1
|
Acharya K, Shaw S, Bhattacharya SP, Biswas S, Bhandary S, Bhattacharya A. Pigments from pathogenic bacteria: a comprehensive update on recent advances. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:270. [PMID: 39030429 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial pigments stand out as exceptional natural bioactive compounds with versatile functionalities. The pigments represent molecules from distinct chemical categories including terpenes, terpenoids, carotenoids, pyridine, pyrrole, indole, and phenazines, which are synthesized by diverse groups of bacteria. Their spectrum of physiological activities encompasses bioactive potentials that often confer fitness advantages to facilitate the survival of bacteria amid challenging environmental conditions. A large proportion of such pigments are produced by bacterial pathogens mostly as secondary metabolites. Their multifaceted properties augment potential applications in biomedical, food, pharmaceutical, textile, paint industries, bioremediation, and in biosensor development. Apart from possessing a less detrimental impact on health with environmentally beneficial attributes, tractable and scalable production strategies render bacterial pigments a sustainable option for novel biotechnological exploration for untapped discoveries. The review offers a comprehensive account of physiological role of pigments from bacterial pathogens, production strategies, and potential applications in various biomedical and biotechnological fields. Alongside, the prospect of combining bacterial pigment research with cutting-edge approaches like nanotechnology has been discussed to highlight future endeavours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kusumita Acharya
- AMR-Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Adamas University, Barasat-Barrackpore Rd, Kolkata, 700126, India
| | - Swarna Shaw
- AMR-Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Adamas University, Barasat-Barrackpore Rd, Kolkata, 700126, India
| | | | - Shatarupa Biswas
- AMR-Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Adamas University, Barasat-Barrackpore Rd, Kolkata, 700126, India
| | - Suman Bhandary
- AMR-Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Adamas University, Barasat-Barrackpore Rd, Kolkata, 700126, India.
| | - Arijit Bhattacharya
- AMR-Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Adamas University, Barasat-Barrackpore Rd, Kolkata, 700126, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jia L, Lu W, Hu D, Feng M, Wang A, Wang R, Sun H, Wang P, Xia Q, Ma S. Genetically engineered Blue silkworm capable of synthesizing natural blue pigment. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 235:123863. [PMID: 36870637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic biology is an eco-friendly and sustainable approach for the production of compounds, particularly used when the production processes involve toxic reagents. In this study, we used the silk gland of silkworm to produce indigoidine, a valuable natural blue pigment that cannot be synthesized naturally in animals. We genetically engineered these silkworms by integrating the indigoidine synthetase (idgS) gene from S. lavendulae and the PPTase (Sfp) gene from B. subtilis into the silkworm genome. In the resulting Blue silkworm, indigoidine was detected at a high level in the posterior silk gland (PSG), spanning all developmental stages from larvae to adults, without affecting silkworm growth or development. This synthesized indigoidine was secreted from the silk gland and subsequently stored in the fat body, with only a small fraction being excreted by the Malpighian tubule. Metabolomic analysis revealed that Blue silkworm efficiently synthesized indigoidine by upregulating l-glutamine, the precursor of indigoidine, and succinate, which is related to energy metabolism in the PSG. This study represents the first synthesis of indigoidine in an animal and therefore opens a new avenue for the biosynthesis of natural blue pigments and other valuable small molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Integrative Science Center of Gerplasm Greation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Integrative Science Center of Gerplasm Greation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Min Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Aoming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ruolin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Pan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Integrative Science Center of Gerplasm Greation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Sanyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Integrative Science Center of Gerplasm Greation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hübner K. Put the Blue Genes on. CHEM UNSERER ZEIT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ciuz.202200018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
4
|
