1
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Cajigas S, de Jong AM, Yan J, Prins MWJ. Molecular Origins of Long-Term Changes in a Competitive Continuous Biosensor with Single-Molecule Resolution. ACS Sens 2024. [PMID: 38967449 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Biosensing by particle motion is a biosensing technology that relies on single-molecule interactions and enables the continuous monitoring of analytes from picomolar to micromolar concentration levels. However, during sensor operation, the signals are observed to change gradually. Here, we present a comprehensive methodology to elucidate the molecular origins of long-term changes in a particle motion sensor, focusing on a competitive sensor design under conditions without flow. Experiments were performed wherein only the particles or only the surfaces were aged in order to clarify how each individual component changes over time. Furthermore, distributions of particle motion patterns and switching activity were studied to reveal how particle populations change over timespans of several days. For a cortisol sensor with anticortisol antibodies on the particles and cortisol analogues on the sensing surface, the leading hypotheses for the long-term changes are (i) that the particles lose antibodies and develop nonspecific interactions and (ii) that analogue molecules dissociate from the sensing surface. The developed methodologies and the acquired insights pave a way for realizing sensors that can operate over long timespans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Cajigas
- Helia Biomonitoring, 5612 AR Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur M de Jong
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Junhong Yan
- Helia Biomonitoring, 5612 AR Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Menno W J Prins
- Helia Biomonitoring, 5612 AR Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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2
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Linssen MDME, Lin YT, van den Wildenberg SAH, Tholen MME, de Jong AM, Prins MWJ. Oriented Antibody Coupling to an Antifouling Polymer Using Glycan Remodeling for Biosensing by Particle Motion. Bioconjug Chem 2024. [PMID: 38946349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Biosensors based on immobilized antibodies require molecular strategies that (i) couple the antibodies in a stable fashion while maintaining the conformation and functionality, (ii) give outward orientation of the paratope regions of the antibodies for good accessibility to analyte molecules in the biofluid, and (iii) surround the antibodies by antibiofouling molecules. Here, we demonstrate a method to achieve oriented coupling of antibodies to an antifouling poly(l-lysine)-grafted-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLL-g-PEG) substrate, using glycan remodeling to create antibody-DNA conjugates. The coupling, orientation, and functionality of the antibodies were studied using two analysis methods with single-molecule resolution, namely single-molecule localization microscopy and continuous biosensing by particle motion. The biosensing functionality of the glycan-remodeled antibodies was demonstrated in a sandwich immunosensor for procalcitonin. The results show that glycan-remodeled antibodies enable oriented immobilization and biosensing functionality with low nonspecific binding on antifouling polymer substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud D M E Linssen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612AE, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612AE, The Netherlands
| | - Yu-Ting Lin
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612AE, The Netherlands
- Helia Biomonitoring, Eindhoven 5612AR, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian A H van den Wildenberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612AE, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612AE, The Netherlands
| | - Marrit M E Tholen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612AE, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612AE, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur M de Jong
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612AE, The Netherlands
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612AE, The Netherlands
| | - Menno W J Prins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612AE, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612AE, The Netherlands
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612AE, The Netherlands
- Helia Biomonitoring, Eindhoven 5612AR, The Netherlands
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3
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Vignesh V, Castro-Dominguez B, James TD, Gamble-Turner JM, Lightman S, Reis NM. Advancements in Cortisol Detection: From Conventional Methods to Next-Generation Technologies for Enhanced Hormone Monitoring. ACS Sens 2024; 9:1666-1681. [PMID: 38551608 PMCID: PMC11059103 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The hormone cortisol, released as the end-product of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, has a well-characterized circadian rhythm that enables an allostatic response to external stressors. When the pattern of secretion is disrupted, cortisol levels are chronically elevated, contributing to diseases such as heart attacks, strokes, mental health disorders, and diabetes. The diagnosis of chronic stress and stress related disorders depends upon accurate measurement of cortisol levels; currently, it is quantified using mass spectroscopy or immunoassay, in specialized laboratories with trained personnel. However, these methods are time-consuming, expensive and are unable to capture the dynamic biorhythm of the hormone. This critical review traces the path of cortisol detection from traditional laboratory-based methods to decentralised cortisol monitoring biosensors. A complete picture of cortisol biology and pathophysiology is provided, and the importance of precision medicine style monitoring of cortisol is highlighted. Antibody-based immunoassays still dominate the pipeline of development of point-of-care biosensors; new capture molecules such as aptamers and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) combined with technologies such as microfluidics, wearable electronics, and quantum dots offer improvements to limit of detection (LoD), specificity, and a shift toward rapid or continuous measurements. While a variety of different sensors and devices have been proposed, there still exists a need to produce quantitative tests for cortisol ─ using either rapid or continuous monitoring devices that can enable a personalized medicine approach to stress management. This can be addressed by synergistic combinations of technologies that can leverage low sample volumes, relevant limit of detection and rapid testing time, to better account for cortisol's shifting biorhythm. Trends in cortisol diagnostics toward rapid and continuous monitoring of hormones are highlighted, along with insights into choice of sample matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visesh Vignesh
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Centre for Bioengineering and Biomedical
Technologies (CBio) University of Bath, BA2 7AY Bath, U.K.
