1
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Sidler D, Ruggenthaler M, Rubio A. Numerically Exact Solution for a Real Polaritonic System under Vibrational Strong Coupling in Thermodynamic Equilibrium: Loss of Light-Matter Entanglement and Enhanced Fluctuations. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:8801-8814. [PMID: 37972347 PMCID: PMC10720342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The first numerically exact simulation of a full ab initio molecular quantum system (HD+) under strong ro-vibrational coupling to a quantized optical cavity mode in thermal equilibrium is presented. Theoretical challenges in describing strongly coupled systems of mixed quantum statistics (bosons and Fermions) are discussed and circumvented by the specific choice of our molecular system. Our numerically exact simulations highlight the absence of zero temperature for the strongly coupled matter and light subsystems, due to cavity-induced noncanonical conditions. Furthermore, we explore the temperature dependency of light-matter quantum entanglement, which emerges for the ground state but is quickly lost already in the deep cryogenic regime. This is in contrast to predictions from the Jaynes-Cummings model, which is the standard starting point to model collective strong-coupling chemistry phenomenologically. Moreover, we find that the fluctuations of matter remain modified by the quantum nature of the thermal and vacuum-field fluctuations for significant temperatures, e.g., at ambient conditions. These observations (loss of entanglement and coupling to quantum fluctuations) have implications for the understanding and control of polaritonic chemistry and materials science, since a semiclassical theoretical description of light-matter interaction becomes reasonable, but the typical (classical) canonical equilibrium assumption for the nuclear subsystem remains violated. This opens the door for quantum fluctuation-induced stochastic resonance phenomena under vibrational strong coupling, which have been suggested as a plausible theoretical mechanism to explain the experimentally observed resonance phenomena in the absence of periodic driving that has not yet been fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Sidler
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Michael Ruggenthaler
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- Center
for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
- Nano-Bio
Spectroscopy Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián 20018, Spain
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2
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Gudem M, Kowalewski M. Cavity-Modified Chemiluminescent Reaction of Dioxetane. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9483-9494. [PMID: 37845803 PMCID: PMC10658626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c05664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Chemiluminescence is a thermally activated chemical process that emits a photon of light by forming a fraction of products in the electronic excited state. A well-known example of this spectacular phenomenon is the emission of light in the firefly beetle, where the formation of a four-membered cyclic peroxide compound and subsequent dissociation produce a light-emitting product. The smallest cyclic peroxide, dioxetane, also exhibits chemiluminescence but with a low quantum yield as compared to that of firefly dioxetane. Employing the strong light-matter coupling has recently been found to be an alternative strategy to modify the chemical reactivity. In the presence of an optical cavity, the molecular degrees of freedom greatly mix with the cavity mode to form hybrid cavity-matter states called polaritons. These newly generated hybrid light-matter states manipulate the potential energy surfaces and significantly change the reaction dynamics. Here, we theoretically investigate the effects of a strong light-matter interaction on the chemiluminescent reaction of dioxetane using the extended Jaynes-Cummings model. The cavity couplings corresponding to the electronic and vibrational degrees of freedom have been included in the interaction Hamiltonian. We explore how the cavity alters the ground- and excited-state path energy barriers and reaction rates. Our results demonstrate that the formation of excited-state products in the dioxetane decomposition process can be either accelerated or suppressed, depending on the molecular orientation with respect to the cavity polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Gudem
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Centre, SE-106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Centre, SE-106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Ruggenthaler M, Sidler D, Rubio A. Understanding Polaritonic Chemistry from Ab Initio Quantum Electrodynamics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11191-11229. [PMID: 37729114 PMCID: PMC10571044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we present the theoretical foundations and first-principles frameworks to describe quantum matter within quantum electrodynamics (QED) in the low-energy regime, with a focus on polaritonic chemistry. By starting from fundamental physical and mathematical principles, we first review in great detail ab initio nonrelativistic QED. The resulting Pauli-Fierz quantum field theory serves as a cornerstone for the development of (in principle exact but in practice) approximate computational methods such as quantum-electrodynamical density functional theory, QED coupled cluster, or cavity Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics. These methods treat light and matter on equal footing and, at the same time, have the same level of accuracy and reliability as established methods of computational chemistry and electronic structure theory. After an overview of the key ideas behind those ab initio QED methods, we highlight their benefits for understanding photon-induced changes of chemical properties and reactions. Based on results obtained by ab initio QED methods, we identify open theoretical questions and how a so far missing detailed understanding of polaritonic chemistry can be established. We finally give an outlook on future directions within polaritonic chemistry and first-principles QED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ruggenthaler