Zhang Z, Li P, Wang M, Zhang Y, Wu B, Tao Y, Pan G, Chen Y. ( S)-3-aminopiperidine-2,6-dione is a biosynthetic intermediate of microbial blue pigment indigoidine. MLIFE 2022; 1:146-155. [PMID: 38817675 PMCID: PMC10989907 DOI: 10.1002/mlf2.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The biosynthetic investigations of microbial natural products continuously provide powerful biocatalysts for the preparation of valuable chemicals. Practical methods for preparing (S)-3-aminopiperidine-2,6-dione (2), the pharmacophore of thalidomide (1) and its analog drugs, are highly desired. To develop a biocatalyst for producing (S)-2, we dissected the domain functions of IdgS, which is responsible for the biosynthesis of indigoidine (3), a microbial blue pigment that consists of two 2-like moieties. Our data supported that the L-glutamine tethered to the indigoidine assembly line is first offloaded and cyclized by the thioesterase domain to form (S)-2, which is then dehydrogenated by the oxidation (Ox) domain and finally dimerized to yield 3. Based on this, we developed an IdgS-derived enzyme biocatalyst, IdgS-Ox* R539A, for preparing enantiomerically pure (S)-2. As a proof of concept, one-pot chemoenzymatic synthesis of 1 was achieved by combining the biocatalytic and chemical approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Pengwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High‐Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Bian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yong Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Guohui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yihua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Su M, Damaris RN, Hu Z, Yang P, Deng J. Metabolomic Analysis on the Petal of 'Chen Xi' Rose with Light-Induced Color Changes. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102065. [PMID: 34685874 PMCID: PMC8541279 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Flower color is one of the most prominent traits of rose flowers and determines their ornamental value. The color of the “Chen Xi” rose can change from yellow to red during flower blooming. In the present study, the flavonoid metabolites were investigated by the UPLC-ESI-MS/MS from the petals of four successive flower development stages under natural conditions. In total, 176 flavonoid components, including 49 flavones, 59 flavonols, 12 flavanones, 3 isoflavones, 12 anthocyanins, and 41 proanthocyanidins were identified, with some of them being detected for the first time in this study. Additionally, there were 56 compounds that showed differences among comparison groups, mainly being enriched in pathways of isoflavone, flavonoid, flavone, flavonol, phenylpropanoids, and anthocyanin. Among them, it is anthocyanins that allow the rose flower to turn red when exposed to sunlight. To verify this result, compounds from rose petal with shading treatment (S2D) was also detected but could be clearly separated from the four samples under light by clustering and principal component analyses (PCA). Consistent with low anthocyanins accumulation, the flower with shading could not turn red. Moreover, it provides a foundation for further research on the light-induced color modification of flower.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyue Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430026, China; (M.S.); (R.N.D.); (Z.H.)
| | - Rebecca Njeri Damaris
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430026, China; (M.S.); (R.N.D.); (Z.H.)
| | - Zhengrong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430026, China; (M.S.); (R.N.D.); (Z.H.)
| | - Pingfang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430026, China; (M.S.); (R.N.D.); (Z.H.)
- Correspondence: (P.Y.); (J.D.); Tel.: +86-27-88663882 (P.Y.); +86-0851-86780649 (J.D.)
| | - Jiao Deng
- Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
- Correspondence: (P.Y.); (J.D.); Tel.: +86-27-88663882 (P.Y.); +86-0851-86780649 (J.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Brown AS, Sissons JA, Owen JG, Ackerley DF. Directed Evolution of the Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase BpsA to Enable Recognition by the Human Phosphopantetheinyl Transferase for Counter-Screening Antibiotic Candidates. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2879-2886. [PMID: 33118808 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial type II phosphopantetheinyl transferases (PPTases), required for the activation of many cellular mega-synthases, have been validated as promising drug targets in several pathogens. Activation of the blue-pigment-synthesizing nonribosomal peptide synthetase BpsA by a target PPTase can be used to screen in vitro for new antibiotic candidates from chemical libraries. For a complete screening platform, there is a need to also counter-screen inhibitors for cross-reactivity with the endogenous human Type II PPTase (hPPTase), as this is a likely source of toxicity. As hPPTase is unable to recognize the PCP-domain of native BpsA, we used a combination of directed evolution and rational engineering to generate a triple-substitution variant that is able to be efficiently activated by hPPTase. Our engineered BpsA variant was able to readily detect inhibition of both hPPTase and the equivalent rat PPTase by broad-spectrum PPTase inhibitors, demonstrating its potential for high-throughput counter-screening of novel antibiotic candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alistair S. Brown
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jack A. Sissons
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Jeremy G. Owen
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David F. Ackerley
