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Shrivastava KC, Kumar KSA, Sengupta A, Ali SM, Ramkumar J. Reversible Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Uranyl-Sensing Optode Film in Aqueous Streams: Color Transformation and Reusability. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 39041178 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
A hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (HDES)-based optode was designed for the preconcentration and determination of the UO22+ ion in aqueous media using spectroscopic techniques [energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and solid-state absorption]. The optode was developed by incorporation of HDES (tri-n-octyl phosphine oxide and decanoic acid in an equimolar ratio), tri-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, and 2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol into a cellulose triacetate matrix. Characterization studies were carried out using different techniques to understand the roles of HDES as a plasticizer, UO22+ extractant, and Br-PADAP immobilizer. Uptake studies revealed that the optimal pH was 3 and sorption followed the type II adsorption isotherm. Uranium in the U-sorbed optode can be directly analyzed over a large concentration range of 0.021 × 10-3-2.1 × 10-3 Mol L-1 using EDXRF. The optode film exhibited a linear dynamic range of 0.84 × 10-6-84 × 10-6 Mol L-1 for uranium, with a lowest limit of detection of 0.084 × 10-6 Mol L-1 by colorimetric analysis. This optode-based method was employed for seawater analysis for its UO22+ concentration without any matrix separation, and the concentration was found to be 1.30 ± 0.06 × 10-8 Mol L-1. The optode exhibited better selectivity for UO22+ in the presence of various cations including Sr2+ and Cs+ in an aqueous medium. Compared to other prevailing optical sensors, this optode performed better in terms of key factors like pH, equilibration time, reusability, and detection limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal C Shrivastava
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - K S Ajish Kumar
- Bio-Organic Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Arijit Sengupta
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Sheikh Musharaf Ali
- Chemical Engineering Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Jayshree Ramkumar
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India
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Lu CZ, Wang CY, Song C, Qin T, Lv T, Zeng C, Chen S, Xu Z, Xun Z, Liu B, Wang YL, Zhu MQ. A ratiometric fluorescent indicator-displacement assay for on-site determination and intracellular imaging of nitroxinil. Food Chem 2024; 435:137617. [PMID: 37806206 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Nitroxinil (NIT) is a widely using veterinary medicine to protect cattle and sheep yet may threaten human health when ingested through food chain. Developing fluorescent analytical methods in ratiometric manners was essential for the on-site detection and in-situ monitoring of NIT but still challenging. Here, we improved the indicator-displacement assay (IDA)-based method and designed the first ratiometric fluorescent probe for NIT by using an albumin host and an Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) guest. This probe exhibited fast response (10 s), high sensitivity (limit of detection: 4.6 ppb), good selectivity (over twelve medicines) and eye-discriminable fluorescent color change (green-red) upon responding to NIT. Based on these properties, this probe enabled quantitative determination of NIT in real food samples, on-site analysis via a paper-based test strip, and fluorescence imaging of NIT in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Zhen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Cai-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Chao Song
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Tianyi Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Taoyuze Lv
- School of Physics, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Conghui Zeng
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Shihong Chen
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Zhongyong Xu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Zhiqing Xun
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, 1-2 Zhujiang Rd, Guangzhou 511447, China.
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Ya-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Ming-Qiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China.