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Struktur und Dynamik der Materie, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Sidler
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Struktur und Dynamik der Materie, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Struktur und Dynamik der Materie, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center
for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
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4
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Guo X, Cheng X, Zhang H. Light-responsive organic polaritons from first principles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:23092-23099. [PMID: 37602397 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02515b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the optical properties of light-responsive organic molecules is essential for their application in photonics. We demonstrate how light-responsive organic polaritons formed inside an optical cavity can be used to modify these properties based on first principles. Specifically, we study the excited state properties of the trans-azobenzene molecule and the free base tetraphenyl porphyrin (H2TPP) molecule under weak to strong light-matter coupling. Our results show that the cavity can modulate the dispersion and absorption properties of organic molecules. Compared to the case outside the cavity, the anomalous dispersion of the trans-azobenzene molecule inside the cavity is suppressed and this suppression decreases with increasing coupling strength, showing the potential of strong light-matter coupling in manipulating the optical dipole trap of organic molecules. Moreover, by adjusting the cavity parameters to tune the strength of the light-matter coupling, we achieve free switching between symmetric Lorentz and asymmetric Fano line shapes for H2TPP polaritonic excitations. During the switching between these spectral features, we also find that the cavity can be used to control the spontaneous radiation of organic molecules via the Purcell effect. These findings provide a new pathway to manipulate the optical properties of light-responsive organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongwei Guo
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Xinlu Cheng
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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5
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Lew-Yee JFH, Del Campo JM, Piris M. Electron Correlation in the Iron(II) Porphyrin by Natural Orbital Functional Approximations. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:211-220. [PMID: 36579972 PMCID: PMC9996833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c01093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The relative stability of the singlet, triplet, and quintet spin states of iron(II) porphyrin (FeP) represents a challenging problem for electronic structure methods. While it is currently accepted that the ground state is a triplet, multiconfigurational wave function-based methods predict a quintet, and density functional approximations vary between triplet and quintet states, leading to a prediction that highly depends on the features of the method employed. The recently proposed Global Natural Orbital Functional (GNOF) aims to provide a balanced treatment between static and dynamic correlation, and together with the previous Piris Natural Orbital Functionals (PNOFs), allowed us to explore the importance of each type of correlation in the stability order of the states of FeP with a method that conserves the spin of the system. It is noteworthy that GNOF correlates all electrons in all available orbitals for a given basis set; in the case of the FeP with a double-ζ basis set as used in this work, this means that GNOF can properly correlate 186 electrons in 465 orbitals, significantly increasing the sizes of systems amenable to multiconfigurational treatment. Results show that PNOF5, PNOF7s, and PNOF7 predict the quintet to have a lower energy than the triplet state; however, the addition of dynamic correlation via second-order Møller-Plesset corrections (NOF-MP2) turns the triplet state to be lower than the quintet state, a prediction also reproduced by GNOF that incorporates much more dynamic correlation than its predecessors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Felipe Huan Lew-Yee
- Departamento de Física y Química Teórica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México CityC.P. 04510, México
| | - Jorge M Del Campo
- Departamento de Física y Química Teórica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México CityC.P. 04510, México
| | - Mario Piris
- Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), P.K. 1072, 20080Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013Bilbao, Euskadi, Spain
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6
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Gibney D, Boyn JN, Mazziotti DA. Comparison of Density-Matrix Corrections to Density Functional Theory. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:6600-6607. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gibney
- Department of Chemistry and The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Jan-Niklas Boyn
- Department of Chemistry and The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - David A. Mazziotti
- Department of Chemistry and The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
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7