| | - Bernardo Castro-Dominguez
- Department
of Chemical and Engineering and Digital Manufacturing and Design University
of Bath, BA2 7AY Bath, U.K.
| | - Tony D. James
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, BA2 7AY Bath, U.K.
| | | | - Stafford Lightman
- Translational
Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, BS1 3NY Bristol, U.K.
| | - Nuno M. Reis
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Centre for Bioengineering and Biomedical
Technologies (CBio) University of Bath, BA2 7AY Bath, U.K.
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4
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Lamberti V, Dolci M, Zijlstra P. Continuous Monitoring Biosensing Mediated by Single-Molecule Plasmon-Enhanced Fluorescence in Complex Matrices. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 38334312 PMCID: PMC10883122 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Continuous detection of critical markers directly at the point of interest and in undiluted biological fluids represents the next fundamental step in biosensing. The goal of realizing such a platform is utterly challenging because it requires a reversible biosensor that enables the tracking of pico- to nanomolar molecular concentrations over long time spans in a compact device. Here we describe a sensing method based on plasmon-enhanced fluorescence capable of single-molecule detection of unlabeled analyte by employing biofunctionalized gold nanoparticles. The very strong plasmon-enhanced fluorescence signals allow for single-molecule sensing in unaltered biological media, while the use of low-affinity interactions ensures the continuous tracking of increasing and decreasing analyte concentrations with picomolar sensitivity. We demonstrate the use of a sandwich assay for a DNA cancer marker with a limit of detection of picomolar and a time response of 10 min. The enhanced single-molecule signals will allow for miniaturization into a small and cheap platform with multiplexing capability for application in point-of-care diagnostics, monitoring of industrial processes, and safe keeping of the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Lamberti
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Science Education and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mathias Dolci
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Science Education and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Zijlstra
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Science Education and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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5
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Watkins Z, McHenry A, Heikenfeld J. Wearing the Lab: Advances and Challenges in Skin-Interfaced Systems for Continuous Biochemical Sensing. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 187:223-282. [PMID: 38273210 DOI: 10.1007/10_2023_238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Continuous, on-demand, and, most importantly, contextual data regarding individual biomarker concentrations exemplify the holy grail for personalized health and performance monitoring. This is well-illustrated for continuous glucose monitoring, which has drastically improved outcomes and quality of life for diabetic patients over the past 2 decades. Recent advances in wearable biosensing technologies (biorecognition elements, transduction mechanisms, materials, and integration schemes) have begun to make monitoring of other clinically relevant analytes a reality via minimally invasive skin-interfaced devices. However, several challenges concerning sensitivity, specificity, calibration, sensor longevity, and overall device lifetime must be addressed before these systems can be made commercially viable. In this chapter, a logical framework for developing a wearable skin-interfaced device for a desired application is proposed with careful consideration of the feasibility of monitoring certain analytes in sweat and interstitial fluid and the current development of the tools available to do so. Specifically, we focus on recent advancements in the engineering of biorecognition elements, the development of more robust signal transduction mechanisms, and novel integration schemes that allow for continuous quantitative analysis. Furthermore, we highlight the most compelling and promising prospects in the field of wearable biosensing and the challenges that remain in translating these technologies into useful products for disease management and for optimizing human performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach Watkins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Adam McHenry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jason Heikenfeld
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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6
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Hariri AA, Cartwright AP, Dory C, Gidi Y, Yee S, Thompson IAP, Fu KX, Yang K, Wu D, Maganzini N, Feagin T, Young BE, Afshar BH, Eisenstein M, Digonnet MJF, Vuckovic J, Soh HT. Modular Aptamer Switches for the Continuous Optical Detection of Small-Molecule Analytes in Complex Media. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2304410. [PMID: 37975267 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Aptamers are a promising class of affinity reagents because signal transduction mechanisms can be built into the reagent, so that they can directly produce a physically measurable output signal upon target binding. However, endowing the signal transduction functionality into an aptamer remains a trial-and-error process that can compromise its affinity or specificity and typically requires knowledge of the ligand binding domain or its structure. In this work, a design architecture that can convert an existing aptamer into a "reversible aptamer switch" whose kinetic and thermodynamic properties can be tuned without a priori knowledge of the ligand binding domain or its structure is described. Finally, by combining these aptamer switches with evanescent-field-based optical detection hardware that minimizes sample autofluorescence, this study demonstrates the first optical biosensor system that can continuously measure multiple biomarkers (dopamine and cortisol) in complex samples (artificial cerebrospinal fluid and undiluted plasma) with second and subsecond-scale time responses at physiologically relevant concentration ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani A Hariri
