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Zhang Y, Liu J, Rong C, Wang D, Li W, Gao Z, Chen Y. Current Advances of CO Sensing Based on Low Dimensional Materials. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024. [PMID: 39196291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a harmful gas with significant impacts on human health and the environment. Its timely detection, especially in the event of thermal runaway in automotive lithium batteries, is crucial to prevent casualties. This paper reviews the progress in the development of efficient, sensitive, and reliable CO sensors, focusing on electrochemical, optical, and resistive sensing materials. Low-dimensional materials have a large specific surface area, providing an abundant number of active sites, which has drawn extensive attention from researchers. According to the different sensor signals, we categorized these sensors into electrical and optical signal sensors. We hope that by systematically introducing the sensing mechanism and sensing performance of these two kinds of sensors, appropriate CO sensors can be developed in different application scenarios so as to realize early warning and monitoring to the maximum extent, reduce industrial losses, and ensure the life and health of personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yundi Zhang
- College of Automotive Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Automotive Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Changru Rong
- General Research and Development Institute, China FAW Corporation Limited, Changchun 130013, China
| | - Deping Wang
- General Research and Development Institute, China FAW Corporation Limited, Changchun 130013, China
| | - Weifeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Automotive Chassis Integration and Bionics, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Zhenhai Gao
- College of Automotive Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Yupeng Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
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Zhao X, Zhang Y, Han X, Qi H, Ma F, Chen K. Pressure-Compensated Fiber-Optic Photoacoustic Sensors for Trace SO 2 Analysis in Gas Insulation Equipment. Anal Chem 2024; 96:10995-11001. [PMID: 38922420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
A high-sensitivity fiber-optic photoacoustic sensor with pressure compensation is proposed to analyze the decomposition component SO2 in high-pressure gas insulation equipment. The multiple influence mechanism of pressure on photoacoustic excitation and cantilever detection has been theoretically analyzed and verified. In the high-pressure environment, the excited photoacoustic signal is enhanced, which compensates for the loss of sensitivity of the cantilever. A fiber-optic F-P cantilever is utilized to simultaneously measure static pressure and dynamic photoacoustic wave, and a spectral demodulation method based on white light interference is applied to calculate the optical path difference of the F-P interferometer (FPI). The real-time pressure is judged through the linear relationship between the average optical path difference of FPI and the pressure, which gives the proposed fiber-optic photoacoustic sensor the inherent advantages of being uncharged and resistant to electromagnetic interference. The average optical path difference of FPI is positively related to pressure, with a responsivity of 0.6 μm/atm, which is based on changes in the refractive index of gas. In the range of 1-4 atm, the SO2 sensor has a higher detection sensitivity at high-pressure, which benefits from the pressure compensation effect. With the pressure environment of gas insulation equipment at 4 atm as the application background, the SO2 gas is tested. The detection limit is 20 ppb with an averaging time of 400 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhao
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Xiao Han
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Hongchao Qi
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Fengxiang Ma
- Electric Power Research Institute, Net Anhui Electric Power Co., Ltd, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Ke Chen
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
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Zhao X, Ma F, Wang H, Qi H, Li C, Guo M, Chen K. Fiber-Optic Photoacoustic CO Sensor for Gas Insulation Equipment Monitoring Based on Cantilever Differential Lock-In Amplification and Optical Excitation Enhancement. Anal Chem 2024; 96:5298-5306. [PMID: 38507227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
A fiber-optic photoacoustic CO sensor for gas insulation equipment is proposed, which relies on F-P interferometric cantilever-based differential lock-in amplification and optical multipass excitation enhancement. The sensor has excellent characteristics of high sensitivity, antielectromagnetic interference, fast response, and long-distance detection. The photoacoustic pressure waves in the two resonators of the differential photoacoustic cell (DPAC) are simultaneously detected by two fiber-optic interferometric cantilevers and processed differentially; thereby, the gas flow noise is effectively suppressed. Based on the comprehensive analysis of the superposition of photoacoustic excitation and multipass absorption, the diameter of the resonator is determined to be 6 mm. The optical power emitted by the 1566.6 nm distributed feedback laser is increased to 500 mW by an erbium-doped fiber amplifier. The near-infrared light is reflected 30 times in the multipass cell, which improves the order of magnitude of optical effective excitation. Due to the low sound velocity of SF6 gas, the resonant frequency of the DPAC with a resonator length of 80 mm is 760 Hz. The response time to CO/SF6 gas is 93 s with a flow rate of 500 sccm. The detection limit of the CO sensor is 53 ppb, which realizes the accurate and timely perception of the SF6 decomposition derivative CO and provides technical support for trouble-free operation of gas insulation equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhao
