidate for the fabrication of functional materials. Herein, this review surveys the recent research advances in 2D COFs with special emphasis on the preparation of 2D COF powders, single crystals, and thin films, as well as their advanced optical, electrical, and magnetic functionalities. Some challenging issues and potential research outlook for 2D COFs are also provided for promoting their development in terms of structure, synthesis, and functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congyong Wang
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhicheng Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yating Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Chenhuai Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jishan Wu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Wenping Hu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
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Bian G, Yin J, Zhu J. Recent Advances on Conductive 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006043. [PMID: 33624949 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As a burgeoning family of crystalline porous copolymers, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) allow precise atomic insertion of organic components in the topology construction to form periodic networks and ordered nanopores. Their 2D networks bear great similarities to graphene analogs, and therefore are essential additions to the 2D family. Here, the electronic properties of conductive 2D-COFs are reviewed and their bonding strategies and structural characteristics are examined in detail. The controlling approaches toward the morphologies of conductive 2D-COFs are further explored, followed by a discussion of their applications in field-effect transistors, photodetectors, sensors, catalysis, and energy storage. Finally, research challenges and forthcoming developments are projected. The resulting survey reveals that the extended porous 2D organic networks with conductive properties will provide great opportunities and essential innovations in various electronics and energy-related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Bian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
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Kasbe PS, Luo X, Xu W. Interface engineering and integration of two-dimensional polymeric and inorganic materials for advanced hybrid structures. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04022g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress and future directions in the creation of hybrid structures based on 2D polymers and inorganic 2D materials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik S. Kasbe
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Xiongyu Luo
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Weinan Xu
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
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