1
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Albayati SH, Nezhad NG, Taki AG, Rahman RNZRA. Efficient and easible biocatalysts: Strategies for enzyme improvement. A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 276:133978. [PMID: 39038570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Owing to the environmental friendliness and vast advantages that enzymes offer in the biotechnology and industry fields, biocatalysts are a prolific investigation field. However, the low catalytic activity, stability, and specific selectivity of the enzyme limit the range of the reaction enzymes involved in. A comprehensive understanding of the protein structure and dynamics in terms of molecular details enables us to tackle these limitations effectively and enhance the catalytic activity by enzyme engineering or modifying the supports and solvents. Along with different strategies including computational, enzyme engineering based on DNA recombination, enzyme immobilization, additives, chemical modification, and physicochemical modification approaches can be promising for the wide spread of industrial enzyme usage. This is attributed to the successful application of biocatalysts in industrial and synthetic processes requires a system that exhibits stability, activity, and reusability in a continuous flow process, thereby reducing the production cost. The main goal of this review is to display relevant approaches for improving enzyme characteristics to overcome their industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Hashim Albayati
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nima Ghahremani Nezhad
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Anmar Ghanim Taki
- Department of Radiology Techniques, Health and Medical Techniques College, Alnoor University, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Raja Noor Zaliha Raja Abd Rahman
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
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2
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Pech-Canul A, Hammer SK, Ziegler SJ, Richardson ID, Sharma BD, Maloney MI, Bomble YJ, Lynd LR, Olson DG. The role of AdhE on ethanol tolerance and production in Clostridium thermocellum. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107559. [PMID: 39002679 PMCID: PMC11365378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Many anaerobic microorganisms use the bifunctional aldehyde and alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme, AdhE, to produce ethanol. One such organism is Clostridium thermocellum, which is of interest for cellulosic biofuel production. In the course of engineering this organism for improved ethanol tolerance and production, we observed that AdhE was a frequent target of mutations. Here, we characterized those mutations to understand their effects on enzymatic activity, as well ethanol tolerance and product formation in the organism. We found that there is a strong correlation between NADH-linked alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity and ethanol tolerance. Mutations that decrease NADH-linked ADH activity increase ethanol tolerance; correspondingly, mutations that increase NADH-linked ADH activity decrease ethanol tolerance. We also found that the magnitude of ADH activity did not play a significant role in determining ethanol titer. Increasing ADH activity had no effect on ethanol titer. Reducing ADH activity had indeterminate effects on ethanol titer, sometimes increasing and sometimes decreasing it. Finally, this study shows that the cofactor specificity of ADH activity was found to be the primary factor affecting ethanol yield. We expect that these results will inform efforts to use AdhE enzymes in metabolic engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Pech-Canul
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA; Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sarah K Hammer
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA; Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Samantha J Ziegler
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA; Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Isaiah D Richardson
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA; Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bishal D Sharma
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA; Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Marybeth I Maloney
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA; Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yannick J Bomble
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA; Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Lee R Lynd
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA; Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Daniel G Olson
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA; Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.
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3
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Elisée E, Ducrot L, Méheust R, Bastard K, Fossey-Jouenne A, Grogan G, Pelletier E, Petit JL, Stam M, de Berardinis V, Zaparucha A, Vallenet D, Vergne-Vaxelaire C. A refined picture of the native amine dehydrogenase family revealed by extensive biodiversity screening. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4933. [PMID: 38858403 PMCID: PMC11164908 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Native amine dehydrogenases offer sustainable access to chiral amines, so the search for scaffolds capable of converting more diverse carbonyl compounds is required to reach the full potential of this alternative to conventional synthetic reductive aminations. Here we report a multidisciplinary strategy combining bioinformatics, chemoinformatics and biocatalysis to extensively screen billions of sequences in silico and to efficiently find native amine dehydrogenases features using computational approaches. In this way, we achieve a comprehensive overview of the initial native amine dehydrogenase family, extending it from 2,011 to 17,959 sequences, and identify native amine dehydrogenases with non-reported substrate spectra, including hindered carbonyls and ethyl ketones, and accepting methylamine and cyclopropylamine as amine donor. We also present preliminary model-based structural information to inform the design of potential (R)-selective amine dehydrogenases, as native amine dehydrogenases are mostly (S)-selective. This integrated strategy paves the way for expanding the resource of other enzyme families and in highlighting enzymes with original features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddy Elisée
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Laurine Ducrot
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Raphaël Méheust
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Karine Bastard
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Aurélie Fossey-Jouenne
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Gideon Grogan
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Eric Pelletier
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Jean-Louis Petit
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Mark Stam
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Véronique de Berardinis
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Anne Zaparucha
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057, Evry, France
| | - David Vallenet
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057, Evry, France.
| | - Carine Vergne-Vaxelaire
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057, Evry, France.
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4
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Zhao XQ, Liu CG, Bai FW. Making the biochemical conversion of lignocellulose more robust. Trends Biotechnol 2024; 42:418-430. [PMID: 37858385 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulose is an alternative to fossil resources, but its biochemical conversion is not economically competitive. While decentralized processing can reduce logistical cost for this feedstock, sugar platforms need to be developed with energy-saving pretreatment technologies and cost-effective cellulases, and products must be selected correctly. Anaerobic fermentation with less energy consumption and lower contamination risk is preferred, particularly for producing biofuels. Great effort has been devoted to producing cellulosic ethanol, but CO2 released with large quantities during ethanol fermentation must be utilized in situ for credit. Unless titer and yield are improved substantially, butanol cannot be produced as an advanced biofuel. Microbial lipids produced through aerobic fermentation with low yield and intensive energy consumption are not affordable as feedstocks for biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Qing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Science, and School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chen-Guang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Science, and School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Feng-Wu Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Science, and School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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5
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O'Connell A, Barry A, Burke AJ, Hutton AE, Bell EL, Green AP, O'Reilly E. Biocatalysis: landmark discoveries and applications in chemical synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2828-2850. [PMID: 38407834 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00689a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has become an important tool in chemical synthesis, allowing access to complex molecules with high levels of activity and selectivity and with low environmental impact. Key discoveries in protein engineering, bioinformatics, recombinant technology and DNA sequencing have contributed towards the rapid acceleration of the field. This tutorial review explores enzyme engineering strategies and high-throughput screening approaches that have been applied for the discovery and development of enzymes for synthetic application. Landmark developments in the field are discussed and have been carefully selected to highlight the diverse synthetic applications of enzymes within the pharmaceutical, agricultural, food and chemical industries. The design and development of artificial biocatalytic cascades is also examined. This tutorial review will give readers an insight into the landmark discoveries and milestones that have helped shape and grow this branch of catalysis since the discovery of the first enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam O'Connell
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Amber Barry
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Ashleigh J Burke
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Amy E Hutton
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Elizabeth L Bell
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Anthony P Green
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Elaine O'Reilly
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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6
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Ma W, Li F, Li L, Li B, Niu K, Liu Q, Han L, Han L, Fang X. Production of D -tagatose, bioethanol, and microbial protein from the dairy industry by-product whey powder using an integrated bioprocess. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300415. [PMID: 38375553 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
We designed and constructed a green and sustainable bioprocess to efficiently coproduce D -tagatose, bioethanol, and microbial protein from whey powder. First, a one-pot biosynthesis process involving lactose hydrolysis and D -galactose redox reactions for D -tagatose production was established in vitro via a three-enzyme cascade. Second, a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent galactitol dehydrogenase mutant, D36A/I37R, based on the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent polyol dehydrogenase from Paracoccus denitrificans was created through rational design and screening. Moreover, an NADPH recycling module was created in the oxidoreductive pathway, and the tagatose yield increased by 3.35-fold compared with that achieved through the pathway without the cofactor cycle. The reaction process was accelerated using an enzyme assembly with a glycine-serine linker, and the tagatose production rate was 9.28-fold higher than the initial yield. Finally, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was introduced into the reaction solution, and 266.5 g of D -tagatose, 162.6 g of bioethanol, and 215.4 g of dry yeast (including 38% protein) were obtained from 1 kg of whey powder (including 810 g lactose). This study provides a promising sustainable process for functional food (D -tagatose) production. Moreover, this process fully utilized whey powder, demonstrating good atom economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Fengyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Longyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Li
- Shandong Henglu Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Kangle Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Shandong Henglu Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Laichuang Han
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lijuan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Rongcheng Huihai Chuangda Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Weihai, Shandong, China
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7