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Qileng A, Wu Y, Liu Y, Bakker E. Distance-Based Self-Powered Signal Transduction of Ion-Selective Electrodes to an Electronic Paper Display Array. Anal Chem 2023; 95:17878-17885. [PMID: 37978921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we report on the first distance-based readout self-powered potentiometric sensor. The approach is considered more user-friendly for detection by the naked eye and is less prone to optical interferences compared with a direct observation of the pixel darkening. pH-selective electrodes were chosen as a model system to demonstrate the principle in which seven bar-shaped pixels connected in series on one e-paper share one common ground. By connecting each of the pixels serially to capacitors of different capacitances, the fraction of the measurement cell voltage loaded onto the pixels becomes controllable. Consequently, the pixels give different gray values when powered by the same ion-selective electrode (ISE). As a result, the pH information on the sample is visualized as a distance-based signal and the dependence between the capacitance and 1/K (the reciprocal slope in the relationship between absorbance and pH) was constructed. In the current system, a 1 μF capacitance difference changes the value of 1/K by 4.18. With the current setup, the pH accuracy is about 0.5 when comparing the e-paper output to a color card.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aori Qileng
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yaotian Wu
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yingju Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Wang L, Zhang Y, Wang L, Cheng Y, Yuan D, Zhai J, Xie X. Near-Infrared Fluoride Sensing Nano-Optodes and Distance-Based Hydrogels Containing Aluminum-Phthalocyanine. ACS Sens 2023; 8:4384-4390. [PMID: 37963263 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride ions are highly relevant in environmental and biological sciences, and there is a very limited number of established fluoride chemical sensors. Previous fluoride-selective optodes were demonstrated with metal-porphyrin as the ionophore and required a chromoionophore for optical signal transduction. We demonstrate here novel optical fluoride sensing with nano-optodes containing an aluminum-phthalocyanine complex (AlClPc) as the single active sensing component, simplifying the conventional ion-selective optodes approach. The fluoride nano-optodes were interrogated in the absorbance and fluorescence modes in the near-infrared region, with absorption around 725 nm and emission peaks at 720 and 800 nm, respectively. The nano-optodes exhibited a lower detection limit around 0.1 μM and good selectivity over a range of common anions including ClO4-, Cl-, Br-, I-, SO42-, NO3-, and AcO-. Furthermore, the nano-optodes were physically entrapped in agarose hydrogels to allow distance-based point-of-care testing (POCT) applications. The 3D networks of the agarose hydrogel were able to filter off large particulates in the samples without stopping fluoride ions to reach the nano-optodes. The fluoride concentrations in real samples including river water, mineral water, and groundwater were successfully determined with the distance-based sensing hydrogel, and the results agreed well with those from commercial fluoride electrodes. Therefore, the results in this work lay the groundwork for the optical detection of fluoride in environmental samples without very sophisticated sample manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanfei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Chemical Measurement, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Chemical Measurement, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dajing Yuan
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Chemical Measurement, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China
| | - Jingying Zhai
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaojiang Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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5
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Khan M, Zhao B, Wu W, Zhao M, Bi Y, Hu Q. Distance-based microfluidic assays for instrument-free visual point-of-care testing. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.117029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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Du X, Wang R, Zhai J, Xie X. Surface PEGylation of ionophore-based microspheres enables determination of serum sodium and potassium ion concentration under flow cytometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022:10.1007/s00216-022-04301-2. [PMID: 36045175 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04301-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
We present here an ionophore-based ion-selective optode (ISO) platform to detect potassium and sodium concentrations in serum through flow cytometry. The ion-selective microsensors were based on polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified polystyrene (PS) microspheres (PEG-PS). Ratiometric response curves were observed using peak channel fluorescence intensities for K+ (10-6 M to 0.1 M) and Na+ (10-4 M to 0.2 M) with sufficient selectivity for clinical diagnosis. Due to the matrix effect, proteins such as albumin and immunoglobulin caused an obvious increase in response for serum sample determination. To solve this problem, 4-arm PEG chains were covalently attached onto the surface of PS microspheres through a two-step reaction, which improved the stability and combated pollution of microspheres. As a preliminary application, potassium and sodium concentrations in human serums were successfully determined by the PEG-PS microsensors through flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfeng Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Renjie Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jingying Zhai
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaojiang Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China. .,Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Fluorescein Derivative Immobilized Optical Hydrogels: Fabrication and Its Application for Detection of H 2O 2. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153005. [PMID: 35893976 PMCID: PMC9332226 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel fluorescein-based probe FLA-Boe was developed for detecting H2O2. Modified by 2-Bromomethylphenylboronic acid pinacol ester, FLA-Boe is a Fluorescein derivative with eminent photostability and remarkable H2O2 sensitivity and selectivity. FLA-Boe was utilized to synthesize hydrogel sensors in the manner of guest–host interaction by taking advantage of its aforementioned features. The hydrogel sensor can be used to detect H2O2 effectively in both flowing and static water environments with satisfactory performance. It is expected that this application may open a new page to develop a neoteric fluorescent property analysis method aiming at H2O2 detection.
