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Behrle R, Murphey CGE, Cahoon JF, Barth S, den Hertog MI, Weber WM, Sistani M. Understanding the Electronic Transport of Al-Si and Al-Ge Nanojunctions by Exploiting Temperature-Dependent Bias Spectroscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:19350-19358. [PMID: 38563742 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the electronic transport of metal-semiconductor heterojunctions is of utmost importance for a wide range of emerging nanoelectronic devices like adaptive transistors, biosensors, and quantum devices. Here, we provide a comparison and in-depth discussion of the investigated Schottky heterojunction devices based on Si and Ge nanowires contacted with pure single-crystal Al. Key for the fabrication of these devices is the selective solid-state metal-semiconductor exchange of Si and Ge nanowires into Al, delivering void-free, single-crystal Al contacts with flat Schottky junctions, distinct from the bulk counterparts. Thereof, a systematic comparison of the temperature-dependent charge carrier injection and transport in Si and Ge by means of current-bias spectroscopy is visualized by 2D colormaps. Thus, it reveals important insights into the operation mechanisms and regimes that cannot be exploited by conventional single-sweep output and transfer characteristics. Importantly, it was found that the Al-Si system shows symmetric effective Schottky barrier (SB) heights for holes and electrons, whereas the Al-Ge system reveals a highly transparent contact for holes due to Fermi level pinning close to the valence band with charge carrier injection saturation due to a thinned effective SB. Moreover, thermionic field emission limits the overall electron conduction, indicating a distinct SB for electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Behrle
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna 1040, Austria
| | - Corban G E Murphey
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - James F Cahoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Sven Barth
- Physics Institute, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | | | - Walter M Weber
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna 1040, Austria
| | - Masiar Sistani
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna 1040, Austria
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Xue JW, Xu CH, Zhao W, Chen HY, Xu JJ. Photoinduced Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Imaging of Plasmonic Photoelectrochemistry at Single Nanocatalysts. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:4572-4578. [PMID: 37171253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we proposed a novel imaging technique, photoinduced electrogenerated chemiluminescence microscopy (PECLM), to monitor redox reactions driven by hot carriers on single gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on TiO2. Under laser irradiation, plasmon-generated hot carriers were separated by an electric field, leaving hot holes on the surface of AuNPs to drive ECL reactions. PECL intensity was highly sensitive to the number of hot carriers. Through quantitative image analysis, we found that PECL density on individual AuNPs decreased significantly with an increase in particle diameter, indicating that particle size has a significant impact on photoelectrochemical conversion efficiency. For the first time, we verified the feasibility of PECLM in mapping the catalytic activity of single photocatalysts. PECLM opens a new prospect for the in situ imaging of photocatalysis in a high-throughput way, which not only facilitates the optimization of plasmonic photocatalysts but also contributes to the dynamic study of photocatalytic processes on micro/nanointerfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wei Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Cong-Hui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
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Pustovalov VK. Multi-temperature modeling of femtosecond laser pulse on metallic nanoparticles accounting for the temperature dependences of the parameters. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND PRECISION ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1063/10.0013776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
This review considers the fundamental dynamical processes of metal nanoparticles during and after the impact of a femtosecond laser pulse on a nanoparticle, including the absorption of photons. Understanding the sequence of events after photon absorption and their timescales is important for many applications of nanoparticles. Various processes are discussed, starting with optical absorption by electrons, proceeding through the relaxation of the electrons due to electron–electron scattering and electron–phonon coupling, and ending with the dissipation of the nanoparticle energy into the environment. The goal is to consider the timescales, values, and temperature dependences of the electron heat capacity and the electron–phonon coupling parameter that describe these processes and how these dependences affect the electron energy relaxation. Two- and four-temperature models for describing electron–phonon relaxation are discussed. Significant emphasis is paid to the proposed analytical approach to modeling processes during the action of a femtosecond laser pulse on a metal nanoparticle. These consider the temperature dependences of the electron heat capacity and the electron–phonon coupling factor of the metal. The entire process is divided into four stages: (1) the heating of the electron system by a pulse, (2) electron thermalization, (3) electron–phonon energy exchange and the equalization of the temperature of the electrons with the lattice, and (4) cooling of the nanoparticle. There is an appropriate analytical description of each stage. The four-temperature model can estimate the parameters of the laser and nanoparticles needed for applications of femtosecond laser pulses and nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor K. Pustovalov
- Belarussian National Technical University, Pr. Independency, 65, Minsk 220013, Belarus
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Wind L, Böckle R, Sistani M, Schweizer P, Maeder X, Michler J, Murphey CG, Cahoon J, Weber WM. Monolithic and Single-Crystalline Aluminum-Silicon Heterostructures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:26238-26244. [PMID: 35621308 PMCID: PMC9185687 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Overcoming the difficulty in the precise definition of the metal phase of metal-Si heterostructures is among the key prerequisites to enable reproducible next-generation nanoelectronic, optoelectronic, and quantum devices. Here, we report on the formation of monolithic Al-Si heterostructures obtained from both bottom-up and top-down fabricated Si nanostructures and Al contacts. This is enabled by a thermally induced Al-Si exchange reaction, which forms abrupt and void-free metal-semiconductor interfaces in contrast to their bulk counterparts. The selective and controllable transformation of Si NWs into Al provides a nanodevice fabrication platform with high-quality monolithic and single-crystalline Al contacts, revealing resistivities as low as ρ = (6.31 ± 1.17) × 10-8 Ω m and breakdown current densities of Jmax = (1 ± 0.13) × 1012 Ω m-2. Combining transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the composition as well as the crystalline nature of the presented Al-Si-Al heterostructures, with no intermetallic phases formed during the exchange process in contrast to state-of-the-art metal silicides. The thereof formed single-element Al contacts explain the robustness and reproducibility of the junctions. Detailed and systematic electrical characterizations carried out on back- and top-gated heterostructure devices revealed symmetric effective Schottky barriers for electrons and holes. Most importantly, fulfilling compatibility with modern complementary metal-oxide semiconductor fabrication, the proposed thermally induced Al-Si exchange reaction may give rise to the development of next-generation reconfigurable electronics relying on reproducible nanojunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Wind