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Hu L, Liu L, Zhan C, Liu X, Liu C, Li Y, Bai Z, Yang Y. Creating NADP + -Specific Formate Dehydrogenases from Komagataella phaffii by Enzymatic Engineering. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300587. [PMID: 37783667 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Most natural formate dehydrogenases (FDHs) exhibit NAD+ specificity, making it imperative to explore the engineering of FDH cofactor specificity for NADPH regeneration systems. The endogenous FDH of Komagataella phaffii (K. phaffii), termed KphFDH, is a typical NAD+ -specific FDH. However, investigations into engineering the cofactor specificity of KphFDH have yet to be conducted. To develop an NADP+ -specific variant of KphFDH, we selected D195, Y196, and Q197 as mutation sites and generated twenty site-directed variants. Through kinetic characterization, KphFDH/V19 (D195Q/Y196R/Q197H) was identified as the variant with the highest specificity towards NADP+ , with a ratio of catalytic efficiency (kcat /KM )NADP+ /(kcat /KM )NAD+ of 129.226. Studies of enzymatic properties revealed that the optimal temperature and pH for the reduction reaction of NADP+ catalyzed by KphFDH/V19 were 45 °C and 7.5, respectively. The molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was performed to elucidate the mechanism of high catalytic activity of KphFDH/V19 towards NADP+ . Finally, KphFDH/V19 was applied to an in vitro NADPH regeneration system with Meso-diaminopimelate dehydrogenase from Symbiobacterium thermophilum (StDAPDH/H227V). This study successfully created a KphFDH variant with high NADP+ specificity and demonstrated its practical applicability in an in vitro NADPH regeneration system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Hu
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Luyao Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Chunjun Zhan
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiuxia Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Chunli Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Ye Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Zhonghu Bai
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yankun Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
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8
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Cárdenas-Moreno Y, González-Bacerio J, García Arellano H, Del Monte-Martínez A. Oxidoreductase enzymes: Characteristics, applications, and challenges as a biocatalyst. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2023; 70:2108-2135. [PMID: 37753743 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Oxidoreductases are enzymes with distinctive characteristics that favor their use in different areas, such as agriculture, environmental management, medicine, and analytical chemistry. Among these enzymes, oxidases, dehydrogenases, peroxidases, and oxygenases are very interesting. Because their substrate diversity, they can be used in different biocatalytic processes by homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. Immobilization of these enzymes has favored their use in the solution of different biotechnological problems, with a notable increase in the study and optimization of this technology in the last years. In this review, the main structural and catalytical features of oxidoreductases, their substrate specificity, immobilization, and usage in biocatalytic processes, such as bioconversion, bioremediation, and biosensors obtainment, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosberto Cárdenas-Moreno
- Laboratory for Enzyme Technology, Centre for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | - Jorge González-Bacerio
- Laboratory for Enzyme Technology, Centre for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | - Humberto García Arellano
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Division of Health and Biological Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Lerma, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Alberto Del Monte-Martínez
- Laboratory for Enzyme Technology, Centre for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
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9
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Zhang L, Zhou R, Fu X, Zhang G, Zhang L, Zhou SF, Jiang W. Specific coenzyme preference switching for an aldo-keto reductase that synthesizes the chiral intermediate of duloxetine. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 171:110326. [PMID: 37717530 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of chiral intermediates for the traditional antidepressant duloxetine has gained significant attention as the number of depressed patients continues to grow. S-N, N-Dimethyl-3-hydroxy-3-(2-thienyl)-1-propanamide (S-DHTP) is a critical intermediate in the synthesis of duloxetine, and the chemical synthesis process is complex and environmentally unfriendly. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) is a major cost driver in the biocatalytic production of S-DHTP from N, N-Dimethyl-3-keto-3-(2-thienyl)-1-propanamide (DKTP). Here, we successfully modified the coenzyme preference of an aldo-keto reductase (AKR7-2-1) to use the cheaper reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) through a coenzyme preference modification approach. We utilized protein engineering to create a superior mutant, Y53F, which increased the coenzyme specificity of AKR7-2-1 by 875-fold and improved its thermal stability, enhancing its potential for industrial applications. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to demonstrate the effect of mutations at key sites on the protein, revealing the altered coenzyme preference and increased thermal stability from structural and energetic changes. This study validates the viability of the coenzyme preference modification strategy for aldo-keto reductase, offering valuable insights for fellow researchers and guiding future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian Province, PR China
| | - Rui Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian Province, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Fu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian Province, PR China
| | - Guangya Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian Province, PR China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian Province, PR China.
| | - Wei Jiang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian Province, PR China.
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10
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Xu SY, Zhou L, Xu Y, Hong HY, Dai C, Wang YJ, Zheng YG. Recent advances in structure-based enzyme engineering for functional reconstruction. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:3427-3445. [PMID: 37638646 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Structural information can help engineer enzymes. Usually, specific amino acids in particular regions are targeted for functional reconstruction to enhance the catalytic performance, including activity, stereoselectivity, and thermostability. Appropriate selection of target sites is the key to structure-based design, which requires elucidation of the structure-function relationships. Here, we summarize the mutations of residues in different specific regions, including active center, access tunnels, and flexible loops, on fine-tuning the catalytic performance of enzymes, and discuss the effects of altering the local structural environment on the functions. In addition, we keep up with the recent progress of structure-based approaches for enzyme engineering, aiming to provide some guidance on how to take advantage of the structural information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Yuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Yue Hong
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Dai
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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11
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Son HF, Yu H, Hong J, Lee D, Kim IK, Kim KJ. Structure-Guided Protein Engineering of Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase from Corynebacterium glutamicum for Dual NAD/NADP Cofactor Specificity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:17852-17859. [PMID: 37935620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of l-glutamate-producing Corynebacterium glutamicum, it has evolved to be an industrial workhorse. For biobased chemical production, suppling sufficient amounts of the NADPH cofactor is crucial. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a glycolytic enzyme that converts glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and produces NADH, is a major prospective solution for the cofactor imbalance issue. In this study, we determined the crystal structure of GAPDH from C. glutamicum ATCC13032 (CgGAPDH). Based on the structural information, we generated six CgGAPDH variants, CgGAPDHL36S, CgGAPDHL36S/T37K, CgGAPDHL36S/T37K/P192S, CgGAPDHL36S/T37K/F100V/P192S, CgGAPDHL36S/T37K/F100L/P192S, and CgGAPDHL36S/T37K/F100I/P192S, that can produce both NADH and NAPDH. The final CgGAPDHL36S/T37K/F100V/P192S variant showed a 212-fold increase in enzyme activity for NADP as well as 200% and 30% increased activity for the G3P substrate under NAD and NADP cofactor conditions, respectively. In addition, crystal structures of CgGAPDH variants in complex with NAD(P) permit the elucidation of differences between wild-type CgGAPDH and variants in relation to cofactor stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeoncheol Francis Son
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonjeong Yu
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Four KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Hong
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Four KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghoon Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Four KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Kwon Kim
- KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Four KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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12
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Kumar H, Leimkühler S. Changing the Electron Acceptor Specificity of Rhodobacter capsulatus Formate Dehydrogenase from NAD + to NADP . Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16067. [PMID: 38003259 PMCID: PMC10671435 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Formate dehydrogenases catalyze the reversible oxidation of formate to carbon dioxide. These enzymes play an important role in CO2 reduction and serve as nicotinamide cofactor recycling enzymes. More recently, the CO2-reducing activity of formate dehydrogenases, especially metal-containing formate dehydrogenases, has been further explored for efficient atmospheric CO2 capture. Here, we investigate the nicotinamide binding site of formate dehydrogenase from Rhodobacter capsulatus for its specificity toward NAD+ vs. NADP+ reduction. Starting from the NAD+-specific wild-type RcFDH, key residues were exchanged to enable NADP+ binding on the basis of the NAD+-bound cryo-EM structure (PDB-ID: 6TG9). It has been observed that the lysine at position 157 (Lys157) in the β-subunit of the enzyme is essential for the binding of NAD+. RcFDH variants that had Glu259 exchanged for either a positively charged or uncharged amino acid had additional activity with NADP+. The FdsBL279R and FdsBK276A variants also showed activity with NADP+. Kinetic parameters for all the variants were determined and tested for activity in CO2 reduction. The variants were able to reduce CO2 using NADPH as an electron donor in a coupled assay with phosphite dehydrogenase (PTDH), which regenerates NADPH. This makes the enzyme suitable for applications where it can be coupled with other enzymes that use NADPH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silke Leimkühler
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany;
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13
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Ma W, Geng Q, Chen C, Zheng YC, Yu HL, Xu JH. Engineering a Formate Dehydrogenase for NADPH Regeneration. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300390. [PMID: 37455264 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) constitute major hydrogen donors for oxidative/reductive bio-transformations. NAD(P)H regeneration systems coupled with formate dehydrogenases (FDHs) represent a dreamful method. However, most of the native FDHs are NAD+ -dependent and suffer from insufficient reactivity compared to other enzymatic tools, such as glucose dehydrogenase. An efficient and competitive NADP+ -utilizing FDH necessitates the availability and robustness of NADPH regeneration systems. Herein, we report the engineering of a new FDH from Candida dubliniensis (CdFDH), which showed no strict NAD+ preference by a structure-guided rational/semi-rational design. A combinatorial mutant CdFDH-M4 (D197Q/Y198R/Q199N/A372S/K371T/▵Q375/K167R/H16L/K159R) exhibited 75-fold intensification of catalytic efficiency (kcat /Km ). Moreover, CdFDH-M4 has been successfully employed in diverse asymmetric oxidative/reductive processes with cofactor total turnover numbers (TTNs) ranging from 135 to 986, making it potentially useful for NADPH-required biocatalytic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Qiang Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yu-Cong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Hui-Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai, 200237, China
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14
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Bekiaris PS, Klamt S. Network-wide thermodynamic constraints shape NAD(P)H cofactor specificity of biochemical reactions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4660. [PMID: 37537166 PMCID: PMC10400544 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40297-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous coexistence of the redox cofactors NADH and NADPH is widely considered to facilitate an efficient operation of cellular redox metabolism. However, it remains unclear what shapes the NAD(P)H specificity of specific redox reactions. Here, we present a computational framework to analyze the effect of redox cofactor swaps on the maximal thermodynamic potential of a metabolic network and use it to investigate key aspects of redox cofactor redundancy in Escherichia coli. As one major result, our analysis suggests that evolved NAD(P)H specificities are largely shaped by metabolic network structure and associated thermodynamic constraints enabling thermodynamic driving forces that are close or even identical to the theoretical optimum and significantly higher compared to random specificities. Furthermore, while redundancy of NAD(P)H is clearly beneficial for thermodynamic driving forces, a third redox cofactor would require a low standard redox potential to be advantageous. Our approach also predicts trends of redox-cofactor concentration ratios and could facilitate the design of optimal redox cofactor specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steffen Klamt
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, Magdeburg, Germany.