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Tang Y, Zhai J, Chen Q, Xie X. Ruthenium bipyridine complexes as electrochemiluminescent transducers for ionophore-based ion-selective detection. Analyst 2021; 146:6955-6959. [PMID: 34661221 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01355f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report here a method to determine target ion concentrations (with Na+ as a model) based on ionophores and electrochemiluminescence (ECL). Ruthenium bipyridine complexes were released from thin polymeric films (plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) also containing a sodium ionophore) into the sample solution following an explicit ion-exchange process (between Na+ and the ruthenium complex). Two signal transducers, tris(2,2'-(pCF3)bipyridine)ruthenium(II) (Ru(p-CF3-bpy)32+) and tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)dichlororuthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)32+), were examined using the sensing film, with the latter providing a more sensitive detection range (ca. 1 to 100 μM) than that of the more hydrophobic one (0.01 to 1 mM). While the ionophore (Na+ ionophore X) offered excellent selectivity to the method, the ruthenium complexes made the measurements independent of the sample pH. Furthermore for complex biological samples such as blood serum, an indirect approach of measuring the ECL of the remaining ruthenium complexes helps avoid background matrix interference to the ECL production at the working electrode, making the ECL method more attractive for real complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xili Xueyuan Blvd., Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Jingying Zhai
- SUSTech Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xili Xueyuan Blvd., Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Qinghan Chen
- SUSTech Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xili Xueyuan Blvd., Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Xiaojiang Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xili Xueyuan Blvd., Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Du X, Zhai J, Li X, Zhang Y, Li N, Xie X. Hydrogel-Based Optical Ion Sensors: Principles and Challenges for Point-of-Care Testing and Environmental Monitoring. ACS Sens 2021; 6:1990-2001. [PMID: 34044533 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel is a unique family of biocompatible materials with growing applications in chemical and biological sensors. During the past few decades, various hydrogel-based optical ion sensors have been developed aiming at point-of-care testing and environmental monitoring. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of the research field including topics such as photonic crystals, DNAzyme cross-linked hydrogels, ionophore-based ion sensing hydrogels, and fluoroionophore-based optodes. As the different sensing principles are summarized, each strategy offers its advantages and limitations. In a nutshell, developing optical ion sensing hydrogels is still in the early stage with many opportunities lying ahead, especially with challenges in selectivity, assay time, detection limit, and usability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfeng Du
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jingying Zhai
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaoang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yupu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Niping Li
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaojiang Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Steininger F, Zieger SE, Koren K. Dynamic Sensor Concept Combining Electrochemical pH Manipulation and Optical Sensing of Buffer Capacity. Anal Chem 2021; 93:3822-3829. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Steininger
- Aarhus University Centre for Water Technology, Department of Biology, Section for Microbiology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Silvia E. Zieger
- Aarhus University Centre for Water Technology, Department of Biology, Section for Microbiology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Klaus Koren
- Aarhus University Centre for Water Technology, Department of Biology, Section for Microbiology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Sun X, Agate S, Salem KS, Lucia L, Pal L. Hydrogel-Based Sensor Networks: Compositions, Properties, and Applications—A Review. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 4:140-162. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohang Sun
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, 431 Dan Allen Dr., Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Sachin Agate
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, 431 Dan Allen Dr., Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Khandoker Samaher Salem
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, 431 Dan Allen Dr., Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Lucian Lucia
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, 431 Dan Allen Dr., Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Lokendra Pal
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, 431 Dan Allen Dr., Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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12
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Distance-based quantification of miRNA-21 by the coffee-ring effect using paper devices. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:513. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04500-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Liu H, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Zhao Y, Yang X, Han L, Xin J, Yang B, Lin Q. Dual-emission hydrogel nanoparticles with linear and reversible luminescence-response to pH for intracellular fluorescent probes. Talanta 2020; 211:120755. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Yang W, Zhai J, Xie X. Rhodamine dye transfer from hydrogel to nanospheres for the chemical detection of potassium ions. Analyst 2019; 144:5617-5623. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an01079c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Smart hydrogels incorporating various functional nanomaterials are becoming popular tools for chemical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Jingying Zhai
- SUSTech Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Xiaojiang Xie
- Department of Chemistry
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen
- China
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