- Institute
of Solid State Electronics, Technische Universität
Wien, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Raphael Böckle
- Institute
of Solid State Electronics, Technische Universität
Wien, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Masiar Sistani
- Institute
of Solid State Electronics, Technische Universität
Wien, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Schweizer
- Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Feuerwerkstrasse 39, 3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Maeder
- Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Feuerwerkstrasse 39, 3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Johann Michler
- Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Feuerwerkstrasse 39, 3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Corban G.E. Murphey
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - James Cahoon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Walter M. Weber
- Institute
of Solid State Electronics, Technische Universität
Wien, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, 1040 Vienna, Austria
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Jiang Z, Zhao TT, Li CM, Li YF, Huang CZ. 2D MOF-Based Photoelectrochemical Aptasensor for SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:49754-49761. [PMID: 34657424 PMCID: PMC8547163 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A reliable and sensitive detection approach for SARS-CoV 2 is essential for timely infection diagnosis and transmission prevention. Here, a two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic framework (MOF)-based photoelectrochemical (PEC) aptasensor with high sensitivity and stability for SARS-CoV 2 spike glycoprotein (S protein) detection was developed. The PEC aptasensor was constructed by a plasmon-enhanced photoactive material (namely, Au NPs/Yb-TCPP) with a specific DNA aptamer against S protein. The Au NPs/Yb-TCPP fabricated by in situ growth of Au NPs on the surface of 2D Yb-TCPP nanosheets showed a high electron-hole (e-h) separation efficiency due to the enhancement effect of plasmon, resulting in excellent photoelectric performance. The modified DNA aptamer on the surface of Au NPs/Yb-TCPP can bind with S protein with high selectivity, thus decreasing the photocurrent of the system due to the high steric hindrance and low conductivity of the S protein. The established PEC aptasensor demonstrated a highly sensitive detection for S protein with a linear response range of 0.5-8 μg/mL with a detection limit of 72 ng/mL. This work presented a promising way for the detection of SARS-CoV 2, which may conduce to the impetus of clinic diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong
Wei Jiang
- Key
Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry
of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Ting Ting Zhao
- Key
Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry
of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Chun Mei Li
- Key
Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis System, Chongqing
Science and Technology Bureau, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Fang Li
- Key
Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry
of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Zhi Huang
- Key
Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry
of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis System, Chongqing
Science and Technology Bureau, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
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Cortés E, Besteiro LV, Alabastri A, Baldi A, Tagliabue G, Demetriadou A, Narang P. Challenges in Plasmonic Catalysis. ACS NANO 2020; 14:16202-16219. [PMID: 33314905 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of nanoplasmonics to control light and heat close to the thermodynamic limit enables exciting opportunities in the field of plasmonic catalysis. The decay of plasmonic excitations creates highly nonequilibrium distributions of hot carriers that can initiate or catalyze reactions through both thermal and nonthermal pathways. In this Perspective, we present the current understanding in the field of plasmonic catalysis, capturing vibrant debates in the literature, and discuss future avenues of exploration to overcome critical bottlenecks. Our Perspective spans first-principles theory and computation of correlated and far-from-equilibrium light-matter interactions, synthesis of new nanoplasmonic hybrids, and new steady-state and ultrafast spectroscopic probes of interactions in plasmonic catalysis, recognizing the key contributions of each discipline in realizing the promise of plasmonic catalysis. We conclude with our vision for fundamental and technological advances in the field of plasmon-driven chemical reactions in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Cortés
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
| | | | - Alessandro Alabastri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS-378, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Andrea Baldi
- DIFFER - Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, De Zaale 20, 5612 AJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Giulia Tagliabue
- Laboratory of Nanoscience for Energy Technologies (LNET), EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Angela Demetriadou
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Prineha Narang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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Sistani M, Staudinger P, Lugstein A. Polarity Control in Ge Nanowires by Electronic Surface Doping. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2020; 124:19858-19863. [PMID: 32952775 PMCID: PMC7497402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c05749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The performance of nanoscale electronic and photonic devices critically depends on the size and geometry and may significantly differ from those of their bulk counterparts. Along with confinement effects, the inherently high surface-to-volume ratio of nanostructures causes their properties to strongly depend on the surface. With a high and almost symmetric electron and hole mobility, Ge is considered to be a key material extending device performances beyond the limits imposed by miniaturization. Nevertheless, the deleterious effects of charge trapping are still a severe limiting factor for applications of Ge-based nanoscale devices. In this work, we show exemplarily for Ge nanowires that controlling the surface trap population by electrostatic gating can be utilized for effective surface doping. The reproducible transition from hole- to electron-dominated transport is clearly demonstrated by the observation of electron-driven negative differential resistance and provides a significant step towards a better understanding of charge-trapping-induced transport in Ge nanostructures.
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