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15
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Murray J, Hodgson DRW, O’Donoghue AC. Going Full Circle with Organocatalysis and Biocatalysis: The Latent Potential of Cofactor Mimics in Asymmetric Synthesis. J Org Chem 2023; 88:7619-7629. [PMID: 37126859 PMCID: PMC10278144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Many enzymes work in tandem with small molecule cofactors, which have inspired organocatalyst designs. Chemical modification of cofactor scaffolds has increased organocatalytic reactivity and reaction scope. This synopsis presents a selection of recent advances in the use of cofactors (native and mimics) in organocatalysis and biocatalysis. We aim to highlight the benefits of combining fundamental knowledge gained in both bio- and organo-catalysis for asymmetric biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Murray
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1
3LE, United
Kingdom
| | - David R. W. Hodgson
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1
3LE, United
Kingdom
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16
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Sellés Vidal L, Isalan M, Heap JT, Ledesma-Amaro R. A primer to directed evolution: current methodologies and future directions. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:271-291. [PMID: 37034405 PMCID: PMC10074555 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00231k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Directed evolution is one of the most powerful tools for protein engineering and functions by harnessing natural evolution, but on a shorter timescale. It enables the rapid selection of variants of biomolecules with properties that make them more suitable for specific applications. Since the first in vitro evolution experiments performed by Sol Spiegelman in 1967, a wide range of techniques have been developed to tackle the main two steps of directed evolution: genetic diversification (library generation), and isolation of the variants of interest. This review covers the main modern methodologies, discussing the advantages and drawbacks of each, and hence the considerations for designing directed evolution experiments. Furthermore, the most recent developments are discussed, showing how advances in the handling of ever larger library sizes are enabling new research questions to be tackled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Sellés Vidal
- Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Mark Isalan
- Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - John T Heap
- Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Rodrigo Ledesma-Amaro
- Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
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17
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Nielsen JR, Weusthuis RA, Huang WE. Growth-coupled enzyme engineering through manipulation of redox cofactor regeneration. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 63:108102. [PMID: 36681133 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes need to be efficient, robust, and highly specific for their effective use in commercial bioproduction. These properties can be introduced using various enzyme engineering techniques, with random mutagenesis and directed evolution (DE) often being chosen when there is a lack of structural information -or mechanistic understanding- of the enzyme. The screening or selection step of DE is the limiting part of this process, since it must ideally be (ultra)-high throughput, specifically target the catalytic activity of the enzyme and have an accurately quantifiable metric for said activity. Growth-coupling selection strategies involve coupling a desired enzyme activity to cellular metabolism and therefore growth, where growth (rate) becomes the output metric. Redox cofactors (NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH) have recently been identified as promising target molecules for growth coupling, owing to their essentiality for cellular metabolism and ubiquitous nature. Redox cofactor oxidation or reduction can be disrupted through metabolic engineering and the use of specific culturing conditions, rendering the cell inviable unless a 'rescue' reaction complements the imposed metabolic deficiency. Using this principle, enzyme variants displaying improved cofactor oxidation or reduction rates can be selected for through an increased growth rate of the cell. In recent years, several E. coli strains have been developed that are deficient in the oxidation or reduction of NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH pairs, and of non-canonical redox cofactor pairs NMN+/NMNH and NCD+/NCDH, which provides researchers with a versatile toolbox of enzyme engineering platforms. A range of redox cofactor dependent enzymes have since been engineered using a variety of these strains, demonstrating the power of using this growth-coupling technique for enzyme engineering. This review aims to summarize the metabolic engineering involved in creating strains auxotrophic for the reduced or oxidized state of redox cofactors, and the resulting successes in using them for enzyme engineering. Perspectives on the unique features and potential future applications of this technique are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochem R Nielsen
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Ruud A Weusthuis
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen 6700AA, the Netherlands.
| | - Wei E Huang
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom.
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18
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Vainstein S, Banta S. Engineering Candida boidinii formate dehydrogenase for activity with the non-canonical cofactor 3'-NADP(H). Protein Eng Des Sel 2023; 36:gzad009. [PMID: 37658768 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzad009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidoreductases catalyze essential redox reactions, and many require a diffusible cofactor for electron transport, such as NAD(H). Non-canonical cofactor analogs have been explored as a means to create enzymatic reactions that operate orthogonally to existing metabolism. Here, we aimed to engineer the formate dehydrogenase from Candid boidinii (CbFDH) for activity with the non-canonical cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 3'-phosphate (3'-NADP(H)). We used PyRosetta, the Cofactor Specificity Reversal Structural Analysis and Library Design (CSR-SALAD), and structure-guided saturation mutagenesis to identify mutations that enable CbFDH to use 3'-NADP+. Two single mutants, D195A and D195G, had the highest activities with 3'-NADP+, while the double mutant D195G/Y196S exhibited the highest cofactor selectivity reversal behavior. Steady state kinetic analyses were performed; the D195A mutant exhibited the highest KTS value with 3'-NADP+. This work compares the utility of computational approaches for cofactor specificity engineering while demonstrating the engineering of an important enzyme for novel non-canonical cofactor selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomon Vainstein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Scott Banta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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19
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Mellor SB, Behrendorff JBYH, Ipsen JØ, Crocoll C, Laursen T, Gillam EMJ, Pribil M. Exploiting photosynthesis-driven P450 activity to produce indican in tobacco chloroplasts. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1049177. [PMID: 36743583 PMCID: PMC9890960 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1049177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic organelles offer attractive features for engineering small molecule bioproduction by their ability to convert solar energy into chemical energy required for metabolism. The possibility to couple biochemical production directly to photosynthetic assimilation as a source of energy and substrates has intrigued metabolic engineers. Specifically, the chemical diversity found in plants often relies on cytochrome P450-mediated hydroxylations that depend on reductant supply for catalysis and which often lead to metabolic bottlenecks for heterologous production of complex molecules. By directing P450 enzymes to plant chloroplasts one can elegantly deal with such redox prerequisites. In this study, we explore the capacity of the plant photosynthetic machinery to drive P450-dependent formation of the indigo precursor indoxyl-β-D-glucoside (indican) by targeting an engineered indican biosynthetic pathway to tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) chloroplasts. We show that both native and engineered variants belonging to the human CYP2 family are catalytically active in chloroplasts when driven by photosynthetic reducing power and optimize construct designs to improve productivity. However, while increasing supply of tryptophan leads to an increase in indole accumulation, it does not improve indican productivity, suggesting that P450 activity limits overall productivity. Co-expression of different redox partners also does not improve productivity, indicating that supply of reducing power is not a bottleneck. Finally, in vitro kinetic measurements showed that the different redox partners were efficiently reduced by photosystem I but plant ferredoxin provided the highest light-dependent P450 activity. This study demonstrates the inherent ability of photosynthesis to support P450-dependent metabolic pathways. Plants and photosynthetic microbes are therefore uniquely suited for engineering P450-dependent metabolic pathways regardless of enzyme origin. Our findings have implications for metabolic engineering in photosynthetic hosts for production of high-value chemicals or drug metabolites for pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas B. Mellor
- Section for Plant Biochemistry, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - James B. Y. H. Behrendorff
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Johan Ø. Ipsen
- Section for Forest, Nature and Biomass, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Christoph Crocoll
- DynaMo Center, Section for Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Tomas Laursen
- Section for Plant Biochemistry, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Elizabeth M. J. Gillam
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mathias Pribil
- Section for Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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20
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Selective Furfuryl Alcohol Production from Furfural via Bio-Electrocatalysis. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The catalytic reduction of renewable furfural into furfuryl alcohol for various applications is in the ascendant. Nonetheless, the conventional chemo-catalysis hydrogenation of furfural always suffers from poor selectivity, harsh conditions, and expensive catalysts. Herein, to overcome the serious technical barriers of conventional furfuryl alcohol production, an alternative bio-electrocatalytic hydrogenation system was established under mild and neutral conditions, where the dissolved cofactor (NADH) and the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) participated in a tandem reaction driven by the electron from a novel Rh (III) complex fixed cathode. Under the optimized conditions, 81.5% of furfural alcohol selectivity can be realized at −0.43 V vs. RHE. This contribution presents a ‘green’ and promising route for the valorization of furfural and other biomass compounds.
