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Xia N, Gao F, Zhang J, Wang J, Huang Y. Overview on the Development of Electrochemical Immunosensors by the Signal Amplification of Enzyme- or Nanozyme-Based Catalysis Plus Redox Cycling. Molecules 2024; 29:2796. [PMID: 38930860 PMCID: PMC11206384 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Enzyme-linked electrochemical immunosensors have attracted considerable attention for the sensitive and selective detection of various targets in clinical diagnosis, food quality control, and environmental analysis. In order to improve the performances of conventional immunoassays, significant efforts have been made to couple enzyme-linked or nanozyme-based catalysis and redox cycling for signal amplification. The current review summarizes the recent advances in the development of enzyme- or nanozyme-based electrochemical immunosensors with redox cycling for signal amplification. The special features of redox cycling reactions and their synergistic functions in signal amplification are discussed. Additionally, the current challenges and future directions of enzyme- or nanozyme-based electrochemical immunosensors with redox cycling are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Fengli Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Jiwen Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Jiaqiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Yaliang Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
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2
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Feng Y, Gao F, Yi X, La M. Optical Bioassays Based on the Signal Amplification of Redox Cycling. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:269. [PMID: 38920573 PMCID: PMC11201508 DOI: 10.3390/bios14060269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Optical bioassays are challenged by the growing requirements of sensitivity and simplicity. Recent developments in the combination of redox cycling with different optical methods for signal amplification have proven to have tremendous potential for improving analytical performances. In this review, we summarized the advances in optical bioassays based on the signal amplification of redox cycling, including colorimetry, fluorescence, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, chemiluminescence, and electrochemiluminescence. Furthermore, this review highlighted the general principles to effectively couple redox cycling with optical bioassays, and particular attention was focused on current challenges and future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiao Feng
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China;
| | - Fengli Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Xinyao Yi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Ming La
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China;
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3
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Yoon N, Jung Y, Kim G, Kwon J, Yang H. Low-interference and sensitive electrochemical detection of glucose and lactate using boron-doped diamond electrode and electron mediator menadione. ANAL SCI 2024; 40:853-861. [PMID: 38246930 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00497-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
To minimize background interference in electrochemical enzymatic biosensors employing electron mediators, it is essential for the electrochemical oxidation of electroactive interfering species (ISs), such as ascorbic acid (AA), to proceed slowly, and for the redox reactions between electron mediators and ISs to occur at a low rate. In this study, we introduce a novel combination of a working electrode and an electron mediator that effectively mitigates interference effects. Compared to commonly used electrodes such as Au, glassy carbon, and indium tin oxide (ITO), boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes demonstrate significantly lower anodic current (i.e., lower background levels) in the presence of AA. Additionally, menadione (MD) exhibits notably slower reactivity with AA compared to other electron mediators such as Ru(NH3)63+, 4-amino-1-naphthol, and 1,4-naphthoquinone, primarily due to the lower formal potential of MD compared to AA. This synergistic combination of BDD electrode and MD is effectively applied in three biosensors: (i) glucose detection using electrochemical-enzymatic (EN) redox cycling, (ii) glucose detection using electrochemical-enzymatic-enzymatic (ENN) redox cycling, and (iii) lactate detection using ENN redox cycling. Our developed approach significantly outperforms the combination of ITO electrode and MD in minimizing IS interference. Glucose in artificial serum can be detected with detection limits of ~ 20 μM and ~ 3 μM in EN and ENN redox cycling, respectively. Furthermore, lactate in human serum can be detected with a detection limit of ~ 30 μM. This study demonstrates sensitive glucose and lactate detection with minimal interference, eliminating the need for (bio)chemical agents to remove interfering species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakyeong Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea
| | - Youngjin Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea
| | - Gyeongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea
| | - Jungwook Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea
| | - Haesik Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea.
