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Ogasahara R, Ban K, Mae M, Akai S, Sawama Y. Deuterated Alkyl Sulfonium Salt Reagents; Importance of H/D Exchange Methods in Drug Discovery. ChemMedChem 2024:e202400201. [PMID: 38740557 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202400201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Deuterated drugs (heavy drugs) have recently been spotlighted as a new modality for small-molecule drugs because the pharmacokinetics of pharmaceutical drugs can be enhanced by replacing C-H bonds with more stable C-D bonds at metabolic positions. Therefore, deuteration methods for drug candidates are a hot topic in medicinal chemistry. Among them, the H/D exchange reaction (direct transformation of C-H bonds to C-D bonds) is a useful and straightforward method for creating novel deuterated target molecules, and over 20 reviews on the synthetic methods related to H/D exchange reactions have been published in recent years. Although various deuterated drug candidates undergo clinical trials, approved deuterated drugs possess CD3 groups in the same molecule. However, less diversification, except for the CD3 group, is a problem for future medicinal chemistry. Recently, we developed various deuterated alkyl (dn-alkyl) sulfonium salts based on the H/D exchange reaction of the corresponding hydrogen form using D2O as an inexpensive deuterium source to introduce CD3, CH3CD2, and ArCH2CD2 groups into drug candidates. This concept summarises recent reviews related to H/D exchange reactions and novel reagents that introduce the CD3 group, and our newly developed electrophilic dn-alkyl reagents are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riku Ogasahara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuho Ban
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Miyu Mae
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shuji Akai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Sawama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Deuterium Science Research Unit, Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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2
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McVicker R, O’Boyle NM. Chirality of New Drug Approvals (2013-2022): Trends and Perspectives. J Med Chem 2024; 67:2305-2320. [PMID: 38344815 PMCID: PMC10895675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Many drugs are chiral with their chirality determining their biological interactions, safety, and efficacy. Since the 1980s, there has been a regulatory preference to bring single enantiomer to market. This perspective discusses trends related to chirality that have developed in the past decade (2013-2022) of new drug approvals. The EMA has not approved a racemate since 2016, while the average for the FDA is one per year from 2013 to 2022. These 10 include drugs which have been previously marketed elsewhere for several decades, analogues of pre-existing drugs, or drugs where the undefined stereocenter does not play a role in therapeutic activity. Two chiral switches were identified which were both combined with drug repurposing. This combination strategy has the potential to produce therapeutically valuable drugs in a faster time frame. Two class III atropisomers displaying axial chirality were approved between 2013 and 2022, one as a racemate and one as a single enantiomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca
U. McVicker
- School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences
Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152−160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, D02 R590, Ireland
- Gamlen
Tableting Ltd, 3 Stanton
Way, London SE26 5FU, United Kingdom
| | - Niamh M. O’Boyle
- School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences
Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152−160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, D02 R590, Ireland
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Erenburg N, Perucca E, Bechard J, Dube C, Weishaupt N, Sherrington R, Bialer M. Stereoselective Analysis of the Antiseizure Activity of Fenfluramine and Norfenfluramine in Mice: Is l-Norfenfluramine a Better Follow-Up Compound to Racemic-Fenfluramine? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2522. [PMID: 38473769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the comparative antiseizure activity of the l-enantiomers of d,l-fenfluramine and d,l-norfenfluramine and to evaluate the relationship between their concentration in plasma and brain and anticonvulsant activity. d,l-Fenfluramine, d,l-norfenfluramine and their individual enantiomers were evaluated in the mouse maximal electroshock seizure (MES) test. d,l-Fenfluramine, d,l-norfenfluramine and their individual l-enantiomers were also assessed in the DBA/2 mouse audiogenic seizure model. All compounds were administered intraperitoneally. Brain and plasma concentrations of the test compounds in DBA/2 mice were quantified and correlated with anticonvulsant activity. In the MES test, fenfluramine, norfenfluramine and their enantiomers showed comparable anticonvulsant activity, with ED50 values between 5.1 and 14.8 mg/kg. In the audiogenic seizure model, l-norfenfluramine was 9 times more potent than d,l-fenfluramine and 15 times more potent than l-fenfluramine based on ED50 (1.2 vs. 10.2 and 17.7 mg/kg, respectively). Brain concentrations of all compounds were about 20-fold higher than in plasma. Based on brain EC50 values, l-norfenfluramine was 7 times more potent than d,l-fenfluramine and 13 times more potent than l-fenfluramine (1940 vs. 13,200 and 25,400 ng/g, respectively). EC50 values for metabolically formed d,l-norfenfluramine and l-norfenfluramine were similar to brain EC50 values of the same compounds administered as such, suggesting that, in the audiogenic seizure model, the metabolites were responsible for the antiseizure activity of the parent compounds. Because of the evidence linking d-norfenfluramine to d,l-fenfluramine to cardiovascular and metabolic adverse effects, their l-enantiomers could potentially be safer follow-up compounds to d,l-fenfluramine. We found that, in the models tested, the activity of l-fenfluramine and l-norfenfluramine was comparable to that of the corresponding racemates. Based on the results in DBA/2 mice and other considerations, l-norfenfluramine appears to be a particularly attractive candidate for further evaluation as a novel, enantiomerically pure antiseizure medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Erenburg
- Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112002, Israel
| | - Emilio Perucca
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Jeff Bechard
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Celine Dube
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Nina Weishaupt
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Robin Sherrington
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Meir Bialer
- Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112002, Israel
- David R. Bloom Center for Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112002, Israel
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4
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Erenburg N, Hamed R, Shaul C, Barasch D, Perucca E, Bialer M. Pharmacokinetics of d- and l-norfenfluramine following their administration as individual enantiomers in rats. Epilepsia 2024; 65:e14-e19. [PMID: 38041575 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of fenfluramine and norfenfluramine enantiomers in rodent seizure models and their correlation with the pharmacokinetics of d- and l-fenfluramine in rats have been reported recently. To complement these findings, we investigated the pharmacokinetics of d- and l- norfenfluramine in rat plasma and brain. Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally with 20 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg l- norfenfluramine. A 1 mg/kg dose of d-norfenfluramine was used because higher doses caused severe toxicity. The concentration of each enantiomer in plasma and brain was determined at different time points by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were compared between norfenfluramine enantiomers, and with those reported previously for fenfluramine enantiomers after a 20 mg/kg, i.p., dose. All enantiomers were absorbed rapidly and eliminated, with half-lives ranging from 0.9 h (l-fenfluramine) to 6.1 h (l- norfenfluramine, 20 mg/kg) in plasma, and from 3.6 h (d-fenfluramine) to 8.0 h (l-fenfluramine) in brain. Brain-to-plasma concentration ratios ranged from 15.4 (d-fenfluramine) to 27.6 (d-norfenfluramine), indicating extensive brain penetration. The fraction of d- and l-fenfluramine metabolized to norfenfluramine was estimated to be close to unity. This work is part of ongoing investigations to determine the potential value of developing enantiomerically pure l-fenfluramine or l-norfenfluramine as follow-up compounds to the marketed racemic fenfluramine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Erenburg
- Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Roa'a Hamed
- Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Chanan Shaul
- Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dinorah Barasch
- Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Emilio Perucca
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Meir Bialer
- Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- David R. Bloom Center for Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Aiello F, Balzano F, Uccello Barretta G, D'Acquarica I, Mazzoccanti G, Agranat I. Chiral distinction between hydroxychloroquine enantiomers in binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the forward receptor of SARS-CoV-2. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 237:115770. [PMID: 37879140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Soon after the outset of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic (March-April 2020), formulations of the old antimalarial racemic drug hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) sulfate were authorized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for emergency treatment of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. A call for the chiral switch of HCQ to the single enantiomer (S)-(+)-HCQ for treating the disease followed. The above authorizations were later withdrawn. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been recognized to be the forward receptor of SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the chiral distinction in the potential preferential binding of the HCQ enantiomers to ACE2, as a basis for its future drug repurposing, using high-field solution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Proton selective spin-lattice relaxation rates were measured for selected diagnostic nuclei; in particular, protons belonging to the quinoline ring proved to be the most affected by the presence of the protein, for both (S)-(+)-HCQ and (R)-(-)-HCQ enantiomers. An increase in mono-selective relaxation rates was observed for both enantiomers. A significant difference in the magnitude of the increase was detected for all protons investigated, up to a 5-fold and an 8-fold increase in the case of (R)-(-)-HCQ and (S)-(+)-HCQ, respectively. Furthermore, comparison between the normalized mono-selective relaxation rates of the two HCQ enantiomers in their binary mixtures with ACE2 pointed out a certain preference for the (S)-(+)-HCQ enantiomer over (R)-(-)-HCQ in the interaction with ACE2. The findings form the basis for a future application of the drug repurposing/chiral-switch combination strategy to racemic HCQ in previously reported indications for hydroxychloroquine treatment and in the search for new indications in which ACE2 receptors are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Aiello
- Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes, National Research Council, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Federica Balzano
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gloria Uccello Barretta
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria D'Acquarica
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giulia Mazzoccanti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Israel Agranat
- Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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Gebauer L, Jensen O, Rafehi M, Brockmöller J. Stereoselective Inhibition of High- and Low-Affinity Organic Cation Transporters. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:6289-6300. [PMID: 37962560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Many drugs have chiral centers and are therapeutically applied as racemates. Thus, the stereoselectivity in their interactions with membrane transporters needs to be addressed. Here, we studied stereoselectivity in inhibiting organic cation transporters (OCTs) 1, 2, and 3 and the high-affinity monoamine transporters (MATs) NET and SERT. Selectivity by the inhibition of 35 pairs of enantiomers significantly varied among the three closely related OCTs. OCT1 inhibition was nonselective in almost all cases, whereas OCT2 was stereoselectively inhibited by 45% of the analyzed drugs. However, the stereoselectivity of the OCT2 was only moderate with the highest selectivity observed for pramipexole. The (R)-enantiomer inhibited OCT2 4-fold more than the (S)-enantiomer. OCT3 showed the greatest stereoselectivity in its inhibition. (R)-Tolterodine and (S)-zolmitriptan inhibited OCT3 11-fold and 25-fold more than their respective counterparts. Interestingly, in most cases, the pharmacodynamically active enantiomer was also the stronger OCT inhibitor. In addition, stereoselectivity in the OCT inhibition appeared not to depend on the transported substrate. For high-affinity MATs, our data confirmed the stereoselective inhibition of NET and SERT by several antidepressants. However, the stereoselectivity measured here was generally lower than that reported in the literature. Unexpectedly, the high-affinity MATs were not significantly more stereoselectively inhibited than the polyspecific OCTs. Combining our in vitro OCT inhibition data with available stereoselective pharmacokinetic analyses revealed different risks of drug-drug interactions, especially at OCT2. For the tricyclic antidepressant doxepine, only the (E)-isomer showed an increased risk of drug-drug interactions according to guidelines from regulatory authorities for renal transporters. However, most chiral drugs show only minor stereoselectivity in the inhibition of OCTs in vitro, which is unlikely to translate into clinical consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Gebauer
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ole Jensen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Muhammad Rafehi
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Brockmöller
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
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Guo L, Guo Y, Wang R, Feng J, Shao N, Zhou X, Zhou Y. Interface Chirality: From Biological Effects to Biomedical Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:5629. [PMID: 37570600 PMCID: PMC10419656 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chiral surface is a critical mediator that significantly impacts interaction with biological systems on regulating cell behavior. To better understand how the properties of interfacial Chirality affect cell behavior and address the limitations of chiral materials for biomedical applications, in this review, we mainly focus on the recent developments of chiral bio-interfaces for the controllable and accurate guidance of chiral biomedical phenomena. In particular, we will discuss how cells or organisms sense and respond to the chiral stimulus, as well as the chirality mediating cell fate, tissue repair, and organism immune response will be reviewed. In addition, the biological applications of chirality, such as drug delivery, antibacterial, antivirus and antitumor activities, and biological signal detection, will also be reviewed. Finally, the challenges of chiral bio-interfaces for controlling biological response and the further application of interface chirality materials for biomedical will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Guo
- Joint Research Centre on Medicine, Affiliated Xiangshan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo 315700, China
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Tissue Repair Materials, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Yanqiu Guo
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Tissue Repair Materials, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Tissue Repair Materials, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Jie Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Queens University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Nannan Shao
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Tissue Repair Materials, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhou
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Tissue Repair Materials, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Yunlong Zhou
- Joint Research Centre on Medicine, Affiliated Xiangshan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo 315700, China
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Tissue Repair Materials, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325000, China
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