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21
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Volk MJ, Tran VG, Tan SI, Mishra S, Fatma Z, Boob A, Li H, Xue P, Martin TA, Zhao H. Metabolic Engineering: Methodologies and Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 123:5521-5570. [PMID: 36584306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic engineering aims to improve the production of economically valuable molecules through the genetic manipulation of microbial metabolism. While the discipline is a little over 30 years old, advancements in metabolic engineering have given way to industrial-level molecule production benefitting multiple industries such as chemical, agriculture, food, pharmaceutical, and energy industries. This review describes the design, build, test, and learn steps necessary for leading a successful metabolic engineering campaign. Moreover, we highlight major applications of metabolic engineering, including synthesizing chemicals and fuels, broadening substrate utilization, and improving host robustness with a focus on specific case studies. Finally, we conclude with a discussion on perspectives and future challenges related to metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Volk
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Vinh G Tran
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Shih-I Tan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Shekhar Mishra
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Zia Fatma
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Aashutosh Boob
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Hongxiang Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Pu Xue
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Teresa A Martin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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22
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Sugiki S, Niide T, Toya Y, Shimizu H. Logistic Regression-Guided Identification of Cofactor Specificity-Contributing Residues in Enzyme with Sequence Datasets Partitioned by Catalytic Properties. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:3973-3985. [PMID: 36321539 PMCID: PMC9764414 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Changing the substrate/cofactor specificity of an enzyme requires multiple mutations at spatially adjacent positions around the substrate pocket. However, this is challenging when solely based on crystal structure information because enzymes undergo dynamic conformational changes during the reaction process. Herein, we proposed a method for estimating the contribution of each amino acid residue to substrate specificity by deploying a phylogenetic analysis with logistic regression. Since this method can estimate the candidate amino acids for mutation by ranking, it is readable and can be used in protein engineering. We demonstrated our concept using redox cofactor conversion of the Escherichia coli malic enzyme as a model, which still lacks crystal structure elucidation. The use of logistic regression with amino acid sequences classified by cofactor specificity showed that the NADP+-dependent malic enzyme completely switched cofactor specificity to NAD+ dependence without the need for a practical screening step. The model showed that surrounding residues made a greater contribution to cofactor specificity than those in the interior of the substrate pocket. These residues might be difficult to identify from crystal structure observations. We show that a highly accurate and inferential machine learning model was obtained using amino acid sequences of structurally homologous and functionally distinct enzymes as input data.
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Insertions and deletions mediated functional divergence of Rossmann fold enzymes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2207965119. [PMID: 36417431 PMCID: PMC9860332 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2207965119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleobase-containing coenzymes are hypothesized to be relics of an early RNA-based world that preceded the emergence of proteins. Despite the importance of coenzyme-protein synergisms, their emergence and evolution remain understudied. An excellent target to address this issue is the Rossmann fold, the most catalytically diverse and abundant protein architecture in nature. We investigated two main Rossmann lineages: the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)) and the S-adenosyl methionine (SAM)- binding superfamilies. To identify the evolutionary changes that lead to a coenzyme specificity switch on these superfamilies, we performed structural and sequence-based Hidden Markov model analysis to systematically search for key motifs in their coenzyme-binding pockets. Our analyses revealed that through insertions and deletions (InDels) and a residue substitution, the ancient β1-loop-α1 coenzyme-binding structure of NAD(P) could be reshaped into the SAM-binding β1-loop-α1 structure. To experimentally prove this obsevation, we removed three amino acids from the NAD(P)-binding pocket and solved the structure of the resulting mutant, revealing the characteristic loop features of the SAM-binding pocket. To confirm the binding to SAM, we performed isothermal titration calorimetry measurements. Molecular dynamics simulations also corroborated the role of InDels in abolishing NAD binding and acquiring SAM binding. Our results uncovered how nature may have utilized insertions and deletions to optimize the different coenzyme-binding pockets and the distinct functionalities observed for Rossmann superfamilies. This work also proposes a general mechanism by which protein templates could have been recycled through the course of evolution to adopt different coenzymes and confer distinct chemistries.
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24
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King E, Maxel S, Zhang Y, Kenney KC, Cui Y, Luu E, Siegel JB, Weiss GA, Luo R, Li H. Orthogonal glycolytic pathway enables directed evolution of noncanonical cofactor oxidase. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7282. [PMID: 36435948 PMCID: PMC9701214 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35021-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Noncanonical cofactor biomimetics (NCBs) such as nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN+) provide enhanced scalability for biomanufacturing. However, engineering enzymes to accept NCBs is difficult. Here, we establish a growth selection platform to evolve enzymes to utilize NMN+-based reducing power. This is based on an orthogonal, NMN+-dependent glycolytic pathway in Escherichia coli which can be coupled to any reciprocal enzyme to recycle the ensuing reduced NMN+. With a throughput of >106 variants per iteration, the growth selection discovers a Lactobacillus pentosus NADH oxidase variant with ~10-fold increase in NMNH catalytic efficiency and enhanced activity for other NCBs. Molecular modeling and experimental validation suggest that instead of directly contacting NCBs, the mutations optimize the enzyme's global conformational dynamics to resemble the WT with the native cofactor bound. Restoring the enzyme's access to catalytically competent conformation states via deep navigation of protein sequence space with high-throughput evolution provides a universal route to engineer NCB-dependent enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward King
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Sarah Maxel
- Department Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Yulai Zhang
- Department Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Karissa C Kenney
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Youtian Cui
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Emma Luu
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Justin B Siegel
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Medicine University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Gregory A Weiss
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Ray Luo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Han Li
- Department Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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Biocatalytic Cascade of Sebacic Acid Production with In Situ Co-Factor Regeneration Enabled by Engineering of an Alcohol Dehydrogenase. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12111318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sebacic acid (1,10-decanedioic acid) is an important chemical intermediate. Traditional chemical oxidation methods for sebacic acid production do not conform with “green” manufacturing. With the rapid development of enzymatic technologies, a biocatalytic cascade method based on the Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase was developed. The most attractive point of the method is the oleic acid that can be utilized as raw material, which is abundant in nature. However, this bio-catalysis process needs co-factor electron carriers, and the high cost of the co-factor limits its progress. In this piece of work, a co-factor in situ regeneration system between ADH from Micrococcus luteus WIUJH20 (MlADH) and BVMO is proposed. Since the co-factors of both enzymes are different, switching the co-factor preference of native MlADH from NAD+ to NADP+ is necessary. Switching research was carried out based on in silico simulation, and the sites of Tyr36, Asp 37, Ala38, and Val39 were selected for mutation investigation. The experimental results demonstrated that mutants of MlADH_D37G and MlADH_D37G/A38T/V39K would utilize NADP+ efficiently, and the mutant of MlADH_D37G/A38T/V39K demonstrated the highest sebacic acid yield with the combination of BVMO. The results indicated that the in situ co-factor generation system is successfully developed, which would improve the efficiency of the biocatalytic cascade for sebacic acid production and is helpful for simplifying product isolation, thus, reducing the cost of the enzymatic transformations process.
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26
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Rational Engineering of 3α-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase/Carbonyl Reductase for a Biomimetic Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Cofactor. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12101094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are powerful biological catalysts for natural substrates but they have low catalytic efficiency for non-natural substrates. Protein engineering can be used to optimize enzymes for catalysis and stability. 3α-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/carbonyl reductase (3α-HSD/CR) catalyzes the oxidoreduction reaction of NAD+ with androsterone. Based on the structure and catalytic mechanism, we mutated the residues of T11, I13, D41, A70, and I112 and they interacted with different portions of NAD+ to switch cofactor specificity to biomimetic cofactor nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN+). Compared to wild-type 3α-HSD/CR, the catalytic efficiency of these mutants for NAD+ decreased significantly except for the T11 mutants but changed slightly for NMN+ except for the A70K mutant. The A70K mutant increased the catalytic efficiency for NMN+ by 8.7-fold, concomitant with a significant decrease in NAD+ by 1.4 × 104-fold, resulting in 9.6 × 104-fold cofactor specificity switch toward NMN+ over NAD+. Meanwhile, the I112K variant increased the thermal stability and changed to a three-state transition from a two-state transition of thermal unfolding of wild-type 3α-HSD/CR by differential scanning fluorimetry. Molecular docking analysis indicated that mutations on these residues affect the position and conformation of the docked NAD+ and NMN+, thereby affecting their activity. A70K variant sterically blocks the binding with NAD+, restores the H-bonding interactions of catalytic residues of Y155 and K159 with NMN+, and enhances the catalytic efficiency for NMN+.