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Zhang H, Wu S, Xiao HJ, Wang HB, Fang L, Cao JT. Chemical-chemical redox cycling for improving the sensitivity of the fluorescent assay: A proof-of-concept towards DNA methylation detection. Talanta 2024; 268:125363. [PMID: 37906997 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasensitive analytical methods are still urgent for the discovery of trace level biomarkers and the early clinical diagnosis of disease. In this work, an ultrasensitive universal sensing platform was constructed by integrating fluorescent assay with chemical-chemical redox cycling signal amplification strategy. Using Ru@SiO2 nanoparticles wrapped by MnO2 nanosheets (Ru@SiO2@MnO2) as fluorescent probe, the chemical-chemical redox cycling system was conducted upon ascorbic acid (AA) and tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) as reductants and MnO2 nanosheets as oxidant. The MnO2 nanosheets not only could quench the fluorescence of Ru@SiO2 nanoparticles to reduce the background, but also could serve as oxidants to react with AA, generating dehydroascorbic acid (DHA). The DHA was reduced by TCEP in turn to form AA that participated in the next cycling of chemical-chemical redox reaction. Thus, the constantly released AA from the chemical-chemical redox cycling system could massively etch MnO2 nanosheets on Ru@SiO2 surface, making the fluorescence of Ru@SiO2 nanoparticles greatly recovered. It was shown that the sensitivity of the fluorescent assay was improved almost 52 times by utilizing the chemical-chemical redox cycling signal amplification strategy. This strategy was further employed to detect DNA methylation with the aid of AA-encapsulated liposomes that were modified with 5 mC antibodies to bind with the methylated DNA captured in 96-well plate. A detection of limit down to 16.2 fM was achieved for the detection of methylated DNA. It's believed that the incorporation of chemical-chemical redox cycling signal amplification strategy into fluorescent sensing paves a new way for ultrasensitive detection of biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongding Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials for Bioanalysis, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, PR China.
| | - Sifei Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials for Bioanalysis, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, PR China
| | - Hui-Jin Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials for Bioanalysis, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, PR China
| | - Hai-Bo Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials for Bioanalysis, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, PR China
| | - Linxia Fang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials for Bioanalysis, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, PR China
| | - Jun-Tao Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials for Bioanalysis, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, PR China.
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Prayikaputri PU, Park S, Kim S, Yoon YH, Kim S, Yang H. Sensitive electrochemical immunosensor via amide hydrolysis by DT-diaphorase combined with five redox-cycling reactions. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 224:115058. [PMID: 36630744 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.115058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Amide hydrolysis using enzyme labels, such as proteases, occurs at a slower rate than phosphoester and carboxyl ester hydrolysis. Thus, it is not very useful for obtaining high signal amplification in biosensors. However, amide hydrolysis is less sensitive to nonenzymatic spontaneous hydrolysis, allowing for lower background levels. Herein, we report that amide hydrolysis by DT-diaphorase (DT-D) occurs rapidly and that its combination with five redox-cycling reactions allows for the development of a highly sensitive electrochemical immunosensor. DT-D rapidly generates ortho-aminohydroxy-naphthalene (oAN) from its amide substrate via amide hydrolysis, which not even trypsin, a highly catalytic protease, can achieve. NADH, which is required for amide hydrolysis, advantageously acts as a reducing agent for rapid electrooxidation-based redox-cycling reactions. In the presence of oAN, DT-D, and NADH, two redox-cycling reactions rapidly occur. In the additional presence of an electron mediator, Ru(NH3)63+ [Ru(III)], three more redox-cycling reactions occur because Ru(III) reacts rapidly with oAN and DT-D. Although the O2-related redox-cycling reactions and redox reaction decrease electrochemical signals, this signal-decreasing effect is not significant in air-saturated solutions. The slow electrooxidation of NADH at an indium tin oxide electrode and sluggish reaction between NADH and Ru(III) allow for low electrochemical backgrounds. When the developed signal amplification scheme is tested for the sandwich-type electrochemical detection of parathyroid hormone (PTH), a detection limit of ∼1 pg/mL is obtained. The detection method is highly sensitive and can accurately measure PTH in serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Putu Udiyani Prayikaputri