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pang B, Chen Y, Gan F, Yan C, Jin L, Gin JW, Petzold CJ, Keasling JD. Investigation of Indigoidine Synthetase Reveals a Conserved Active-Site Base Residue of Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase Oxidases. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10931-10935. [PMID: 32510939 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) oxidase (Ox) domains oxidize protein-bound intermediates to install crucial structural motifs in bioactive natural products. The mechanism of this domain remains elusive. Here, by studying indigoidine synthetase, a single-module NRPS involved in the biosynthesis of indigoidine and several other bacterial secondary metabolites, we demonstrate that its Ox domain utilizes an active-site base residue, tyrosine 665, to deprotonate a protein-bound l-glutaminyl residue. We further validate the generality of this active-site residue among NRPS Ox domains. These findings not only resolve the biosynthetic pathway mediated by indigoidine synthetase but enable mechanistic insight into NRPS Ox domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pang
- QB3 Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yan Chen
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Fei Gan
- QB3 Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Chunsheng Yan
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Liyuan Jin
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Jennifer W Gin
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher J Petzold
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jay D Keasling
- QB3 Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University Denmark, DK 2970 Horsholm, Denmark.,Center for Synthetic Biochemistry, Shenzhen Institutes for Advanced Technologies, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li Y, Dong C, Hu M, Bai Z, Tong C, Zuo R, Liu Y, Cheng X, Cheng M, Huang J, Liu S. Identification of Flower-Specific Promoters through Comparative Transcriptome Analysis in Brassica napus. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235949. [PMID: 31779216 PMCID: PMC6928827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Brassica napus (oilseed rape) is an economically important oil crop worldwide. Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a threat to oilseed rape production. Because the flower petals play pivotal roles in the SSR disease cycle, it is useful to express the resistance-related genes specifically in flowers to hinder further infection with S. sclerotiorum. To screen flower-specific promoters, we first analyzed the transcriptome data from 12 different tissues of the B. napus line ZS11. In total, 249 flower-specific candidate genes with high expression in petals were identified, and the expression patterns of 30 candidate genes were verified by quantitative real-time transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. Furthermore, two novel flower-specific promoters (FSP046 and FSP061 promoter) were identified, and the tissue specificity and continuous expression in petals were determined in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana with fusing the promoters to β-glucuronidase (GUS)-reporter gene. GUS staining, transcript expression pattern, and GUS activity analysis indicated that FSP046 and FSP061 promoter were strictly flower-specific promoters, and FSP046 promoter had a stronger activity. The two promoters were further confirmed to be able to direct GUS expression in B. napus flowers using transient expression system. The transcriptome data and the flower-specific promoters screened in the present study will benefit fundamental research for improving the agronomic traits as well as disease and pest control in a tissue-specific manner.
Collapse
|
9
|
Kong L, Xu G, Liu X, Wang J, Tang Z, Cai YS, Shen K, Tao W, Zheng Y, Deng Z, Price NPJ, Chen W. Divergent Biosynthesis of C-Nucleoside Minimycin and Indigoidine in Bacteria. iScience 2019; 22:430-440. [PMID: 31816530 PMCID: PMC6908994 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimycin (MIN) is a C-nucleoside antibiotic structurally related to pseudouridine, and indigoidine is a naturally occurring blue pigment produced by diverse bacteria. Although MIN and indigoidine have been known for decades, the logic underlying the divergent biosynthesis of these interesting molecules has been obscure. Here, we report the identification of a minimal 5-gene cluster (min) essential for MIN biosynthesis. We demonstrated that a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (MinA) governs “the switch” for the divergent biosynthesis of MIN and the cryptic indigoidine. We also demonstrated that MinCN (the N-terminal phosphatase domain of MinC), MinD (uracil phosphoribosyltransferase), and MinT (transporter) function together as the safeguard enzymes, which collaboratively constitute an unusual self-resistance system. Finally, we provided evidence that MinD, utilizing an unprecedented substrate-competition strategy for self-resistance of the producer cell, maintains competition advantage over the active molecule MIN-5′-monophosphate by increasing the UMP pool in vivo. These findings greatly expand our knowledge regarding natural product biosynthesis. A minimal 5-gene cluster (min) is essential for minimycin biosynthesis Divergent biosynthesis of minimycin and indigoidine is mediated by an NRPS enzyme A cascade of three safeguard enzymes constitutes the unusual self-resistance system MinD functions as the key safeguard enzyme by increasing the UMP pool in vivo
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Kong
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Gudan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zenglin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - You-Sheng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Kun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Weixin Tao
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, and College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Neil P J Price
- Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Wenqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| |
Collapse
|