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27
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A Novel NADP(H)-Dependent 7alpha-HSDH: Discovery and Construction of Substrate Selectivity Mutant by C-Terminal Truncation. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12070781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
7α-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7α-HSDH) plays an important role in the biosynthesis of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) using complex substrate chicken bile powder as raw material. However, chicken bile powder contains 4.74% taurocholic acid (TCA), and a new by-product tauroursocholic acid (TUCA) will be produced, having the risk of causing colorectal cancer. Here, we obtained a novel NADP(H)-dependent 7α-HSDH with good thermostability from Ursus thibetanus gut microbiota (named St-2-2). St-2-2 could catalyze taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA) and TCA with the catalytic activity of 128.13 and 269.39 U/mg, respectively. Interestingly, by a structure-based C-terminal truncation strategy, St-2-2△C10 only remained catalytic activity on TCDCA (14.19 U/mg) and had no activity on TCA. As a result, it can selectively catalyze TCDCA in waste chicken bile powder. MD simulation and structural analysis indicated that enhanced surface hydrophilicity and improved C-terminal rigidity affected the entry and exit of substrates. Hydrogen bond interactions between different subunits and interaction changes in Phe249 of the C-terminal loop inverted the substrate catalytic activity. This is the first report on substrate selectivity of 7α-HSDH by C-terminal truncation strategy and it can be extended to other 7α-HSDHs (J-1-1, S1-a-1).
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28
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Liu Z, Zhang R, Zhang W, Xu Y. Structure-based rational design of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases for improving and diversifying steroid synthesis. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022:1-17. [PMID: 35834355 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2054770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A group of steroidogenic enzymes, hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases are involved in steroid metabolism which is very important in the cell: signaling, growth, reproduction, and energy homeostasis. The enzymes show an inherent function in the interconversion of ketosteroids and hydroxysteroids in a position- and stereospecific manner on the steroid nucleus and side-chains. However, the biocatalysis of steroids reaction is a vital and demanding, yet challenging, task to produce the desired enantiopure products with non-natural substrates or non-natural cofactors, and/or in non-physiological conditions. This has driven the use of protein design strategies to improve their inherent biosynthetic efficiency or activate their silent catalytic ability. In this review, the innate features and catalytic characteristics of enzymes based on sequence-structure-function relationships of steroidogenic enzymes are reviewed. Combining structure information and catalytic mechanisms, progress in protein redesign to stimulate potential function, for example, substrate specificity, cofactor dependence, and catalytic stability are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Liu
- Lab of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Rongzhen Zhang
- Lab of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wenchi Zhang
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Lab of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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29
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Jia Q, Zheng YC, Li HP, Qian XL, Zhang ZJ, Xu JH. Engineering Isopropanol Dehydrogenase for Efficient Regeneration of Nicotinamide Cofactors. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0034122. [PMID: 35442081 PMCID: PMC9088361 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00341-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Isopropanol dehydrogenase (IPADH) is one of the most attractive options for nicotinamide cofactor regeneration due to its low cost and simple downstream processing. However, poor thermostability and strict cofactor dependency hinder its practical application for bioconversions. In this study, we simultaneously improved the thermostability (433-fold) and catalytic activity (3.3-fold) of IPADH from Brucella suis via a flexible segment engineering strategy. Meanwhile, the cofactor preference of IPADH was successfully switched from NAD(H) to NADP(H) by 1.23 × 106-fold. When these variants were employed in three typical bioredox reactions to drive the synthesis of important chiral pharmaceutical building blocks, they outperformed the commonly used cofactor regeneration systems (glucose dehydrogenase [GDH], formate dehydrogenase [FDH], and lactate dehydrogenase [LDH]) with respect to efficiency of cofactor regeneration. Overall, our study provides two promising IPADH variants with complementary cofactor specificities that have great potential for wide applications. IMPORTANCE Oxidoreductases represent one group of the most important biocatalysts for synthesis of various chiral synthons. However, their practical application was hindered by the expensive nicotinamide cofactors used. Isopropanol dehydrogenase (IPADH) is one of the most attractive biocatalysts for nicotinamide cofactor regeneration. However, poor thermostability and strict cofactor dependency hinder its practical application. In this work, the thermostability and catalytic activity of an IPADH were simultaneously improved via a flexible segment engineering strategy. Meanwhile, the cofactor preference of IPADH was successfully switched from NAD(H) to NADP(H). The resultant variants show great potential for regeneration of nicotinamide cofactors, and the engineering strategy might serve as a useful approach for future engineering of other oxidoreductases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Cong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Long Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Suzhou Bioforany EnzyTech Co., Ltd., Changshu, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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30
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Abstract
Metabolism relies on a small class of molecules (coenzymes) that serve as universal donors and acceptors of key chemical groups and electrons. Although metabolic networks crucially depend on structurally redundant coenzymes [e.g., NAD(H) and NADP(H)] associated with different enzymes, the criteria that led to the emergence of this redundancy remain poorly understood. Our combination of modeling and structural and sequence analysis indicates that coenzyme redundancy may not be essential for metabolism but could rather constitute an evolved strategy promoting efficient usage of enzymes when biochemical reactions are near equilibrium. Our work suggests that early metabolism may have operated with fewer coenzymes and that adaptation for metabolic efficiency may have driven the rise of coenzyme diversity in living systems. Coenzymes distribute a variety of chemical moieties throughout cellular metabolism, participating in group (e.g., phosphate and acyl) and electron transfer. For a variety of reactions requiring acceptors or donors of specific resources, there often exist degenerate sets of molecules [e.g., NAD(H) and NADP(H)] that carry out similar functions. Although the physiological roles of various coenzyme systems are well established, it is unclear what selective pressures may have driven the emergence of coenzyme redundancy. Here, we use genome-wide metabolic modeling approaches to decompose the selective pressures driving enzymatic specificity for either NAD(H) or NADP(H) in the metabolic network of Escherichia coli. We found that few enzymes are thermodynamically constrained to using a single coenzyme, and in principle a metabolic network relying on only NAD(H) is feasible. However, structural and sequence analyses revealed widespread conservation of residues that retain selectivity for either NAD(H) or NADP(H), suggesting that additional forces may shape specificity. Using a model accounting for the cost of oxidoreductase enzyme expression, we found that coenzyme redundancy universally reduces the minimal amount of protein required to catalyze coenzyme-coupled reactions, inducing individual reactions to strongly prefer one coenzyme over another when reactions are near thermodynamic equilibrium. We propose that protein minimization generically promotes coenzyme redundancy and that coenzymes typically thought to exist in a single pool (e.g., coenzyme A [CoA]) may exist in more than one form (e.g., dephospho-CoA).
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31
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Fard PT, Kim K, Lee S, Kim J. Ligand effects in rhodium complexes for chemical
NADH
regeneration. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kayoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science Ewha Womans University Seoul Korea
| | - Sohyun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science Ewha Womans University Seoul Korea
| | - Jinheung Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science Ewha Womans University Seoul Korea
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32
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Sellés Vidal L, Murray JW, Heap JT. Versatile selective evolutionary pressure using synthetic defect in universal metabolism. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6859. [PMID: 34824282 PMCID: PMC8616928 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27266-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-natural needs of industrial applications often require new or improved enzymes. The structures and properties of enzymes are difficult to predict or design de novo. Instead, semi-rational approaches mimicking evolution entail diversification of parent enzymes followed by evaluation of isolated variants. Artificial selection pressures coupling desired enzyme properties to cell growth could overcome this key bottleneck, but are usually narrow in scope. Here we show diverse enzymes using the ubiquitous cofactors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) can substitute for defective NAD regeneration, representing a very broadly-applicable artificial selection. Inactivation of Escherichia coli genes required for anaerobic NAD regeneration causes a conditional growth defect. Cells are rescued by foreign enzymes connected to the metabolic network only via NAD or NADP, but only when their substrates are supplied. Using this principle, alcohol dehydrogenase, imine reductase and nitroreductase variants with desired selectivity modifications, and a high-performing isopropanol metabolic pathway, are isolated from libraries of millions of variants in single-round experiments with typical limited information to guide design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Sellés Vidal
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK ,grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - James W. Murray
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - John T. Heap
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK ,grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK ,grid.4563.40000 0004 1936 8868School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
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Lemaire ON, Müller MC, Kahnt J, Wagner T. Structural Rearrangements of a Dodecameric Ketol-Acid Reductoisomerase Isolated from a Marine Thermophilic Methanogen. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1679. [PMID: 34827677 PMCID: PMC8615647 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketol-acid reductoisomerase (KARI) orchestrates the biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids, an elementary reaction in prototrophic organisms as well as a valuable process in biotechnology. Bacterial KARIs belonging to class I organise as dimers or dodecamers and were intensively studied to understand their remarkable specificity towards NADH or NADPH, but also to develop antibiotics. Here, we present the first structural study on a KARI natively isolated from a methanogenic archaea. The dodecameric structure of 0.44-MDa was obtained in two different conformations, an open and close state refined to a resolution of 2.2-Å and 2.1-Å, respectively. These structures illustrate the conformational movement required for substrate and coenzyme binding. While the close state presents the complete NADP bound in front of a partially occupied Mg2+-site, the Mg2+-free open state contains a tartrate at the nicotinamide location and a bound NADP with the adenine-nicotinamide protruding out of the active site. Structural comparisons show a very high conservation of the active site environment and detailed analyses point towards few specific residues required for the dodecamerisation. These residues are not conserved in other dodecameric KARIs that stabilise their trimeric interface differently, suggesting that dodecamerisation, the cellular role of which is still unknown, might have occurred several times in the evolution of KARIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Nicolas Lemaire
- Microbial Metabolism Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany; (O.N.L.); (M.-C.M.)