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Fengxiang Ma
- Electric Power Research Institute, Net Anhui Electric Power Co., Ltd, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Heng Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Hongchao Qi
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Min Guo
- Department of Physics, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
| | - Ke Chen
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
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Wang S, Yang S, Zhu S, Liu S, He X, Tang G, Li C, Wang J. Highly sensitive mid-infrared methane remote sensor using a deep neural network filter. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:11849-11862. [PMID: 38571023 DOI: 10.1364/oe.520245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
A novel mid-infrared methane remote sensor integrated on a movable platform based on a 3.291-µm interband cascade laser (ICL) and wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) is proposed. A transmitting-receiving coaxial, visualized optical layout is employed to minimize laser energy loss. Using a hollow retro-reflector remotely deployed as a cooperative target, the atmospheric average methane concentration over a 100-meter optical range is measured with high sensitivity. A deep neural network (DNN) filter is used for second harmonic (2f) signal denoising to compensate for the performance shortcomings of conventional filtering. Allan deviation analysis indicated that after applying the DNN filter, the limit of detection (LOD) of methane was 86.62 ppb with an average time of 1 s, decreasing to 12.03 ppb with an average time of 229 s, which is a significant promotion compared to similar work reported. The high sensitivity and stability of the proposed sensor are shown through a 24-hour continuous monitoring experiment of atmospheric methane conducted outdoors, providing a new solution for high-sensitivity remote sensing of atmospheric methane.
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Zhu R, Gao J, Li M, Wu Y, Gao Q, Wu X, Zhang Y. Ultrasensitive Online NO Sensor Based on a Distributed Parallel Self-Regulating Neural Network and Ultraviolet Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy for Exhaled Breath Diagnosis. ACS Sens 2024; 9:1499-1507. [PMID: 38382078 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The concentration of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is closely related to human respiratory inflammation, and the detection of its concentration plays a key role in aiding diagnosing inflammatory airway diseases. In this paper, we report a gas sensor system based on a distributed parallel self-regulating neural network (DPSRNN) model combined with ultraviolet differential optical absorption spectroscopy for detecting ppb-level FeNO concentrations. The noise signals in the spectrum are eliminated by discrete wavelet transform. The DPSRNN model is then built based on the separated multipeak characteristic absorption structure of the UV absorption spectrum of NO. Furthermore, a distributed parallel network structure is built based on each absorption feature region, which is given self-regulating weights and finally trained by a unified model structure. The final self-regulating weights obtained by the model indicate that each absorption feature region contributes a different weight to the concentration prediction. Compared with the regular convolutional neural network model structure, the proposed model has better performance by considering the effect of separated characteristic absorptions in the spectrum on the concentration and breaking the habit of bringing the spectrum as a whole into the model training in previous related studies. Lab-based results show that the sensor system can stably achieve high-precision detection of NO (2.59-750.66 ppb) with a mean absolute error of 0.17 ppb and a measurement accuracy of 0.84%, which is the best result to date. More interestingly, the proposed sensor system is capable of achieving high-precision online detection of FeNO, as confirmed by the exhaled breath analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhu
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Jie Gao
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Mu Li
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yongqi Wu
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, School of Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xijun Wu
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yungang Zhang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
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Zhao X, Wang Z, Li C, Wang H, Qi H, Guo M, Ma F, Chen K. Ultrahigh Sensitive Trace Gas Sensing System with Dual Fiber-Optic Cantilever Multiplexing-Based Differential Photoacoustic Detection. Anal Chem 2024; 96:1046-1053. [PMID: 38196109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