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Sidler D, Ruggenthaler M, Schäfer C, Ronca E, Rubio A. A perspective on ab initio modeling of polaritonic chemistry: The role of non-equilibrium effects and quantum collectivity. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:230901. [PMID: 35732522 DOI: 10.1063/5.0094956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This Perspective provides a brief introduction into the theoretical complexity of polaritonic chemistry, which emerges from the hybrid nature of strongly coupled light-matter states. To tackle this complexity, the importance of ab initio methods is highlighted. Based on those, novel ideas and research avenues are developed with respect to quantum collectivity, as well as for resonance phenomena immanent in reaction rates under vibrational strong coupling. Indeed, fundamental theoretical questions arise about the mesoscopic scale of quantum-collectively coupled molecules when considering the depolarization shift in the interpretation of experimental data. Furthermore, to rationalize recent findings based on quantum electrodynamical density-functional theory (QEDFT), a simple, but computationally efficient, Langevin framework is proposed based on well-established methods from molecular dynamics. It suggests the emergence of cavity-induced non-equilibrium nuclear dynamics, where thermal (stochastic) resonance phenomena could emerge in the absence of external periodic driving. Overall, we believe that the latest ab initio results indeed suggest a paradigmatic shift for ground-state chemical reactions under vibrational strong coupling from the collective quantum interpretation toward a more local, (semi)-classically and non-equilibrium dominated perspective. Finally, various extensions toward a refined description of cavity-modified chemistry are introduced in the context of QEDFT, and future directions of the field are sketched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Sidler
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Ruggenthaler
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schäfer
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Enrico Ronca
- Istituto per i Processi Chimico Fisici del CNR (IPCF-CNR), Via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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8
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McTague J, Foley J. Non-Hermitian Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics - Configuration Interaction Singles Approach for Polaritonic Structure with ab initio Molecular Hamiltonians. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:154103. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0091953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We combine ab initio molecular electronic Hamiltonians with a cavity quantum electrodynamics model for dissipative photonic modes and apply mean-field theories to the ground- and excited-states of resulting polaritonic systems. In particular, we develop a non-Hermitian configuration interaction singles theory for mean-field ground- and excited-states of the molecular system strongly interacting with a photonic mode, and apply these methods to elucidating the phenomenology of paradigmatic polaritonic systems. We leverage the Psi4Numpy framework to yield open-source and accessible reference implementations of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan McTague
- William Paterson University College of Science and Health, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Foley
- Chemistry, William Paterson University College of Science and Health, United States of America
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9
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Gibney D, Boyn JN, Mazziotti DA. Density Functional Theory Transformed into a One-Electron Reduced-Density-Matrix Functional Theory for the Capture of Static Correlation. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:1382-1388. [PMID: 35113577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Density Functional Theory (DFT), the most widely adopted method in modern computational chemistry, fails to describe accurately the electronic structure of strongly correlated systems. Here we show that DFT can be formally and practically transformed into a one-electron reduced-density-matrix (1-RDM) functional theory, which can address the limitations of DFT while retaining favorable computational scaling compared to wave function based approaches. In addition to relaxing the idempotency restriction on the 1-RDM in the kinetic energy term, we add a quadratic 1-RDM-based term to DFT's density-based exchange-correlation functional. Our approach, which we implement by quadratic semidefinite programming at DFT's computational scaling of O(r3), yields substantial improvements over traditional DFT in the description of static correlation in chemical structures and processes such as singlet biradicals and bond dissociations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gibney
- The James Franck Institute and The Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jan-Niklas Boyn
- The James Franck Institute and The Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - David A Mazziotti
- The James Franck Institute and The Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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10
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Liebenthal M, Vu NH, DePrince E. Equation-of-motion cavity quantum electrodynamics coupled-cluster theory for electron attachment. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:054105. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0078795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nam Hoang Vu
- Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, United States of America
| | - Eugene DePrince
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, United States of America
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11
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Ahrens A, Huang C, Beutel M, Covington C, Varga K. Stochastic Variational Approach to Small Atoms and Molecules Coupled to Quantum Field Modes in Cavity QED. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:273601. [PMID: 35061426 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.273601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present a stochastic variational calculation (SVM) of energies and wave functions of few particle systems coupled to quantum fields in cavity QED. The spatial wave function and the photon spaces are optimized by a random selection process. Using correlated basis functions, the SVM approach solves the problem accurately and opens the way to the same precision that is reached the nonlight coupled quantum systems. Examples for a two-dimensional trion and confined electrons as well as for the He atom and the H_{2} molecule are presented showing that the light-matter coupling drastically changes the electronic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ahrens