| | - Marie-Caroline Müller
- Microbial Metabolism Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany; (O.N.L.); (M.-C.M.)
| | - Jörg Kahnt
- Core Facility for Mass Spectrometry & Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 10, 35043 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Tristan Wagner
- Microbial Metabolism Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany; (O.N.L.); (M.-C.M.)
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Lupacchini S, Appel J, Stauder R, Bolay P, Klähn S, Lettau E, Adrian L, Lauterbach L, Bühler B, Schmid A, Toepel J. Rewiring cyanobacterial photosynthesis by the implementation of an oxygen-tolerant hydrogenase. Metab Eng 2021; 68:199-209. [PMID: 34673236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Molecular hydrogen (H2) is considered as an ideal energy carrier to replace fossil fuels in future. Biotechnological H2 production driven by oxygenic photosynthesis appears highly promising, as biocatalyst and H2 syntheses rely mainly on light, water, and CO2 and not on rare metals. This biological process requires coupling of the photosynthetic water oxidizing apparatus to a H2-producing hydrogenase. However, this strategy is impeded by the simultaneous release of oxygen (O2) which is a strong inhibitor of most hydrogenases. Here, we addressed this challenge, by the introduction of an O2-tolerant hydrogenase into phototrophic bacteria, namely the cyanobacterial model strain Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. To this end, the gene cluster encoding the soluble, O2-tolerant, and NAD(H)-dependent hydrogenase from Ralstonia eutropha (ReSH) was functionally transferred to a Synechocystis strain featuring a knockout of the native O2 sensitive hydrogenase. Intriguingly, photosynthetically active cells produced the O2 tolerant ReSH, and activity was confirmed in vitro and in vivo. Further, ReSH enabled the constructed strain Syn_ReSH+ to utilize H2 as sole electron source to fix CO2. Syn_ReSH+ also was able to produce H2 under dark fermentative conditions as well as in presence of light, under conditions fostering intracellular NADH excess. These findings highlight a high level of interconnection between ReSH and cyanobacterial redox metabolism. This study lays a foundation for further engineering, e.g., of electron transfer to ReSH via NADPH or ferredoxin, to finally enable photosynthesis-driven H2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lupacchini
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research -UFZ, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jens Appel
- Department of Biology, Botanical Institute, University Kiel, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ron Stauder
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research -UFZ, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paul Bolay
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research -UFZ, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Klähn
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research -UFZ, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Lettau
- Institute for Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lorenz Adrian
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research -UFZ, 04318, Leipzig, Germany; Chair of Geobiotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 10923, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Lauterbach
- Institute for Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Applied Microbiology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bruno Bühler
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research -UFZ, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research -UFZ, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörg Toepel
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research -UFZ, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
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35
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Kamiński K, Ludwiczak J, Jasiński M, Bukala A, Madaj R, Szczepaniak K, Dunin-Horkawicz S. Rossmann-toolbox: a deep learning-based protocol for the prediction and design of cofactor specificity in Rossmann fold proteins. Brief Bioinform 2021; 23:6375059. [PMID: 34571541 PMCID: PMC8769691 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbab371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rossmann fold enzymes are involved in essential biochemical pathways such as nucleotide and amino acid metabolism. Their functioning relies on interaction with cofactors, small nucleoside-based compounds specifically recognized by a conserved βαβ motif shared by all Rossmann fold proteins. While Rossmann methyltransferases recognize only a single cofactor type, the S-adenosylmethionine, the oxidoreductases, depending on the family, bind nicotinamide (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) or flavin-based (flavin adenine dinucleotide) cofactors. In this study, we showed that despite its short length, the βαβ motif unambiguously defines the specificity towards the cofactor. Following this observation, we trained two complementary deep learning models for the prediction of the cofactor specificity based on the sequence and structural features of the βαβ motif. A benchmark on two independent test sets, one containing βαβ motifs bearing no resemblance to those of the training set, and the other comprising 38 experimentally confirmed cases of rational design of the cofactor specificity, revealed the nearly perfect performance of the two methods. The Rossmann-toolbox protocols can be accessed via the webserver at https://lbs.cent.uw.edu.pl/rossmann-toolbox and are available as a Python package at https://github.com/labstructbioinf/rossmann-toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Kamiński
- Laboratory of Structural Bioinformatics, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Ludwiczak
- Laboratory of Structural Bioinformatics, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.,Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Jasiński
- Laboratory of Structural Bioinformatics, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adriana Bukala
- Laboratory of Structural Bioinformatics, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafal Madaj
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lodz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Szczepaniak
- Laboratory of Structural Bioinformatics, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stanisław Dunin-Horkawicz
- Laboratory of Structural Bioinformatics, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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Maxel S, Saleh S, King E, Aspacio D, Zhang L, Luo R, Li H. Growth-Based, High-Throughput Selection for NADH Preference in an Oxygen-Dependent Biocatalyst. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:2359-2370. [PMID: 34469126 PMCID: PMC10362907 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyclohexanone monooxygenases (CHMO) consume molecular oxygen and NADPH to catalyze the valuable oxidation of cyclic ketones. However, CHMO usage is restricted by poor stability and stringent specificity for NADPH. Efforts to engineer CHMO have been limited by the sensitivity of the enzyme to perturbations in conformational dynamics and long-range interactions that cannot be predicted. We demonstrate an aerobic, high-throughput growth selection platform in Escherichia coli for oxygenase evolution based on NADH redox balance. We applied this NADH-dependent selection to alter the cofactor specificity of CHMO to accept NADH, a less expensive cofactor than NADPH. We first identified the variant CHMO DTNP (S208D-K326T-K349N-L143P) with a ∼1200-fold relative cofactor specificity switch from NADPH to NADH compared to the wild type through semirational design. Molecular modeling suggests CHMO DTNP activity is driven by cooperative fine-tuning of cofactor contacts. Additional evolution of CHMO DTNP through random mutagenesis yielded the variant CHMO DTNPY with a ∼2900-fold relative specificity switch compared to the wild type afforded by an additional distal mutation, H163Y. These results highlight the difficulty in engineering functionally innovative variants from static models and rational designs, and the need for high throughput selection methods. Our introduced tools for oxygenase engineering accelerate the advancements of characteristics essential for industrial feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Maxel
- Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Samer Saleh
- Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Edward King
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Derek Aspacio
- Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Linyue Zhang
- Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Ray Luo
- Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Han Li
- Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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Change in Cofactor Specificity of Oxidoreductases by Adaptive Evolution of an Escherichia coli NADPH-Auxotrophic Strain. mBio 2021; 12:e0032921. [PMID: 34399608 PMCID: PMC8406311 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00329-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The nicotinamide cofactor specificity of enzymes plays a key role in regulating metabolic processes and attaining cellular homeostasis. Multiple studies have used enzyme engineering tools or a directed evolution approach to switch the cofactor preference of specific oxidoreductases. However, whole-cell adaptation toward the emergence of novel cofactor regeneration routes has not been previously explored. To address this challenge, we used an Escherichia coli NADPH-auxotrophic strain. We continuously cultivated this strain under selective conditions. After 500 to 1,100 generations of adaptive evolution using different carbon sources, we isolated several strains capable of growing without an external NADPH source. Most isolated strains were found to harbor a mutated NAD+-dependent malic enzyme (MaeA). A single mutation in MaeA was found to switch cofactor specificity while lowering enzyme activity. Most mutated MaeA variants also harbored a second mutation that restored the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme. Remarkably, the best MaeA variants identified this way displayed overall superior kinetics relative to the wild-type variant with NAD+. In other evolved strains, the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (Lpd) was mutated to accept NADP+, thus enabling the pyruvate dehydrogenase and 2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes to regenerate NADPH. Interestingly, no other central metabolism oxidoreductase seems to evolve toward reducing NADP+, which we attribute to several biochemical constraints, including unfavorable thermodynamics. This study demonstrates the potential and biochemical limits of evolving oxidoreductases within the cellular context toward changing cofactor specificity, further showing that long-term adaptive evolution can optimize enzyme activity beyond what is achievable via rational design or directed evolution using small libraries.