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alyssa P Cartwright
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Constantin Dory
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yasser Gidi
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Steven Yee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ian A P Thompson
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kaiyu X Fu
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kiyoul Yang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Diana Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Nicolò Maganzini
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Trevor Feagin
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Brian E Young
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Behrad Habib Afshar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | | | - Michel J F Digonnet
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jelena Vuckovic
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - H Tom Soh
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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7
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Michielsen CS, Buskermolen AD, de Jong AM, Prins MWJ. Sandwich Immunosensor Based on Particle Motion: How Do Reactant Concentrations and Reaction Pathways Determine the Time-Dependent Response of the Sensor? ACS Sens 2023; 8:4216-4225. [PMID: 37955441 PMCID: PMC10683507 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
To control and optimize the speed of a molecular biosensor, it is crucial to quantify and understand the mechanisms that underlie the time-dependent response of the sensor. Here, we study how the kinetic properties of a particle-based sandwich immunosensor depend on underlying parameters, such as reactant concentrations and the size of the reaction chamber. The data of the measured sensor responses could be fitted with single-exponential curves, with characteristic response times that depend on the analyte concentration and the binder concentrations on the particle and substrate. By comparing characteristic response times at different incubation configurations, the data clarifies how two distinct reaction pathways play a role in the sandwich immunosensor, namely, analyte binding first to particles and thereafter to the substrate, and analyte binding first to the substrate and thereafter to a particle. For a concrete biosensor design, we found that the biosensor is dominated by the reaction pathway where analyte molecules bind first to the substrate and thereafter to a particle. Within this pathway, the binding of a particle to the substrate-bound analyte dominates the sensor response time. Thus, the probability of a particle interacting with the substrate was identified as the main direction to improve the speed of the biosensor while maintaining good sensitivity. We expect that the developed immunosensor and research methodology can be generally applied to understand the reaction mechanisms and optimize the kinetic properties of sandwich immunosensors with particle labels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire
M. S. Michielsen
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AE, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Alissa D. Buskermolen
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AE, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur M. de Jong
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AE, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Menno W. J. Prins
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AE, The Netherlands
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AE, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AE, The Netherlands
- Helia
Biomonitoring, Eindhoven 5612 AR, The Netherlands
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8
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Bergkamp MH, Cajigas S, van IJzendoorn LJ, Prins MWJ. Real-time continuous monitoring of dynamic concentration profiles studied with biosensing by particle motion. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:4600-4609. [PMID: 37772830 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00410d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Real-time monitoring-and-control of biological systems requires lab-on-a-chip sensors that are able to accurately measure concentration-time profiles with a well-defined time delay and accuracy using only small amounts of sampled fluid. Here, we study real-time continuous monitoring of dynamic concentration profiles in a microfluidic measurement chamber. Step functions and sinusoidal oscillations of concentrations were generated using two pumps and a herringbone mixer. Concentrations in the bulk of the measurement chamber were quantified using a solution with a dye and light absorbance measurements. Concentrations near the surface were measured using a reversible cortisol sensor based on particle motion. The experiments show how the total time delay of the real-time sensor has contributions from advection, diffusion, reaction kinetics at the surface and signal processing. The total time delay of the studied real-time cortisol sensor was ∼90 seconds for measuring 63% of the concentration change. Monitoring of sinusoidal cortisol concentration-time profiles showed that the sensor has a low-pass frequency response with a cutoff frequency of ∼4 mHz and a lag time of ∼60 seconds. The described experimental methodology paves the way for the development of monitoring-and-control in lab-on-a-chip systems and for further engineering of the analytical characteristics of real-time continuous biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max H Bergkamp
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Leo J van IJzendoorn
- Department of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Menno W J Prins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Department of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Helia Biomonitoring, 5612 AR Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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9
