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Moulahoum H, Ghorbanizamani F. The LOD paradox: When lower isn't always better in biosensor research and development. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 264:116670. [PMID: 39151260 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Biosensor research has long focused on achieving the lowest possible Limits of Detection (LOD), driving significant advances in sensitivity and opening up new possibilities in analysis. However, this intense focus on low LODs may not always meet the practical needs or suit the actual uses of these devices. While technological improvements are impressive, they can sometimes overlook important factors such as detection range, ease of use, and market readiness, which are vital for biosensors to be effective in real-world applications. This review advocates for a balanced approach to biosensor development, emphasizing the need to align technological advancements with practical utility. We delve into various applications, including the detection of cancer biomarkers, pathology-related biomarkers, and illicit drugs, illustrating the critical role of LOD within these contexts. By considering clinical needs and broader design aspects like cost-effectiveness, sustainability, and regulatory compliance, we argue that integrating technical progress with practicality will enhance the impact of biosensors. Such an approach ensures that biosensors are not only technically sound but also widely useable and beneficial in real-world applications. Addressing the diverse analytical parameters alongside user expectations and market demands will likely maximize the real-world impact of biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hichem Moulahoum
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100, Izmir, Turkiye.
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2
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Wu Y, Hu L, Wu L, Yang Y, Li Y. Real-time monitoring abscisic acid release from single rice protoplast by amperometry at microelectrodes modified with abscisic acid receptor PYL2. Bioelectrochemistry 2024; 159:108733. [PMID: 38761493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2024.108733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
It was previously reported that stress induces a cellular production of abscisic acid in plants, but no direct method shows the evidence. Here, an electrochemical microsensor involving an abscisic acid receptor PYL2 modified carbon fiber microelectrode was fabricated by self-assembly method, where the Cu2+ combined with the histidine tag of PYL2 on the surface of microelectrode was used as the detection probe, the mediated reaction between Cu+ and ferricyanide realized the amplification responses and provided the microsensor with a high sensitivity for detection of abscisic acid with a detection limit of 0.8 nM. With use of this microsensor, an increase of extracellular abscisic acid from single rice protoplast induced by sulfate, osmotic and salinity stress was real-time monitored. Direct measurement of free extracellular abscisic acid in single plant cells might offer important new insights into its role in plants challenged by abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua Wu
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Liuzhe Hu
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Lvliang Wu
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Yong Li
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, PR China
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Chen W, Li J, Guo J, Li L, Wu H. Diagnosis and therapy of Alzheimer's disease: Light-driven heterogeneous redox processes. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 332:103253. [PMID: 39067260 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Light-driven heterogeneous processes are promising approaches for diagnosing and treating Alzheimer's disease (AD) by regulating its relevant biomolecules. The molecular understanding of the heterogeneous interface environment and its interaction with target biomolecules is important. This review critically appraises the advances in AD early diagnosis and therapy employing heterogeneous light-driven redox processes, encompassing photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensing, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, PEC therapy, and photoacoustic therapy. The design strategies for heterogeneous interfaces based on target biomolecules and applications are also compiled. Finally, the remaining challenges and future perspectives are discussed. The present review may promote the fundamental understanding of AD diagnosis and therapy and facilitate interdisciplinary studies at the junction of nanotechnology and bioscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Chen
- Macau Institute of Materials Science and Engineering (MIMSE), Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078, Macau
| | - Jiahui Li
- Macau Institute of Materials Science and Engineering (MIMSE), Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078, Macau
| | - Jiaxin Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liang Li
- Macau Institute of Materials Science and Engineering (MIMSE), Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078, Macau
| | - Hao Wu
- Macau Institute of Materials Science and Engineering (MIMSE), Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078, Macau.