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Chenhang Huang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Matt Beutel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Cody Covington
- Department of Chemistry, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, Tennessee 37044, USA
| | - Kálmán Varga
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
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12
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Liebert J, Castillo F, Labbé JP, Schilling C. Foundation of One-Particle Reduced Density Matrix Functional Theory for Excited States. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 18:124-140. [PMID: 34931830 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In Phys. Rev. Lett. 2021, 127, 023001 a reduced density matrix functional theory (RDMFT) was proposed for calculating energies of selected eigenstates of interacting many-Fermion systems. Here, we develop a solid foundation for this so-called w-RDMFT and present the details of various derivations. First, we explain how a generalization of the Ritz variational principle to ensemble states with fixed weights w in combination with the constrained search would lead to a universal functional of the one-particle reduced density matrix. To turn this into a viable functional theory, however, we also need to implement an exact convex relaxation. This general procedure includes Valone's pioneering work on ground state RDMFT as the special case w = (1,0, ···). Then, we work out in a comprehensive manner a methodology for deriving a compact description of the functional's domain. This leads to a hierarchy of generalized exclusion principle constraints which we illustrate in great detail. By anticipating their future pivotal role in functional theories and to keep our work self-contained, several required concepts from convex analysis are introduced and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Liebert
- Department of Physics, Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstrasse 37, 80333, München, Germany.,Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstrasse 4, 80799, München, Germany
| | - Federico Castillo
- Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Inselstraße 22, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jean-Philippe Labbé
- Department of Physics, Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstrasse 37, 80333, München, Germany.,Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstrasse 4, 80799, München, Germany.,Institut für Mathematik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 2, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Schilling
- Department of Physics, Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstrasse 37, 80333, München, Germany.,Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstrasse 4, 80799, München, Germany
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13
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Schilling C, Pittalis S. Ensemble Reduced Density Matrix Functional Theory for Excited States and Hierarchical Generalization of Pauli's Exclusion Principle. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:023001. [PMID: 34296916 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.023001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We propose and work out a reduced density matrix functional theory (RDMFT) for calculating energies of eigenstates of interacting many-electron systems beyond the ground state. Various obstacles which historically have doomed such an approach to be unfeasible are overcome. First, we resort to a generalization of the Ritz variational principle to ensemble states with fixed weights. This in combination with the constrained search formalism allows us to establish a universal functional of the one-particle reduced density matrix. Second, we employ tools from convex analysis to circumvent the too involved N-representability constraints. Remarkably, this identifies Valone's pioneering work on RDMFT as a special case of convex relaxation and reveals that crucial information about the excitation structure is contained in the functional's domain. Third, to determine the crucial latter object, a methodology is developed which eventually leads to a generalized exclusion principle. The corresponding linear constraints are calculated for systems of arbitrary size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schilling
- Department of Physics, Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstrasse 37, 80333 München, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 München, Germany
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14
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Gudem M, Kowalewski M. Controlling the Photostability of Pyrrole with Optical Nanocavities. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:1142-1151. [PMID: 33464084 PMCID: PMC7883346 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c09252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Strong light-matter coupling provides a new strategy to manipulate the non-adiabatic dynamics of molecules by modifying potential energy surfaces. The vacuum field of nanocavities can couple strongly with the molecular degrees of freedom and form hybrid light-matter states, termed as polaritons or dressed states. The photochemistry of molecules possessing intrinsic conical intersections can be significantly altered by introducing cavity couplings to create new conical intersections or avoided crossings. Here, we explore the effects of optical cavities on the photo-induced hydrogen elimination reaction of pyrrole. Wave packet dynamics simulations have been performed on the two-state, two-mode model of pyrrole, combined with the cavity photon mode. Our results show how the optical cavities assist in controlling the photostability of pyrrole and influence the reaction mechanism by providing alternative dissociation pathways. The cavity effects have been found to be intensely dependent on the resonance frequency. We further demonstrate the importance of the vibrational cavity couplings and dipole-self interaction terms in describing the cavity-modified non-adiabatic dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Gudem