An ultrahigh sensitive trace gas sensing system was presented with dual cantilever-based differential photoacoustic detection. By combining the double enhancement of multipass absorption and optical differential detection, the gas detection sensitivity was significantly improved. The dual-channel synchronous photoacoustic detection was realized by fiber-optic Fabry-Perot interference spectrum multiplexing. The photoacoustic signals detected by two fiber-optic cantilever microphones installed in a differential photoacoustic cell (DPAC) were out of phase, while the detected gas flow noises were in phase. The optical differential detection method achieved both highly sensitive optical interference measurement and differential noise suppression. In the multipass configuration, the interaction path between excitation light and target gas achieved 4.1 m, which improved the photoacoustic signal by an order of magnitude compared with a single reflection. The maximum gas flow allowed by the system based on the DPAC was 250 sccm, which realized the dynamic monitoring of H2S in the SF6 background. The detection limit for H2S in SF6 background was 5.1 ppb, which corresponds to the normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient of 9 × 10-10 cm-1 W Hz-1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhao
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Zhengzhi Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Heng Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Hongchao Qi
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Min Guo
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Fengxiang Ma
- Electric Power Research Institute, Net Anhui Electric Power Co., Ltd, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Ke Chen
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
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7
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Du Y, Liu N, Wu X, Liu K, Li J. Frequency division multiplexing and wavelength stabilized 2f/1f wavelength modulation spectroscopy for simultaneous trace CH 4 and CO 2 detection. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 305:123453. [PMID: 37804704 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
A near-infrared (NIR) dual-gas sensor has been developed for simultaneous detection of atmospheric trace methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). To realize high sensitivity and high precision, wavelength modulation spectroscopy with 2f/1f (WMS-2f/1f) detection method was adopted for eliminating laser light intensity fluctuation, and laser wavelength locking strategy based on a self-developed proportion integration differentiation (PID) algorithm was used for suppressing laser wavelength shifting effect. Two fiber-coupled DFB diode lasers with central wavelengths near 1653.7 nm and 1579.6 nm are applied for simultaneously measuring CH4 and CO2 spectra, respectively, and frequency division multiplexing (FDM) technique is employed to resolve the potential crosstalk effect. Real-time measurement of ambient atmospheric trace CH4 and CO2 was performed to demonstrate the long-term stability of the sensor system. Allan deviation analysis indicates that detection sensitivity of 0.1 ppm for CH4 and 2.27 ppm for CO2 was achieved with a 1 s average time, which can be further improved to 18 ppb and 0.3 ppm with the optimal integration time of 462 s and 392 s, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Du
- Laser Spectroscopy and Sensing Laboratory, Anhui University, 230601 Hefei, China
| | - Ningwu Liu
- Advanced Laser Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077 Hong Kong, China
| | - Xu Wu
- Laser Spectroscopy and Sensing Laboratory, Anhui University, 230601 Hefei, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Opto-electronic Information Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jingsong Li
- Laser Spectroscopy and Sensing Laboratory, Anhui University, 230601 Hefei, China.
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8
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Wang Q, Sun P, Zhang Z, Cai Y, Huang W, Pang T, Wu B, Xia H, Guo Q. Method of adaptive wide dynamic range gas concentration detection based on optimized direct absorption spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:16770-16780. [PMID: 37157749 DOI: 10.1364/oe.487889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
For wide dynamic range gas concentration detection based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS), direct absorption spectroscopy (DAS) and wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) are usually used in combination. However, in some application scenarios such as high-speed flow field detection, natural gas leakage, or industrial production, the requirements of wide-range, fast response and calibration-free must be met. Taking applicability and cost of TDALS-based sensor into consideration, a method of optimized direct absorption spectroscopy (ODAS) based on signal correlation and spectral reconstruction is developed in this paper. This method can achieve adaptive selection of the optimal benchmark spectrum for spectral reconstruction. Moreover, methane (CH4) is taken as an example to carry out the experimental verification. Experimental results proved that the method satisfies wide dynamic range detection of more than 4 orders of magnitude. It is worth noting that when measuring large absorbance with concentration of 75 × 104 ppm with DAS and ODAS method, respectively, the maximum value of residual is reduced from 3.43 to 0.07. Furthermore, whether measuring gas of small or large absorbance with different concentrations, which vary from 100 ppm to 75 × 104 ppm, the correlation coefficient between standard concentrations and inverted concentrations is 0.997, showing the linear consistency of the method in wide dynamic range. In addition, the absolute error is 1.81 × 104 ppm when measuring large absorbance of 75 × 104 ppm. It greatly improves the accuracy and reliability with the new method. In summary, the ODAS method can not only fulfill the measurement of gas concentration in wide range, but also further expand the application prospects of TDLAS.