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Shin JH, Andersen AJC, Achterberg P, Olsson L. Exploring functionality of the reverse β-oxidation pathway in Corynebacterium glutamicum for production of adipic acid. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:155. [PMID: 34348702 PMCID: PMC8336102 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01647-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipic acid, a six-carbon platform chemical mainly used in nylon production, can be produced via reverse β-oxidation in microbial systems. The advantages posed by Corynebacterium glutamicum as a model cell factory for implementing the pathway include: (1) availability of genetic tools, (2) excretion of succinate and acetate when the TCA cycle becomes overflown, (3) initiation of biosynthesis with succinyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA, and (4) established succinic acid production. Here, we implemented the reverse β-oxidation pathway in C. glutamicum and assessed its functionality for adipic acid biosynthesis. RESULTS To obtain a non-decarboxylative condensation product of acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA, and to subsequently remove CoA from the condensation product, we introduced heterologous 3-oxoadipyl-CoA thiolase and acyl-CoA thioesterase into C. glutamicum. No 3-oxoadipic acid could be detected in the cultivation broth, possibly due to its endogenous catabolism. To successfully biosynthesize and secrete 3-hydroxyadipic acid, 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA dehydrogenase was introduced. Addition of 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA hydratase led to biosynthesis and excretion of trans-2-hexenedioic acid. Finally, trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase was inserted to yield 37 µg/L of adipic acid. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, we engineered the reverse β-oxidation pathway in C. glutamicum and assessed its potential for producing adipic acid from glucose as starting material. The presence of adipic acid, albeit small amount, in the cultivation broth indicated that the synthetic genes were expressed and functional. Moreover, 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA hydratase and β-ketoadipyl-CoA thiolase were determined as potential target for further improvement of the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Shin
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Puck Achterberg
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Lisbeth Olsson
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Zachos I, Döring M, Tafertshofer G, Simon RC, Sieber V. carba‐Nicotinamid‐Adenin‐Dinukleotid‐Phosphat: Robuster Cofaktor für die Redox‐Biokatalyse. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202017027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Zachos
- Lehrstuhl für Chemie der biogenen Rohstoffe Campus Straubing für Biotechnologie und Nachhaltigkeit Technische Universität München Schulgasse 16 94315 Straubing Deutschland
| | - Manuel Döring
- Lehrstuhl für Chemie der biogenen Rohstoffe Campus Straubing für Biotechnologie und Nachhaltigkeit Technische Universität München Schulgasse 16 94315 Straubing Deutschland
- Synbiofoundry@TUM Technische Universität München Schulgasse 22 94315 Straubing Deutschland
| | - Georg Tafertshofer
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH DOZCBE.-6164 Nonnenwald 2 82377 Penzberg Deutschland
| | - Robert C. Simon
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH DOZCBE.-6164 Nonnenwald 2 82377 Penzberg Deutschland
| | - Volker Sieber
- Lehrstuhl für Chemie der biogenen Rohstoffe Campus Straubing für Biotechnologie und Nachhaltigkeit Technische Universität München Schulgasse 16 94315 Straubing Deutschland
- Synbiofoundry@TUM Technische Universität München Schulgasse 22 94315 Straubing Deutschland
- Katalytisches Forschungszentrum Technische Universität München Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland 68 Copper Road St. Lucia 4072 Australien
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Zachos I, Döring M, Tafertshofer G, Simon RC, Sieber V. carba Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate: Robust Cofactor for Redox Biocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14701-14706. [PMID: 33719153 PMCID: PMC8252718 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202017027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we report a new robust nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate cofactor analog (carba-NADP+ ) and its acceptance by many enzymes in the class of oxidoreductases. Replacing one ribose oxygen with a methylene group of the natural NADP+ was found to enhance stability dramatically. Decomposition experiments at moderate and high temperatures with the cofactors showed a drastic increase in half-life time at elevated temperatures since it significantly disfavors hydrolysis of the pyridinium-N-glycoside bond. Overall, more than 27 different oxidoreductases were successfully tested, and a thorough analytical characterization and comparison is given. The cofactor carba-NADP+ opens up the field of redox-biocatalysis under harsh conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Zachos
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic ResourcesCampus Straubing for Biotechnology and SustainabilityTechnical University of MunichSchulgasse 1694315StraubingGermany
| | - Manuel Döring
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic ResourcesCampus Straubing for Biotechnology and SustainabilityTechnical University of MunichSchulgasse 1694315StraubingGermany
- Synbiofoundry@TUMTechnical University of MunichSchulgasse 2294315StraubingGermany
| | | | - Robert C. Simon
- Roche Diagnostics GmbHDOZCBE.-6164Nonnenwald 282377PenzbergGermany
| | - Volker Sieber
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic ResourcesCampus Straubing for Biotechnology and SustainabilityTechnical University of MunichSchulgasse 1694315StraubingGermany
- Synbiofoundry@TUMTechnical University of MunichSchulgasse 2294315StraubingGermany
- Catalytic Research CenterTechnical University of MunichErnst-Otto-Fischer-Strasse 185748GarchingGermany
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of Queensland68 Copper RoadSt. Lucia4072Australia
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Höhner R, Day PM, Zimmermann SE, Lopez LS, Krämer M, Giavalisco P, Correa Galvis V, Armbruster U, Schöttler MA, Jahns P, Krueger S, Kunz HH. Stromal NADH supplied by PHOSPHOGLYCERATE DEHYDROGENASE3 is crucial for photosynthetic performance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:142-167. [PMID: 33779763 PMCID: PMC8154072 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
During photosynthesis, electrons travel from light-excited chlorophyll molecules along the electron transport chain to the final electron acceptor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) to form NADPH, which fuels the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle (CBBC). To allow photosynthetic reactions to occur flawlessly, a constant resupply of the acceptor NADP is mandatory. Several known stromal mechanisms aid in balancing the redox poise, but none of them utilizes the structurally highly similar coenzyme NAD(H). Using Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) as a C3-model, we describe a pathway that employs the stromal enzyme PHOSPHOGLYCERATE DEHYDROGENASE 3 (PGDH3). We showed that PGDH3 exerts high NAD(H)-specificity and is active in photosynthesizing chloroplasts. PGDH3 withdrew its substrate 3-PGA directly from the CBBC. As a result, electrons become diverted from NADPH via the CBBC into the separate NADH redox pool. pgdh3 loss-of-function mutants revealed an overreduced NADP(H) redox pool but a more oxidized plastid NAD(H) pool compared to wild-type plants. As a result, photosystem I acceptor side limitation increased in pgdh3. Furthermore, pgdh3 plants displayed delayed CBBC activation, changes in nonphotochemical quenching, and altered proton motive force partitioning. Our fluctuating light-stress phenotyping data showed progressing photosystem II damage in pgdh3 mutants, emphasizing the significance of PGDH3 for plant performance under natural light environments. In summary, this study reveals an NAD(H)-specific mechanism in the stroma that aids in balancing the chloroplast redox poise. Consequently, the stromal NAD(H) pool may provide a promising target to manipulate plant photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricarda Höhner
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
| | - Philip M Day
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
| | - Sandra E Zimmermann
- Biocenter University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Science, Cologne 50674, Germany
| | - Laura S Lopez
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
| | - Moritz Krämer
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
| | | | - Viviana Correa Galvis
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Ute Armbruster
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Mark Aurel Schöttler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Peter Jahns
- Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Stephan Krueger
- Biocenter University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Science, Cologne 50674, Germany
| | - Hans-Henning Kunz
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
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Manuel R, Lima MDS, Dilly S, Daunay S, Abbe P, Pramil E, Solier S, Guillaumond F, Tubiana SS, Escargueil A, Pêgas Henriques JA, Ferrand N, Erdelmeier I, Boucher JL, Bertho G, Agranat I, Rocchi S, Sabbah M, Slama Schwok A. Distinction between 2'- and 3'-Phosphate Isomers of a Fluorescent NADPH Analogue Led to Strong Inhibition of Cancer Cells Migration. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050723. [PMID: 34064498 PMCID: PMC8148004 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific inhibition of NADPH oxidases (NOX) and NO-synthases (NOS), two enzymes associated with redox stress in tumor cells, has aroused great pharmacological interest. Here, we show how these enzymes distinguish between isomeric 2′- and 3′-phosphate derivatives, a difference used to improve the specificity of inhibition by isolated 2′- and 3′-phosphate isomers of our NADPH analogue NS1. Both isomers become fluorescent upon binding to their target proteins as observed by in vitro assay and in vivo imaging. The 2′-phosphate isomer of NS1 exerted more pronounced effects on NOS and NOX-dependent physiological responses than the 3′-phosphate isomer did. Docking and molecular dynamics simulations explain this specificity at the level of the NADPH site of NOX and NOS, where conserved arginine residues distinguished between the 2′-phosphate over the 3′-phosphate group, in favor of the 2′-phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoul Manuel
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Team, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (R.M.); (M.d.S.L.); (S.D.); (E.P.); (A.E.); (N.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Michelle de Souza Lima
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Team, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (R.M.); (M.d.S.L.); (S.D.); (E.P.); (A.E.); (N.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Sébastien Dilly
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Team, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (R.M.); (M.d.S.L.); (S.D.); (E.P.); (A.E.); (N.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Sylvain Daunay
- Innoverda, Biopark Villejuif, F-94800 Villejuif, France; (S.D.); (I.E.)