- Department of Physics, Albanova University
Centre, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department of Physics, Albanova University
Centre, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Sidler D, Schäfer C, Ruggenthaler M, Rubio A. Polaritonic Chemistry: Collective Strong Coupling Implies Strong Local Modification of Chemical Properties. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:508-516. [PMID: 33373238 PMCID: PMC7928910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental question in the field of polaritonic chemistry is whether collective coupling implies local modifications of chemical properties scaling with the ensemble size. Here we demonstrate from first-principles that an impurity present in a collectively coupled chemical ensemble features such locally scaling modifications. In particular, we find the formation of a novel dark state for a nitrogen dimer chain of variable size, whose local chemical properties are altered considerably at the impurity due to its embedding in the collectively coupled environment. Our simulations unify theoretical predictions from quantum optical models (e.g., collective dark states and bright polaritonic branches) with the single molecule quantum chemical perspective, which relies on the (quantized) redistribution of charges leading to a local hybridization of light and matter. Moreover, our findings suggest that recently developed ab initio methods for strong light-matter coupling are suitable to access these local polaritonic effects and provide a detailed understanding of photon-modified chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Sidler
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schäfer
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Ruggenthaler
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center
for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron
Institute, 162 Fifth
Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
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16
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Antoniou P, Suchanek F, Varner JF, Foley JJ. Role of Cavity Losses on Nonadiabatic Couplings and Dynamics in Polaritonic Chemistry. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:9063-9069. [PMID: 33045837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We present a non-Hermitian formulation of the polaritonic structure of azobenzene strongly coupled to a photonic mode that explicitly accounts for the fleeting nature of the photon-molecule interaction. This formalism reveals that the polaritonic nonadiabatic couplings that facilitate cis-trans isomerization can be dramatically modified by photonic dissipation. We perform Fewest-Switches Surface Hopping dynamics on the surfaces that derive from our non-Hermitian formalism and find that the polaritonic isomerization yields are strongly suppressed for moderate dissipation rates and that cavity-free isomerization dynamics are recovered under large dissipation rates. These findings highlight the important role that the finite lifetime of photonic degrees of freedom play in polaritonic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayiota Antoniou
- Department of Chemistry, William Paterson University, 300 Pompton Road, Wayne, New Jersey 07470, United States
| | - Figen Suchanek
- Department of Chemistry, William Paterson University, 300 Pompton Road, Wayne, New Jersey 07470, United States
| | - James F Varner
- Department of Chemistry, William Paterson University, 300 Pompton Road, Wayne, New Jersey 07470, United States
| | - Jonathan J Foley
- Department of Chemistry, William Paterson University, 300 Pompton Road, Wayne, New Jersey 07470, United States
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17
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Theophilou I, Penz M, Ruggenthaler M, Rubio A. Virial Relations for Electrons Coupled to Quantum Field Modes. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:6236-6243. [PMID: 32816479 PMCID: PMC7558318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we present a set of virial relations for many electron systems coupled to both classical and quantum fields, described by the Pauli-Fierz Hamiltonian in dipole approximation and using length gauge. Currently, there is growing interest in solutions of this Hamiltonian because of its relevance for describing molecular systems strongly coupled to photonic modes in cavities and in the possible modification of chemical properties of such systems compared to the ones in free space. The relevance of such virial relations is demonstrated by showing a connection to mass renormalization and by providing an exact way to obtain total energies from potentials in the framework of quantum electrodynamical density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Theophilou
- Theory
Department, Max Planck Institute for the
Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Penz
- Theory
Department, Max Planck Institute for the
Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Ruggenthaler
- Theory
Department, Max Planck Institute for the
Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Theory
Department, Max Planck Institute for the
Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center
for Computational Quantum Physics (CCQ), Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United
States
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18