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Guo M, Zhao X, Chen K, Cui D, Zhang G, Li C, Gong Z, Yu Q. Multi-mechanism collaboration enhanced photoacoustic analyzer for trace H 2S detection. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 29:100449. [PMID: 36654963 PMCID: PMC9841283 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
To realize the real-time highly sensitive detection of SF6 decomposition product H2S, a multi-mechanism collaboration enhancement photoacoustic spectroscopy analyzer (MCEPA) based on acoustic resonance enhancement, cantilever enhancement and excitation light enhancement is proposed. An SF6 background gas-induced photoacoustic cell (PAC) was used for acoustic resonance (AR) enhancement of the photoacoustic signals. A fiber-optic acoustic sensor based on a silicon cantilever is optimized and fabricated. The narrow-band acoustic signal enhancement based on cantilever mechanical resonance (MR) is realized in the optimal working frequency band of the PAC. A fiber-coupled DFB cascaded an Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) realized the light power enhancement (LPE) of the photoacoustic signals excitation source. Experimental results show that the MR of the fiber-optic silicon cantilever acoustic sensor (FSCAS) is matched with the AR of the PAC and combined with the LPE, which realizes the multi-mechanism collaboration enhancement of weak photoacoustic signals. The Allan-Werle deviation evaluation showed that the minimum detection limit of H2S in the SF6 background is 10.96 ppb when the average time is 200 s. Benefiting from the all-optimization of photoacoustic excitation and detection, the MCEPA has near-field high-sensitivity gas detection capability immune to electromagnetic interference.
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Li Y, Lu Y, Zheng C, Yang S, Zheng K, Song F, Li C, Ye W, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Tittel FK. Development of a mid-infrared sensor system for early fire identification in cotton harvesting operations. Analyst 2022; 148:74-84. [PMID: 36444614 DOI: 10.1039/d2an01523d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To realize early fire identification in cotton harvesting operations, a mid-infrared carbon monoxide (CO) sensor system was developed. To match the broadband light source with a 15° divergence angle, a multipass gas cell (MPGC) with an effective path length of 180 cm was designed to improve sensor sensitivity, leading to a limit of detection (LoD) of 0.83 parts-per-million by volume (ppmv). A damping module with springs at the bottom and front/back sides was fabricated, which can effectively reduce the vibration intensity by >80%. The sensor system can operate normally from -40 °C to 85 °C by stabilizing the temperature of the optical module through heating or cooling as well as using automotive electronic components. An adaptive early fire identification algorithm based on a dual-parameter threshold alarming method was proposed to avoid false and missing alarms. Field deployments on a harvester verified the good practicability of the sensor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Chuantao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Shuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Kaiyuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Fang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Chunguang Li
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, 5988 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Weilin Ye
- College of Engineering, Shantou University, 243 Daxue Road, Shantou, 515063, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yiding Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Frank K Tittel
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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Chen F, Jiang S, Ho HL, Gao S, Wang Y, Jin W. Frequency-Division-Multiplexed Multicomponent Gas Sensing with Photothermal Spectroscopy and a Single NIR/MIR Fiber-Optic Gas Cell. Anal Chem 2022; 94:13473-13480. [PMID: 36129189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a multicomponent gas sensor based on hollow-core fiber (HCF) photothermal spectroscopy with frequency-division multiplexing (FDM). A single antiresonant HCF (AR-HCF) is used as the gas cell, which supports broadband transmission from near-infrared (NIR) to mid-infrared (MIR), covering the absorption lines of water vapor (H2O) at 1.39 μm, carbon dioxide (CO2) at 2.00 μm, and carbon monoxide (CO) at 4.60 μm. The NIR and MIR pump lasers at the above wavelengths are coupled into the AR-HCF from the opposite ends and modulated at 7.5, 8.0, and 8.5 kHz, respectively, to produce photothermal phase modulations at different frequencies. A common probe Fabry-Perot interferometer at 1.55 μm is adopted to detect the phase modulations, which are demodulated simultaneously using three lock-in amplifiers at the respective second harmonic frequencies. With a 13-cm-long AR-HCF, simultaneous detections of H2O, CO2, and CO are demonstrated with the limits of detection (LODs) of 2.7 ppm, 25 ppb, and 9 ppb for 1 s lock-in time constant, respectively. The LODs go down to 222, 1.5, and 0.6 ppb, respectively, for 1000 s averaging time. The photothermal signals of CO and CO2, which are humidity-level dependent, are well calibrated by use of the measured H2O signal. The multicomponent gas sensor is compact in configuration and shows good stability with signal fluctuation less than 1.7% over 2 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifan Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Photonics Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China.,Photonics Research Center, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Shoulin Jiang
- Photonics Research Center, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Hoi Lut Ho
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Photonics Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shoufei Gao
- Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Wei Jin
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Photonics Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China.,Photonics Research Center, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