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Thompson IA, Saunders J, Zheng L, Hariri AA, Maganzini N, Cartwright AP, Pan J, Yee S, Dory C, Eisenstein M, Vuckovic J, Soh HT. An antibody-based molecular switch for continuous small-molecule biosensing. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh4978. [PMID: 37738337 PMCID: PMC10516488 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh4978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
We present a generalizable approach for designing biosensors that can continuously detect small-molecule biomarkers in real time and without sample preparation. This is achieved by converting existing antibodies into target-responsive "antibody-switches" that enable continuous optical biosensing. To engineer these switches, antibodies are linked to a molecular competitor through a DNA scaffold, such that competitive target binding induces scaffold switching and fluorescent signaling of changing target concentrations. As a demonstration, we designed antibody-switches that achieve rapid, sample preparation-free sensing of digoxigenin and cortisol in undiluted plasma. We showed that, by substituting the molecular competitor, we can further modulate the sensitivity of our cortisol switch to achieve detection at concentrations spanning 3.3 nanomolar to 3.3 millimolar. Last, we integrated this switch with a fiber optic sensor to achieve continuous sensing of cortisol in a buffer and blood with <5-min time resolution. We believe that this modular sensor design can enable continuous biosensor development for many biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A.P. Thompson
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jason Saunders
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Liwei Zheng
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Amani A. Hariri
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nicolò Maganzini
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alyssa P. Cartwright
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jing Pan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Steven Yee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Constantin Dory
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael Eisenstein
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jelena Vuckovic
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hyongsok Tom Soh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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10
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Bergkamp MH, Cajigas S, van IJzendoorn LJ, Prins MW. High-Throughput Single-Molecule Sensors: How Can the Signals Be Analyzed in Real Time for Achieving Real-Time Continuous Biosensing? ACS Sens 2023; 8:2271-2281. [PMID: 37216442 PMCID: PMC10294250 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule sensors collect statistics of single-molecule interactions, and the resulting data can be used to determine concentrations of analyte molecules. The assays are generally end-point assays and are not designed for continuous biosensing. For continuous biosensing, a single-molecule sensor needs to be reversible, and the signals should be analyzed in real time in order to continuously report output signals, with a well-controlled time delay and measurement precision. Here, we describe a signal processing architecture for real-time continuous biosensing based on high-throughput single-molecule sensors. The key aspect of the architecture is the parallel computation of multiple measurement blocks that enables continuous measurements over an endless time span. Continuous biosensing is demonstrated for a single-molecule sensor with 10,000 individual particles that are tracked as a function of time. The continuous analysis includes particle identification, particle tracking, drift correction, and detection of the discrete timepoints where individual particles switch between bound and unbound states, yielding state transition statistics that relate to the analyte concentration in solution. The continuous real-time sensing and computation were studied for a reversible cortisol competitive immunosensor, showing how the precision and time delay of cortisol monitoring are controlled by the number of analyzed particles and the size of the measurement blocks. Finally, we discuss how the presented signal processing architecture can be applied to various single-molecule measurement methods, allowing these to be developed into continuous biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max H. Bergkamp
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AE, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AE, The Netherlands
| | | | - Leo J. van IJzendoorn
- Department
of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AE, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Menno W.J. Prins
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AE, The Netherlands
- Department
of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AE, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AE, The Netherlands
- Helia
Biomonitoring, Eindhoven 5612 AR, The Netherlands
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11
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Vu C, Lin YT, Haenen SRR, Marschall J, Hummel A, Wouters SFA, Raats JMH, de Jong AM, Yan J, Prins MWJ. Real-Time Immunosensor for Small-Molecule Monitoring in Industrial Food Processes. Anal Chem 2023; 95:7950-7959. [PMID: 37178186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Industrial food processes are monitored to ensure that food is being produced with good quality, yield, and productivity. For developing innovative real-time monitoring and control strategies, real-time sensors are needed that can continuously report chemical and biochemical data of the manufacturing process. Here, we describe a generalizable methodology to develop affinity-based biosensors for the continuous monitoring of small molecules in industrial food processes. Phage-display antibody fragments were developed for the measurement of small molecules, as exemplified with the measurement of glycoalkaloids (GAs) in potato fruit juice. The recombinant antibodies were selected for use in a competition-based biosensor with single-molecule resolution, called biosensing by particle motion, using assay architectures with free particles as well as tethered particles. The resulting sensor measures GAs in the micromolar range, is reversible, has a measurement response time below 5 min, and enables continuous monitoring of GAs in protein-rich solutions for more than 20 h with concentration measurement errors below 15%. The demonstrated biosensor gives the perspective to enable a variety of monitoring and control strategies based on continuous measurement of small molecules in industrial food processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Vu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Yu-Ting Lin