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Sidler D, Ruggenthaler M, Appel H, Rubio A. Chemistry in Quantum Cavities: Exact Results, the Impact of Thermal Velocities, and Modified Dissociation. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:7525-7530. [PMID: 32805122 PMCID: PMC7503860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In recent years tremendous progress in the field of light-matter interactions has unveiled that strong coupling to the modes of an optical cavity can alter chemistry even at room temperature. Despite these impressive advances, many fundamental questions of chemistry in cavities remain unanswered. This is also due to a lack of exact results that can be used to validate and benchmark approximate approaches. In this work we provide such reference calculations from exact diagonalization of the Pauli-Fierz Hamiltonian in the long-wavelength limit with an effective cavity mode. This allows us to investigate the reliability of the ubiquitous Jaynes-Cummings model not only for electronic but also for the case of ro-vibrational transitions. We demonstrate how the commonly ignored thermal velocity of charged molecular systems can influence chemical properties while leaving the spectra invariant. Furthermore, we show the emergence of new bound polaritonic states beyond the dissociation energy limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Sidler
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Ruggenthaler
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heiko Appel
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center
for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron
Institute, 162 Fifth
Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
- Nano-Bio
Spectroscopy Group, Universidad del Pais
Vasco, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
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19
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Buchholz F, Theophilou I, Giesbertz KJH, Ruggenthaler M, Rubio A. Light-Matter Hybrid-Orbital-Based First-Principles Methods: The Influence of Polariton Statistics. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:5601-5620. [PMID: 32692551 PMCID: PMC7482321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A detailed
understanding of strong matter–photon interactions
requires first-principle methods that can solve the fundamental Pauli–Fierz
Hamiltonian of nonrelativistic quantum electrodynamics efficiently.
A possible way to extend well-established electronic-structure methods
to this situation is to embed the Pauli–Fierz Hamiltonian in
a higher-dimensional light–matter hybrid auxiliary configuration
space. In this work we show the importance of the resulting hybrid
Fermi–Bose statistics of the polaritons, which are the new
fundamental particles of the “photon-dressed” Pauli–Fierz
Hamiltonian for systems in cavities. We show that violations of these
statistics can lead to unphysical results. We present an efficient
way to ensure the correct statistics by enforcing representability
conditions on the dressed one-body reduced density matrix. We further
present a general prescription how to extend a given first-principles
approach to polaritons and as an example introduce polaritonic Hartree–Fock
theory. While being a single-reference method in polariton space,
polaritonic Hartree–Fock is a multireference method in the
electronic space, i.e., it describes electronic correlations. We also
discuss possible applications to polaritonic QEDFT. We apply this
theory to a lattice model and find that, the more delocalized the
bound-state wave function of the particles is, the stronger it reacts
to photons. The main reason is that within a small energy range, many
states with different electronic configurations are available as opposed
to a strongly bound (and hence energetically separated) ground-state
wave function. This indicates that under certain conditions coupling
to the quantum vacuum of a cavity can indeed modify ground state properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Buchholz
- Theory Department, Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter-Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Iris Theophilou
- Theory Department, Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter-Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaas J H Giesbertz
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Ruggenthaler
- Theory Department, Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter-Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Theory Department, Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter-Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.,Center for Computational Quantum Physics (CCQ), Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
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20
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Schäfer C, Ruggenthaler M, Rokaj V, Rubio A. Relevance of the Quadratic Diamagnetic and Self-Polarization Terms in Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics. ACS PHOTONICS 2020; 7:975-990. [PMID: 32322607 PMCID: PMC7164385 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.9b01649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Experiments at the interface of quantum optics and chemistry have revealed that strong coupling between light and matter can substantially modify the chemical and physical properties of molecules and solids. While the theoretical description of such situations is usually based on nonrelativistic quantum electrodynamics, which contains quadratic light-matter coupling terms, it is commonplace to disregard these terms and restrict the treatment to purely bilinear couplings. In this work, we clarify the physical origin and the substantial impact of the most common quadratic terms, the diamagnetic and self-polarization terms, and highlight why neglecting them can lead to rather unphysical results. Specifically, we demonstrate their relevance by showing that neglecting these terms leads to the loss of gauge invariance, basis set dependence, disintegration (loss of bound states) of any system in the basis set limit, unphysical radiation of the ground state, and an artificial dependence on the static dipole. Besides providing important guidance for modeling of strongly coupled light-matter systems, the presented results also indicate conditions under which those effects might become accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schäfer