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12
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Zheng K, Yu L, Zheng C, Xi Z, Zhang Y, Yan G, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Tittel FK. Vehicle-Deployed Off-Axis Integrated Cavity Output Spectroscopic CH 4/C 2H 6 Sensor System for Mobile Inspection of Natural Gas Leakage. ACS Sens 2022; 7:1685-1697. [PMID: 35622089 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A vehicle-deployed parts-per-billion in volume (ppbv)-level off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopic (OA-ICOS) CH4/C2H6 sensor system was experimentally presented for mobile inspection of natural gas leakage in urban areas. For the time-division-multiplexing-based dual-gas sensor system, an antivibration 35-cm-long optical cavity with an effective path length of ∼2510 m was fabricated with a high-stability temperature and pressure control design. An Allan deviation analysis yielded a minimum detection limit of 0.2 ppbv for CH4 detection and 10 ppbv for C2H6 detection for a 1 s averaging time. A natural gas leakage source location algorithm was proposed using an improved hybrid Nelder-Mead simplex search method and a particle swarm optimization (NM-PSO) algorithm. For field industrial application, the accuracy of the sensor system and leakage source location algorithm was confirmed through a CH4/C2H6 cylinder leakage experiment on the campus. Furthermore, through natural gas pipeline network inspection measurements in urban areas, three types of leakage sources, including natural gas, biogas, and possible leakage source were respectively located and confirmed using the global positioning system and wind speed and direction measurement system, verifying the reliability and potential application of the vehicle-deployed inspection system for future natural gas pipeline leakage monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Ling Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Chuantao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhai Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yixiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Ge Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Haipeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yiding Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Frank K. Tittel
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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Zhang Z, Chang J, Sun J, Zhang Q, Fan Y. Dual-logarithmic demodulation method application in a wide gas optical thickness range. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:8206-8212. [PMID: 34613085 DOI: 10.1364/ao.433294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Direct absorption spectroscopy (DAS) is an extremely practical and effective technology to detect gas concentration in site applications. Dual-beam subtraction is one of the most common demodulation methods in DAS, yet this method cannot solve the problem of absolute absorption curve nonlinearization in a wide optical thickness range. A real-time and practical dual-logarithmic demodulation method is proposed and proved to be robust when the optical thickness is much greater than linear region. Moreover, the error of optical thickness peak is only 1.18% between the dual-logarithmic demodulation system and simulation after correcting the dual-beam subtraction demodulation system under a 300 K, 1 atm, and 3 m absorption path. When the range of optical thickness peak of acetylene is from 0.0252 to 2.5335 at 1532.83 nm, the peak voltages always maintain satisfactory linearity (R-square=0.9989).
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Liu N, Xu L, Zhou S, Zhang L, Li J. Soil respiration analysis using a mid-infrared quantum cascade laser and calibration-free WMS-based dual-gas sensor. Analyst 2021; 146:3841-3851. [PMID: 33950050 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00503k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A high response and sensitive dual-gas sensor based on calibration-free wavelength modulation spectroscopy (CF-WMS) has been developed for the simultaneous detection of carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrous oxide (N2O) to eliminate the detection errors caused by light intensity variations. A multi-pass cell (MPC) was employed to lengthen the optical path to improve the precision of the sensing system by combining with a 4.56 μm mid-infrared quantum cascade laser (MIR-QCL). Meanwhile, a LabVIEW-based bi-molecular iterative fitting algorithm was used to infer the respective abundances of each species. The performance of the completed system was accurately evaluated with precisions of 3.4 ppb for CO and 3.8 ppb for N2O at a 1 s averaging time, which could be improved to 0.48 ppb for CO and 0.53 ppb for N2O at an averaging time of 154 s and 278 s, respectively. The grassland soil respiration analysis of CO and N2O was performed under different moisture conditions, which indicated that dried soil samples appeared to be a significant source of CO, while the sinks of CO and the sources of N2O occurred in the moist soil samples. The maximum exchange rates of the two gases were exhibited in moderate moisture soil samples rather than in the over-wet or arid soil samples. Moreover, a possible positive relationship between the sinks of CO and sources of N2O was established to illustrate the correlation of the two species in soil respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningwu Liu
- Laser Spectroscopy and Sensing Laboratory, Anhui University, 230601 Hefei, China.
| | - Linguang Xu
- Laser Spectroscopy and Sensing Laboratory, Anhui University, 230601 Hefei, China.
| | - Sheng Zhou
- Laser Spectroscopy and Sensing Laboratory, Anhui University, 230601 Hefei, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Laser Spectroscopy and Sensing Laboratory, Anhui University, 230601 Hefei, China.
| | - Jingsong Li
- Laser Spectroscopy and Sensing Laboratory, Anhui University, 230601 Hefei, China.
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