| | - Patricia Abbe
- Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), INSERM U1065, Team 12, F-06204 Nice, France; (P.A.); (S.R.)
| | - Elodie Pramil
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Team, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (R.M.); (M.d.S.L.); (S.D.); (E.P.); (A.E.); (N.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Stéphanie Solier
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, INSERM U1170, F-94805 Villejuif, France;
| | - Fabienne Guillaumond
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U1068, Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, UMR 7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, F-13288 Marseille, France; (F.G.); (S.-S.T.)
| | - Sarah-Simha Tubiana
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U1068, Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, UMR 7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, F-13288 Marseille, France; (F.G.); (S.-S.T.)
| | - Alexandre Escargueil
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Team, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (R.M.); (M.d.S.L.); (S.D.); (E.P.); (A.E.); (N.F.); (M.S.)
| | - João Antonio Pêgas Henriques
- Departamento de Biofísica/Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90040-060, Brazil;
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Universidade do Vale do Taquari—Univates, Lajeado 95900-000, Brazil
| | - Nathalie Ferrand
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Team, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (R.M.); (M.d.S.L.); (S.D.); (E.P.); (A.E.); (N.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Irène Erdelmeier
- Innoverda, Biopark Villejuif, F-94800 Villejuif, France; (S.D.); (I.E.)
| | - Jean-Luc Boucher
- CNRS UMR 8601, University Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France; (J.-L.B.); (G.B.)
| | - Gildas Bertho
- CNRS UMR 8601, University Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France; (J.-L.B.); (G.B.)
| | - Israel Agranat
- Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Philadelphia Bldg #212, Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel;
| | - Stéphane Rocchi
- Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), INSERM U1065, Team 12, F-06204 Nice, France; (P.A.); (S.R.)
| | - Michèle Sabbah
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Team, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (R.M.); (M.d.S.L.); (S.D.); (E.P.); (A.E.); (N.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Anny Slama Schwok
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Team, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (R.M.); (M.d.S.L.); (S.D.); (E.P.); (A.E.); (N.F.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: or
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Lindenburg L, Hollfelder F. “NAD‐display”: Ultrahigh‐Throughput in Vitro Screening of NAD(H) Dehydrogenases Using Bead Display and Flow Cytometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Lindenburg
- Department of Biochemistry University of Cambridge Tennis Court Road Cambridge CB2 1GA UK
- Current address: Genmab Uppsalalaan 15 3584 CT Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Florian Hollfelder
- Department of Biochemistry University of Cambridge Tennis Court Road Cambridge CB2 1GA UK
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Lindenburg L, Hollfelder F. "NAD-display": Ultrahigh-Throughput in Vitro Screening of NAD(H) Dehydrogenases Using Bead Display and Flow Cytometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9015-9021. [PMID: 33470025 PMCID: PMC8048591 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
NAD(H)‐utiliing enzymes have been the subject of directed evolution campaigns to improve their function. To enable access to a larger swath of sequence space, we demonstrate the utility of a cell‐free, ultrahigh‐throughput directed evolution platform for dehydrogenases. Microbeads (1.5 million per sample) carrying both variant DNA and an immobilised analogue of NAD+ were compartmentalised in water‐in‐oil emulsion droplets, together with cell‐free expression mixture and enzyme substrate, resulting in the recording of the phenotype on each bead. The beads’ phenotype could be read out and sorted for on a flow cytometer by using a highly sensitive fluorescent protein‐based sensor of the NAD+:NADH ratio. Integration of this “NAD‐display” approach with our previously described Split & Mix (SpliMLiB) method for generating large site‐saturation libraries allowed straightforward screening of fully balanced site saturation libraries of formate dehydrogenase, with diversities of 2×104. Based on modular design principles of synthetic biology NAD‐display offers access to sophisticated in vitro selections, avoiding complex technology platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Lindenburg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK.,Current address: Genmab, Uppsalalaan 15, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Hollfelder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
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Katagiri T, Amao Y. Visible light driven selective NADH regeneration using a system of water-soluble zinc porphyrin and homogeneous polymer-dispersed rhodium nanoparticles. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02856a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We discovered the catalytic activity of Rh nanoparticles dispersed by polyvinylpyrrolidone for regioselective NAD+ reduction to 1,4-NADH. Only 1,4-NADH was produced as the reduction product of NAD+ with visible-light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Katagiri
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Yutaka Amao
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
- Research Centre for Artificial Photosynthesis (ReCAP), Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
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Tang J, Chen L, Zhang L, Ni G, Yu J, Wang H, Zhang F, Yuan S, Feng M, Chen S. Structure-guided evolution of a ketoreductase for efficient and stereoselective bioreduction of bulky α-amino β-keto esters. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy01032h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chiral vicinal amino alcohols were generated with excellent stereoselectivity and high conversion from bulky α-amino β-keto esters by an engineered ketoreductase called M30.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Tang
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Liuqing Chen
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Luwen Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Guowei Ni
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Hongyi Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Fuli Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Shuguang Yuan
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Meiqing Feng
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Shaoxin Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
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47
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Saba T, Li J, Burnett JWH, Howe RF, Kechagiopoulos PN, Wang X. NADH Regeneration: A Case Study of Pt-Catalyzed NAD+ Reduction with H2. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tony Saba
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland United Kingdom
| | - Jianwei Li
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland United Kingdom
- Chemical Engineering, Department of Engineering, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph W. H. Burnett
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland United Kingdom
| | - Russell F. Howe
- Chemistry Department, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, United Kingdom
| | - Panagiotis N. Kechagiopoulos
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland United Kingdom
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland United Kingdom
- Chemical Engineering, Department of Engineering, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, United Kingdom
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48
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Maxel S, King E, Zhang Y, Luo R, Li H. Leveraging Oxidative Stress to Regulate Redox Balance-Based, In Vivo Growth Selections for Oxygenase Engineering. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:3124-3133. [PMID: 32966747 PMCID: PMC10441625 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Directed evolution methods based on high-throughput growth selection enable efficient discovery of enzymes with improved function in vivo. High-throughput selection is particularly useful when engineering oxygenases, which are sensitive to structural perturbations and prone to uncoupled activity. In this work, we combine the principle that reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by uncoupled oxygenase activity are detrimental to cell fitness with a redox balance-based growth selection method for oxygenase engineering that enables concurrent advancement in catalytic activity and coupling efficiency. As a proof-of-concept, we engineered P450-BM3 for degradation of acenaphthene (ACN), a recalcitrant environmental pollutant. Selection of site-saturation mutagenesis libraries in E. coli strain MX203 identified P450-BM3 variants GVQ-AL and GVQ-D222N, which have both improved coupling efficiency and catalytic activity compared to the starting variant. Computational modeling indicates that the discovered mutations cooperatively optimize binding pocket shape complementarity to ACN, and shift the protein's conformational dynamics to favor the lid-closed, catalytically competent state. We further demonstrated that the selective pressure on coupling efficiency can be tuned by modulating cellular ROS defense mechanisms.
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49
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Boldt A, Ansorge‐Schumacher MB. Formate Dehydrogenase from Rhodococcus jostii(RjFDH) – A High‐Performance Tool for NADH Regeneration. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Boldt
- Chair of Molecular Biotechnology TU Dresden Zellescher Weg 20b 01217 Dresden
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50
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Weusthuis RA, Folch PL, Pozo-Rodríguez A, Paul CE. Applying Non-canonical Redox Cofactors in Fermentation Processes. iScience 2020; 23:101471. [PMID: 32891057 PMCID: PMC7479625 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fermentation processes are used to sustainably produce chemicals and as such contribute to the transition to a circular economy. The maximum theoretical yield of a conversion can only be approached if all electrons present in the substrate end up in the product. Control over the electrons is therefore crucial. However, electron transfer via redox cofactors results in a diffuse distribution of electrons over metabolism. To overcome this challenge, we propose to apply non-canonical redox cofactors (NRCs) in metabolic networks: cofactors that channel electrons exclusively from substrate to product, forming orthogonal circuits for electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud A. Weusthuis
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University & Research, Post Office Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Pauline L. Folch
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University & Research, Post Office Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ana Pozo-Rodríguez
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University & Research, Post Office Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Caroline E. Paul
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands
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