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Shimizu T, Whitfield R, Jones GR, Raji IO, Konkolewicz D, Truong NP, Anastasaki A. Controlling primary chain dispersity in network polymers: elucidating the effect of dispersity on degradation. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13419-13428. [PMID: 38033899 PMCID: PMC10685271 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05203f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although dispersity has been demonstrated to be instrumental in determining many polymer properties, current synthetic strategies predominantly focus on tailoring the dispersity of linear polymers. In contrast, controlling the primary chain dispersity in network polymers is much more challenging, in part due to the complex nature of the reactions, which has limited the exploration of properties and applications. Here, a one-step method to prepare networks with precisely tuned primary chain dispersity is presented. By using an acid-switchable chain transfer agent and a degradable crosslinker in PET-RAFT polymerization, the in situ crosslinking of the propagating polymer chains was achieved in a quantitative manner. The incorporation of a degradable crosslinker, not only enables the accurate quantification of the various primary chain dispersities, post-synthesis, but also allows the investigation and comparison of their respective degradation profiles. Notably, the highest dispersity networks resulted in a 40% increase in degradation time when compared to their lower dispersity analogues, demonstrating that primary chain dispersity has a substantial impact on the network degradation rate. Our experimental findings were further supported by simulations, which emphasized the importance of higher molecular weight polymer chains, found within the high dispersity materials, in extending the lifetime of the network. This methodology presents a new and promising avenue to precisely tune primary chain dispersity within networks and demonstrates that polymer dispersity is an important parameter to consider when designing degradable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Shimizu
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir Prelog Weg 5 8093 Zurich Switzerland
- Science & Innovation Center, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku Yokohama-shi Kanagawa 227-8502 Japan
| | - Richard Whitfield
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir Prelog Weg 5 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Glen R Jones
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir Prelog Weg 5 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Ibrahim O Raji
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University 651 E High St Oxford OH 45056 USA
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University 651 E High St Oxford OH 45056 USA
| | - Nghia P Truong
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir Prelog Weg 5 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir Prelog Weg 5 8093 Zurich Switzerland
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2
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Maurya DS, Adamson J, Bensabeh N, Lligadas G, Percec V. Catalytic effect of
DMSO
in metal‐catalyzed radical polymerization mediated by disproportionation facilitates living and immortal radical polymerizations. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Devendra S. Maurya
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Jasper Adamson
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
- Chemical Physics Laboratory National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics Tallinn Estonia
| | - Nabil Bensabeh
- Laboratory of Sustainable Polymers, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry University Rovira i Virgili Tarragona Spain
| | - Gerard Lligadas
- Laboratory of Sustainable Polymers, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry University Rovira i Virgili Tarragona Spain
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
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3
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Lessard JJ, Stewart KA, Sumerlin BS. Controlling Dynamics of Associative Networks through Primary Chain Length. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J. Lessard
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Kevin A. Stewart
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Brent S. Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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4
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Pelras T, Hofman AH, Germain LMH, Maan AMC, Loos K, Kamperman M. Strong Anionic/Charge-Neutral Block Copolymers from Cu(0)-Mediated Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerization. Macromolecules 2022; 55:8795-8807. [PMID: 36245548 PMCID: PMC9558488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Despite recent developments in controlled polymerization
techniques,
the straightforward synthesis of block copolymers that feature both
strong anionic and charge-neutral segments remains a difficult endeavor.
In particular, solubility issues may arise during the direct synthesis
of strong amphiphiles and typical postpolymerization deprotection
often requires harsh conditions. To overcome these challenges, we
employed Cu(0)-mediated reversible deactivation radical polymerization
(Cu(0)-RDRP) on a hydrophobic isobutoxy-protected 3-sulfopropyl acrylate.
Cu(0)-RDRP enables the rapid synthesis of the polymer, reaching high
conversions and low dispersities while using a single solvent system
and low amounts of copper species. These macromolecules are straightforward
to characterize and can subsequently be deprotected in a mild yet
highly efficient fashion to expose their strongly charged nature.
Furthermore, a protected sulfonate segment could be grown from a variety
of charge-neutral macroinitiators to produce, after the use of the
same deprotection chemistry, a library of amphiphilic, double-hydrophilic
as well as thermoresponsive block copolymers (BCPs). The ability of
these various BCPs to self-assemble in aqueous media was further studied
by dynamic light scattering, ζ-potential measurements as well
as atomic force and electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théophile Pelras
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anton H. Hofman
- Polymer Science, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lieke M. H. Germain
- Polymer Science, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna M. C. Maan
- Polymer Science, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katja Loos
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen Kamperman
- Polymer Science, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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5
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Lorandi F, Fantin M, Matyjaszewski K. Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: A Mechanistic Perspective. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15413-15430. [PMID: 35882005 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Since its inception, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has seen continuous evolution in terms of the design of the catalyst and reaction conditions; today, it is one of the most useful techniques to prepare well-defined polymers as well as one of the most notable examples of catalysis in polymer chemistry. This Perspective highlights fundamental advances in the design of ATRP reactions and catalysts, focusing on the crucial role that mechanistic studies play in understanding, rationalizing, and predicting polymerization outcomes. A critical summary of traditional ATRP systems is provided first; we then focus on the most recent developments to improve catalyst selectivity, control polymerizations via external stimuli, and employ new photochemical or dual catalytic systems with an outlook to future research directions and open challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Lorandi
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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Controlling polymer molecular weight distributions by light through reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer‐hetero‐Diels–Alder click conjugation. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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7
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Antonopoulou MN, Whitfield R, Truong NP, Anastasaki A. Controlling polymer dispersity using switchable RAFT agents: Unravelling the effect of the organic content and degree of polymerization. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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8
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Molecular Weight Distribution Control for Polymerization Processes Based on the Moment-Generating Function. ENTROPY 2022; 24:e24040499. [PMID: 35455162 PMCID: PMC9031830 DOI: 10.3390/e24040499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The molecular weight distribution is an important factor that affects the properties of polymers. A control algorithm based on the moment-generating function was proposed to regulate the molecular weight distribution for polymerization processes in this work. The B-spline model was used to approximate the molecular weight distribution, and the weight state space equation of the system was identified by the subspace state space system identification method based on the paired date of B-spline weights and control inputs. Then, a new performance criterion mainly consisting of the moment-generating function was constructed to obtain the optimal control input. The effectiveness of the proposed control method was tested in a styrene polymerization process. The molecular weight distribution of the styrene polymers can be approximated by the B-spline model effectively, and it can also be regulated towards the desired one under the proposed control method.
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Tu W, Maksym PE, Kaminski K, Chat K, Adrjanowicz K. Free-radical polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) supported by the high electric field. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00320a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In macromolecular science, tunning basic polymer parameters, like molecular weight (Mn) or molecular weight distribution (dispersity, Đ), is an active research topic. Many prominent synthetic protocols concerning chemical modification of...
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