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Kakkar S, Gupta P, Singh Yadav SP, Raj D, Singh G, Chauhan S, Mishra MK, Martín-Ortega E, Chiussi S, Kant K. Lateral flow assays: Progress and evolution of recent trends in point-of-care applications. Mater Today Bio 2024; 28:101188. [PMID: 39221210 PMCID: PMC11364909 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Paper based point-of-care (PoC) detection platforms applying lateral flow assays (LFAs) have gained paramount approval in the diagnostic domain as well as in environmental applications owing to their ease of utility, low cost, and rapid signal readout. It has centralized the aspect of self-evaluation exhibiting promising potential in the last global pandemic era of Covid-19 implementing rapid management of public health in remote areas. In this perspective, the present review is focused towards landscaping the current framework of LFAs along with integration of components and characteristics for improving the assay by pushing the detection limits. The review highlights the synergistic aspects of assay designing, sample enrichment strategies, novel nanomaterials-based signal transducers, and high-end analytical techniques that contribute significantly towards sensitivity and specificity enhancement. Various recent studies are discussed supporting the innovations in LFA systems that focus upon the accuracy and reliability of rapid PoC testing. The review also provides a comprehensive overview of all the possible difficulties in commercialization of LFAs subjecting its applicability to pathogen surveillance, water and food testing, disease diagnostics, as well as to agriculture and environmental issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saloni Kakkar
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)- Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Payal Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, 248002, India
| | - Shiv Pratap Singh Yadav
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)- Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Divakar Raj
- Department of Allied Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun, 248007, India
| | - Garima Singh
- Department of Allied Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun, 248007, India
| | - Sakshi Chauhan
- Dept. of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | | | - Elena Martín-Ortega
- IFCAE, Research Institute of Physics and Aerospace Science, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, 32004, Spain
| | - Stefano Chiussi
- CINTECX, Universidade de Vigo, New Materials Group, Vigo, 36310, Spain
| | - Krishna Kant
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario As Lagoas Marcosende, Vigo, 36310, Spain
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Bennett University, Greater Noida, U.P., India
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Bezinge L, Shih CJ, Richards DA, deMello AJ. Electrochemical Paper-Based Microfluidics: Harnessing Capillary Flow for Advanced Diagnostics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2401148. [PMID: 38801400 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical paper-based microfluidics has attracted much attention due to the promise of transforming point-of-care diagnostics by facilitating quantitative analysis with low-cost and portable analyzers. Such devices harness capillary flow to transport samples and reagents, enabling bioassays to be executed passively. Despite exciting demonstrations of capillary-driven electrochemical tests, conventional methods for fabricating electrodes on paper impede capillary flow, limit fluidic pathways, and constrain accessible device architectures. This account reviews recent developments in paper-based electroanalytical devices and offers perspective by revisiting key milestones in lateral flow tests and paper-based microfluidics engineering. The study highlights the benefits associated with electrochemical sensing and discusses how the detection modality can be leveraged to unlock novel functionalities. Particular focus is given to electrofluidic platforms that embed electrodes into paper for enhanced biosensing applications. Together, these innovations pave the way for diagnostic technologies that offer portability, quantitative analysis, and seamless integration with digital healthcare, all without compromising the simplicity of commercially available rapid diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léonard Bezinge
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Chih-Jen Shih
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Daniel A Richards
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J deMello
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
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Bezinge L, deMello AJ, Shih CJ, Richards DA. Quantitative reagent monitoring in paper-based electrochemical rapid diagnostic tests. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:3651-3657. [PMID: 38952211 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00390j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Paper-based rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are an essential component of modern healthcare, particularly for the management of infectious diseases. Despite their utility, these capillary-driven RDTs are compromised by high failure rates, primarily caused by user error. This limits their utility in complex assays that require multiple user operations. Here, we demonstrate how this issue can be directly addressed through continuous electrochemical monitoring of reagent flow inside an RDT using embedded graphenized electrodes. Our method relies on applying short voltage pulses and measuring variations in capacitive discharge currents to precisely determine the flow times of injected samples and reagents. This information is reported to the user, guiding them through the testing process, highlighting failure cases and ultimately decreasing errors. Significantly, the same electrodes can be used to quantify electrochemical signals from immunoassays, providing an integrated solution for both monitoring assays and reporting results. We demonstrate the applicability of this approach in a serology test for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG in clinical serum samples. This method paves the way towards "smart" RDTs able to continuously monitor the testing process and improve the robustness of point-of-care diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léonard Bezinge
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Andrew J deMello
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Chih-Jen Shih
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel A Richards
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Ying X, Fu W, Zhu L, Sun T, Qi M, Zhou L, Wang Y, Wang J, Su B, Zhang J. Electrochemical Lateral Flow Immunoassay with Built-In Electrodes for Ultrasensitive and Wireless Detection of Inflammatory Biomarkers. Anal Chem 2024; 96:10630-10638. [PMID: 38912708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Paper-based lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs) are cost-effective, portable, and simple methods for detection of diverse analytes, which however only provide qualitative or semiquantitative results and lack sufficient sensitivity. A combination of LFIA and electrochemical detection, namely, electrochemical lateral flow immunoassay (eLFIA), enables quantitative detection of analytes with high sensitivity, but the integration of external electrodes makes the system relatively expensive and unstable. Herein, the working, counter, and reference electrodes were prepared directly on the nitrocellulose membrane using screen printing, which remarkably simplified the structure of eLFIA and decreased the cost. Moreover, a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-based electrochemical signal amplification strategy was used for further increasing the analytical sensitivity. HRP captured on the working electrode can catalyze the oxidation of tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to form the TMB-TMBox precipitate on the electrode surface, which as an electrochemically active product can output an amplified current for quantification. We demonstrated that the eLFIA could detect low-abundant inflammatory biomarkers in human plasma samples with limits of detection of 0.17 and 0.54 pg mL-1 for interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein, respectively. Finally, a fully portable system was fabricated by integrating eLFIA with a flexible and wireless electrochemical workstation, realizing the point-of-care detection of interleukin-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Ying
