Validated In Silico Model for Biofilm Formation in Escherichia coli

EvgS/EvgA, the unorthodox two-component system regulating bacterial multiple resistance

IMPORTANCE

EvgS/EvgA, one of the five unorthodox two-component systems in Escherichia coli, plays an essential role in adjusting bacterial behaviors to adapt to the changing environment. Multiple resistance regulated by EvgS/EvgA endows bacteria to survive in adverse conditions such as acidic pH, multidrug, and heat. In this minireview, we summarize the specific structures and regulation mechanisms of EvgS/EvgA and its multiple resistance. By discussing several unresolved issues and proposing our speculations, this review will be helpful and enlightening for future directions about EvgS/EvgA.

Interplay of cell motility and self-secreted extracellular polymeric substance induced depletion effects on spatial patterning in a growing microbial colony

Reproducing bacteria self-organize to develop patterned biofilms in various conditions. Various factors contribute to the shaping of a multicellular bacterial organization. Here we investigate how motility force and self-secreted extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) influence bacterial cell aggregation, leading to phase-separated colonies using a particle-based/individual-based model. Our findings highlight the critical role of the interplay between motility force and depletion effects in regulating phase separation within a growing colony under far-from-equilibrium conditions. We observe that increased motility force hinders depletion-induced cell aggregation and phase segregation, necessitating a higher depletion effect for highly motile bacteria to undergo phase separation within a growing biofilm. We present a phase diagram illustrating the systematic variation of motility force and repulsive mechanical force, shedding light on the combined contributions of these two factors: self-propulsive motion and aggregation due to the depletion effect, resulting in the presence of small to large bacterial aggregates. Furthermore, our study reveals the dynamic nature of clustering, marked by changes in cluster size over time. Additionally, our findings suggest that differential dispersion among the components can lead to the localization of EPS at the periphery of a growing colony. Our study enhances the understanding of the collective dynamics of motile bacterial cells within a growing colony, particularly in the presence of a self-secreted polymer-driven depletion effect.

Agent-Based Modeling of Microbial Communities

Microbial communities are complex living systems that populate the planet with diverse functions and are increasingly harnessed for practical human needs. To deepen the fundamental understanding of their organization and functioning as well as to facilitate their engineering for applications, mathematical modeling has played an increasingly important role. Agent-based models represent a class of powerful quantitative frameworks for investigating microbial communities because of their individualistic nature in describing cells, mechanistic characterization of molecular and cellular processes, and intrinsic ability to produce emergent system properties. This review presents a comprehensive overview of recent advances in agent-based modeling of microbial communities. It surveys the state-of-the-art algorithms employed to simulate intracellular biomolecular events, single-cell behaviors, intercellular interactions, and interactions between cells and their environments that collectively serve as the driving forces of community behaviors. It also highlights three lines of applications of agent-based modeling, namely, the elucidation of microbial range expansion and colony ecology, the design of synthetic gene circuits and microbial populations for desired behaviors, and the characterization of biofilm formation and dispersal. The review concludes with a discussion of existing challenges, including the computational cost of the modeling, and potential mitigation strategies.