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonhwa Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghye Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Suhkmann Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Haesik Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Sun Q, Guo Y, Li X, Luo X, Qiu Y, Liu G. A tyrosinase fluorescent probe with large Stokes shift and high fluorescence enhancement for effective identification of liver cancer cells. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 285:121831. [PMID: 36150261 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinase is widely regarded as an important biomarker for melanocytic and liver cancer. However, most currently reported tyrosinase probes have been focused on malignant melanoma study, and few tyrosinase probe have been applied for liver cancer investigation. Herein, we developed a novel probe HFC-TYR for sensitive and selective tracking of tyrosinase activity at enzyme and cellular level, and investigated its application for liver cancer diagnosis. As expected, HFC-TYR has excellent response ability for tyrosinase sensing at enzyme level, such as large Stokes shift (170 nm), high fluorescence enhancement (178-fold), low detection limit (0.12 U/mL), which indicates its potential for efficient identification of endogenous tyrosinase activity at cellular levels. Unsurprisingly, HFC-TYR is proved to be able detect endogenous tyrosinase levels in various living cells. More importantly, HFC-TYR is successfully used to distinguish HepG2 cells from other cells (SKOV3, HeLa and 293T), indicating that tyrosinase is overexpressed in HepG2 cells and HFC-TYR can specifically identify HepG2 cells at cellular level. Meanwhile, HFC-TYR is able to further monitor the endogenous tyrosinase activity in zebrafish models. Therefore, all the findings confirm that HFC-TYR has the application potential of liver cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology, Key Laboratory of Novel biomass-based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum and Chemical Industry and School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Yun Guo
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology, Key Laboratory of Novel biomass-based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum and Chemical Industry and School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology, Key Laboratory of Novel biomass-based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum and Chemical Industry and School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Xiaogang Luo
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology, Key Laboratory of Novel biomass-based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum and Chemical Industry and School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou City 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Yuan Qiu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology, Key Laboratory of Novel biomass-based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum and Chemical Industry and School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
| | - Genyan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology, Key Laboratory of Novel biomass-based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum and Chemical Industry and School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
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Salahandish R, Jalali P, Tabrizi HO, Hyun JE, Haghayegh F, Khalghollah M, Zare A, Berenger BM, Niu YD, Ghafar-Zadeh E, Sanati-Nezhad A. A compact, low-cost, and binary sensing (BiSense) platform for noise-free and self-validated impedimetric detection of COVID-19 infected patients. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 213:114459. [PMID: 35728365 PMCID: PMC9195351 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical immuno-biosensors are one of the most promising approaches for accurate, rapid, and quantitative detection of protein biomarkers. The two-working electrode strip is employed for creating a self-supporting system, as a tool for self-validating the acquired results for added reliability. However, the realization of multiplex electrochemical point-of-care testing (ME-POCT) requires advancement in portable, rapid reading, easy-to-use, and low-cost multichannel potentiostat readers. The combined multiplex biosensor strips and multichannel readers allow for suppressing the possible complex matrix effect or ultra-sensitive detection of different protein biomarkers. Herein, a handheld binary-sensing (BiSense) bi-potentiostat was developed to perform electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)-based signal acquisition from a custom-designed dual-working-electrode immuno-biosensor. BiSense employs a commercially available microcontroller and out-of-shelf components, offering the cheapest yet accurate and reliable time-domain impedance analyzer. A specific electrical board design was developed and customized for impedance signal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N)-protein biosensor in spiked samples and alpha variant clinical nasopharyngeal (NP) swab samples. BiSense showed limit-of-detection (LoD) down to 56 fg/mL for working electrode 1 (WE1) and 68 fg/mL for WE2 and reported with a dynamic detection range of 1 pg/mL to 10 ng/mL for detection of N-protein in spiked samples. The dual biosensing of N-protein in this work was used as a self-validation of the biosensor. The low-cost (∼USD$40) BiSense bi-potentiostat combined with the immuno-biosensors successfully detected COVID-19 infected patients in less than 10 min, with the BiSense reading period shorter than 1.5 min, demonstrating its potential for the realization of ME-POCTs for rapid and hand-held diagnosis of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Salahandish
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Pezhman Jalali
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hamed Osouli Tabrizi
- Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators (BioSA), Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, M3J1P3, Canada
| | - Jae Eun Hyun
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Haghayegh
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Mahmood Khalghollah
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Electrical and Software Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Azam Zare
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Byron M Berenger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, 3535 Research Rd. Calgary, Alberta, T2L 1Y1, Canada; Alberta Public Health Laboratory, Alberta Precision Laboratories, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4W4, Canada
| | - Yan Dong Niu
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh
- Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators (BioSA), Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, M3J1P3, Canada.
| | - Amir Sanati-Nezhad
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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