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wenxuan Fu
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lihang Zhu
- Department of Clinical Engineering, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310019, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310019, China
| | - Min Qi
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yafeng Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Diagnosis and Monitoring Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Diagnosis and Monitoring Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310016, China
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Xia N, Gao F, Zhang J, Wang J, Huang Y. Overview on the Development of Electrochemical Immunosensors by the Signal Amplification of Enzyme- or Nanozyme-Based Catalysis Plus Redox Cycling. Molecules 2024; 29:2796. [PMID: 38930860 PMCID: PMC11206384 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Enzyme-linked electrochemical immunosensors have attracted considerable attention for the sensitive and selective detection of various targets in clinical diagnosis, food quality control, and environmental analysis. In order to improve the performances of conventional immunoassays, significant efforts have been made to couple enzyme-linked or nanozyme-based catalysis and redox cycling for signal amplification. The current review summarizes the recent advances in the development of enzyme- or nanozyme-based electrochemical immunosensors with redox cycling for signal amplification. The special features of redox cycling reactions and their synergistic functions in signal amplification are discussed. Additionally, the current challenges and future directions of enzyme- or nanozyme-based electrochemical immunosensors with redox cycling are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Fengli Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Jiwen Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Jiaqiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Yaliang Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
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Khanwalker M, Hatada M, LaBelle JT, Sode K. Development of an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy immunosensor for insulin monitoring employing pyrroloquinoline quinone as an ingestible redox probe. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 250:116049. [PMID: 38290381 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Contemporary electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)-based biosensors face limitations in their applicability for in vivo measurements, primarily due to the necessity of using a redox probe capable of undergoing oxidation and reduction reactions in solution. Although previous investigations have demonstrated the effectiveness of EIS-based biosensors in detecting various target analytes using potassium ferricyanide as a redox probe, its unsuitability for blood or serum measurements, attributed to its inherent toxicity, poses a significant challenge. In response to this challenge, our study adopted a unique approach, focusing on the use of ingestible materials, by exploring naturally occurring substances within the body, with a specific emphasis on pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ). Following an assessment of PQQ's electrochemical attributes, we conducted a comprehensive series of EIS measurements. This involved the thorough characterization of the sensor's evolution, starting from the bare electrode and progressing to the immobilization of antibodies. The sensor's performance was then evaluated through the quantification of insulin concentrations ranging from 1 pM to 100 nM. A single frequency was identified for insulin measurements, offering a pathway for potential in vivo applications by combining PQQ as a redox probe with EIS measurements. This innovative approach holds promise for advancing the field of in vivo biosensing based on the EIS method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukund Khanwalker
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC27599, USA
| | - Mika Hatada
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC27599, USA
| | - Jeffery T LaBelle
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering Science and Technology, Grand Canyon University, Phoenix, AZ, AZ85017, USA
| | - Koji Sode
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC27599, USA.
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Li Y, Feng J, Yao T, Han H, Ma Z, Yang H. Novel dual-responsive hydrogel composed of polyacrylamide/Fe-MOF/zinc finger peptide for construction of electrochemical sensing platform. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1289:342201. [PMID: 38245204 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Responsive hydrogels have received much attention for improving the detection performance of electrochemical sensors because of their special responsiveness. However, current responsive hydrogels generally suffer from long response times, ranging from tens of minutes to several hours. This situation severely limits the detection performance and practical application of electrochemical sensors. Here, an electrochemical sensing platform was constructed by employing dual-responsive polyacrylamide/zinc finger peptide/Fe-MOF hydrogel (PZFH) as the silent layer, sodium alginate-Ni2+-graphene oxide hydrogel as the signal layer. GOx@ZIF-8, as the immunoprobe, catalyzed glucose to H2O2 and gluconic acid, resulting in the cleavage of immunoprobe as the pH decreased and subsequent release of Zn2+ ions. During the process of Fe-MOF converting from Fe3+ to Fe2+, free radicals were generated and used to destroy the structure of the PZFH. Cysteine and histidine in the zinc finger peptide can specifically bind to Zn2+ to create many pores in PZFH, exposing the signal layer. These synergistic effects rapidly decreased the impedance of PZFH and increased the electrochemical signal of Ni2+. The electrochemical sensing platform was used to detect pro-gastrin-releasing peptide with response times as short as 7 min of PZFH, a wide linear range from 100 ng mL-1 to 100 fg mL-1, and an ultra-low limit of detection of 14.24 fg mL-1 (S/N = 3). This strategy will provide a paradigm for designing electrochemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyu Li
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Jiejie Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Tao Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Hongliang Han
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Zhanfang Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Haijun Yang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
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