- Helia Biomonitoring, 5612 AR Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Arthur M de Jong
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Junhong Yan
- Helia Biomonitoring, 5612 AR Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Menno W J Prins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Helia Biomonitoring, 5612 AR Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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12
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Kusov PA, Kotelevtsev YV, Drachev VP. Cortisol Monitoring Devices toward Implementation for Clinically Relevant Biosensing In Vivo. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052353. [PMID: 36903600 PMCID: PMC10005364 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortisol is a steroid hormone that regulates energy metabolism, stress reactions, and immune response. Cortisol is produced in the kidneys' adrenal cortex. Its levels in the circulatory system are regulated by the neuroendocrine system with a negative feedback loop of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA-axis) following circadian rhythm. Conditions associated with HPA-axis disruption cause deteriorative effects on human life quality in numerous ways. Psychiatric, cardiovascular, and metabolic disorders as well as a variety of inflammatory processes accompanying age-related, orphan, and many other conditions are associated with altered cortisol secretion rates and inadequate responses. Laboratory measurements of cortisol are well-developed and based mainly on the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). There is a great demand for a continuous real-time cortisol sensor that is yet to be developed. Recent advances in approaches that will eventually culminate in such sensors have been summarized in several reviews. This review compares different platforms for direct cortisol measurements in biological fluids. The ways to achieve continuous cortisol measurements are discussed. A cortisol monitoring device will be essential for personified pharmacological correction of the HPA-axis toward normal cortisol levels through a 24-h cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A. Kusov
- Center for Engineering Physics, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Yuri V. Kotelevtsev
- Vladimir Zelman Center for Neurobiology and Brain Rehabilitation, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir P. Drachev
- Center for Engineering Physics, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia
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13
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Karachaliou CE, Koukouvinos G, Goustouridis D, Raptis I, Kakabakos S, Petrou P, Livaniou E. Cortisol Immunosensors: A Literature Review. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13020285. [PMID: 36832050 PMCID: PMC9954523 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cortisol is a steroid hormone that is involved in a broad range of physiological processes in human/animal organisms. Cortisol levels in biological samples are a valuable biomarker, e.g., of stress and stress-related diseases; thus, cortisol determination in biological fluids, such as serum, saliva and urine, is of great clinical value. Although cortisol analysis can be performed with chromatography-based analytical techniques, such as liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), conventional immunoassays (radioimmunoassays (RIAs), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), etc.) are considered the "gold standard" analytical methodology for cortisol, due to their high sensitivity along with a series of practical advantages, such as low-cost instrumentation, an assay protocol that is fast and easy to perform, and high sample throughput. Especially in recent decades, research efforts have focused on the replacement of conventional immunoassays by cortisol immunosensors, which may offer further improvements in the field, such as real-time analysis at the point of care (e.g., continuous cortisol monitoring in sweat through wearable electrochemical sensors). In this review, most of the reported cortisol immunosensors, mainly electrochemical and also optical ones, are presented, focusing on their immunosensing/detection principles. Future prospects are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula-Evangelia Karachaliou
- Immunopeptide Chemistry Lab., Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research ‘‘Demokritos”, P.O. Box 60037, 153 10 Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Georgios Koukouvinos
- Immunoassay/Immunosensors Lab., Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research ‘‘Demokritos”, P.O. Box 60037, 153 10 Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Goustouridis
- ThetaMetrisis S.A., Christou Lada 40, 121 32 Athens, Greece
- Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, University of West Attica, 122 44 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Raptis
- ThetaMetrisis S.A., Christou Lada 40, 121 32 Athens, Greece
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research ‘‘Demokritos”, P.O. Box 60037, 153 10 Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Sotirios Kakabakos
- Immunoassay/Immunosensors Lab., Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research ‘‘Demokritos”, P.O. Box 60037, 153 10 Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Panagiota Petrou
- Immunoassay/Immunosensors Lab., Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research ‘‘Demokritos”, P.O. Box 60037, 153 10 Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Evangelia Livaniou
- Immunopeptide Chemistry Lab., Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research ‘‘Demokritos”, P.O. Box 60037, 153 10 Agia Paraskevi, Greece
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