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Ruggenthaler
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vasil Rokaj
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Nano-Bio
Spectroscopy Group, Departamento de Fisica de Materiales, Universidad del País Vasco, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
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21
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Tancogne-Dejean N, Oliveira MJT, Andrade X, Appel H, Borca CH, Le Breton G, Buchholz F, Castro A, Corni S, Correa AA, De Giovannini U, Delgado A, Eich FG, Flick J, Gil G, Gomez A, Helbig N, Hübener H, Jestädt R, Jornet-Somoza J, Larsen AH, Lebedeva IV, Lüders M, Marques MAL, Ohlmann ST, Pipolo S, Rampp M, Rozzi CA, Strubbe DA, Sato SA, Schäfer C, Theophilou I, Welden A, Rubio A. Octopus, a computational framework for exploring light-driven phenomena and quantum dynamics in extended and finite systems. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:124119. [PMID: 32241132 DOI: 10.1063/1.5142502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, extraordinary advances in experimental and theoretical tools have allowed us to monitor and control matter at short time and atomic scales with a high degree of precision. An appealing and challenging route toward engineering materials with tailored properties is to find ways to design or selectively manipulate materials, especially at the quantum level. To this end, having a state-of-the-art ab initio computer simulation tool that enables a reliable and accurate simulation of light-induced changes in the physical and chemical properties of complex systems is of utmost importance. The first principles real-space-based Octopus project was born with that idea in mind, i.e., to provide a unique framework that allows us to describe non-equilibrium phenomena in molecular complexes, low dimensional materials, and extended systems by accounting for electronic, ionic, and photon quantum mechanical effects within a generalized time-dependent density functional theory. This article aims to present the new features that have been implemented over the last few years, including technical developments related to performance and massive parallelism. We also describe the major theoretical developments to address ultrafast light-driven processes, such as the new theoretical framework of quantum electrodynamics density-functional formalism for the description of novel light-matter hybrid states. Those advances, and others being released soon as part of the Octopus package, will allow the scientific community to simulate and characterize spatial and time-resolved spectroscopies, ultrafast phenomena in molecules and materials, and new emergent states of matter (quantum electrodynamical-materials).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Tancogne-Dejean
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Micael J T Oliveira
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Xavier Andrade
- Quantum Simulations Group, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Heiko Appel
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carlos H Borca
- Quantum Simulations Group, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Guillaume Le Breton
- Département de Physique, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Florian Buchholz
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alberto Castro
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems, University of Zaragoza, Calle Mariano Esquillor, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Stefano Corni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli studi di Padova, via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Alfredo A Correa
- Quantum Simulations Group, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Umberto De Giovannini
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alain Delgado
- Xanadu, 777 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C8, Canada
| | - Florian G Eich
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Flick
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Gabriel Gil
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli studi di Padova, via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Adrián Gomez
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems, University of Zaragoza, Calle Mariano Esquillor, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nicole Helbig
- Nanomat/Qmat/CESAM and ETSF, Université de Liège, B-4000 Sart-Tilman, Belgium
| | - Hannes Hübener
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - René Jestädt
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joaquim Jornet-Somoza
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ask H Larsen
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and ETSF, Universidad del País Vasco, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Irina V Lebedeva
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and ETSF, Universidad del País Vasco, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Martin Lüders
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Miguel A L Marques
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sebastian T Ohlmann
- Max Planck Computing and Data Facility, Gießenbachstraße 2, 85741 Garching, Germany
| | - Silvio Pipolo
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Université d' Artois UMR 8181-UCCS Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Markus Rampp
- Max Planck Computing and Data Facility, Gießenbachstraße 2, 85741 Garching, Germany
| | - Carlo A Rozzi
- CNR - Istituto Nanoscienze, via Campi 213a, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - David A Strubbe
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, California 95343, USA
| | - Shunsuke A Sato
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schäfer
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Iris Theophilou
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alicia Welden
- Quantum Simulations Group, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
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