1
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Kemppainen J, Gissinger JR, Gowtham S, Odegard GM. LUNAR: Automated Input Generation and Analysis for Reactive LAMMPS Simulations. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:5108-5126. [PMID: 38926930 PMCID: PMC11234336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.4c00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Generating simulation-ready molecular models for the LAMMPS molecular dynamics (MD) simulation software package is a difficult task and impedes the more widespread and efficient use of MD in materials design and development. Fixed-bond force fields generally require manual assignment of atom types, bonded interactions, charges, and simulation domain sizes. A new LAMMPS pre- and postprocessing toolkit (LUNAR) is presented that efficiently builds molecular systems for LAMMPS. LUNAR automatically assigns atom types, generates bonded interactions, assigns charges, and provides initial configuration methods to generate large molecular systems. LUNAR can also incorporate chemical reactivity into simulations by facilitating the use of the REACTER protocol. Additionally, LUNAR provides postprocessing for free volume calculations, cure characterization calculations, and property predictions from LAMMPS thermodynamic outputs. LUNAR has been validated via building and simulation of pure epoxy and cyanate ester polymer systems with a comparison of the corresponding predicted structures and properties to benchmark values, including experimental results from the literature. LUNAR provides the tools for the computationally driven development of next-generation composite materials in the Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) and Materials Genome Initiative (MGI) frameworks. LUNAR is written in Python with the usage of NumPy and can be used via a graphical user interface, a command line interface, or an integrated design environment. LUNAR is freely available via GitHub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Kemppainen
- Michigan
Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Jacob R. Gissinger
- Stevens
Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - S. Gowtham
- Michigan
Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Gregory M. Odegard
- Michigan
Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
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2
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Hu Z, Zhao D, Wang Y, Huang L, Wang S, Mao S, Grigoryeva O, Strizhak P, Fainleib A, Tang J. The Created Excellent Thermal, Mechanical and Fluorescent Properties by Doping Eu 3+-Complex-Anchored Carbon Nanotubes in Polycyanate Resins. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12122040. [PMID: 35745379 PMCID: PMC9227030 DOI: 10.3390/nano12122040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In the blending process of the composites, the clustering of MWCNTs under high concentration leads to poor dispersion and difficult complexing with luminescent elements. Cyanate ester resins (CERs) have a brittle network structure when cured caused by a conjugation effect that forms a strong emission peak in the ultraviolet-visible region and quenches the luminescent elements of the fluorescent nanofillers. In this paper, by anchoring of the Eu complex (Eu(TTA)3Phen, ETP) on a surface of longitudinal split unzipped carbon nanotubes (uMWCNTs); fluorescent nanoparticles were prepared as ETP anchor unzipper carbon nanotubes (ETP-uCNTs). Dicyanate ester of bisphenol E (CER-E monomer) is cured to polycyanurate at a lower temperature to achieve a high conversion, promoting a uniform blend with ETP-uCNTs, providing the fluorescence environment with high color purity. Studies show the ETP-uCNTs solve the agglomeration of MWCNTs and improve the interface binding ability. Compared with the pure CER-E, the tensile strength, bending strength and impact strength of CER-E/0.8 wt.% ETP-uCNT hybrid nanocomposites are increased by 94.6%, 92.8% and 101.1%, respectively. The carbon residue rate of CER-E/ETP-uCNTs is up to 47.14% at 800 °C, the temperature of the maximum reaction rate decreases by 67.81 °C, and the partial absorption of ultraviolet light is realized between 200 and 400 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyao Hu
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Centre of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China; (Z.H.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.H.); (S.W.); (S.M.)
| | - Dong Zhao
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Centre of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China; (Z.H.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.H.); (S.W.); (S.M.)
| | - Yao Wang
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Centre of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China; (Z.H.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.H.); (S.W.); (S.M.)
| | - Linjun Huang
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Centre of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China; (Z.H.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.H.); (S.W.); (S.M.)
| | - Shichao Wang
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Centre of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China; (Z.H.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.H.); (S.W.); (S.M.)
| | - Sui Mao
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Centre of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China; (Z.H.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.H.); (S.W.); (S.M.)
| | - Olga Grigoryeva
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 02155 Kyiv, Ukraine; (O.G.); (A.F.)
| | - Peter Strizhak
- L. V. Pysarzhevsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 31 Prosp. Nauky, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Alexander Fainleib
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 02155 Kyiv, Ukraine; (O.G.); (A.F.)
| | - Jianguo Tang
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Centre of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China; (Z.H.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.H.); (S.W.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence:
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3
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Anshin VS. Cyanate Ester Monomers and Oligomers. Overview of the Modern Research State and Perspectives. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090422200027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Chivukula K, Reddy K, Adusumalli R, Bonavath P, Subramaniam S, Mondal M. Characterization of Environmentally Conditioned Quartz–Cyanate Ester Composites for Radome Applications. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Chivukula
- Department of Chemical Engineering, BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus 500078, India
| | - Karthik Reddy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus 500078, India
| | - Ramesh Adusumalli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus 500078, India
| | - Padma Bonavath
- Advanced Systems Laboratory (ASL), DRDO, Hyderabad 500058, India
| | | | - Mithun Mondal
- Department of Electrical Engineering, BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus 500078, India
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5
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Li J, Ren C, An D, Ren Y, Moon KS, Wong CP. Systematic evaluation of cyanate ester/ epoxidized cresol novolac copolymer resin system for high temperature power electronic packaging applications. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Cao H, Liu B, Ye Y, Liu Y, Li P. Study on the Relationships between Microscopic Cross-Linked Network Structure and Properties of Cyanate Ester Self-Reinforced Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E950. [PMID: 31159387 PMCID: PMC6631108 DOI: 10.3390/polym11060950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A dicyanate (BADCy) resin microparticles were prepared by precipitation polymerization synthesis and were homogeneously dispersed in a BADCy prepolymer matrix to prepare a BADCy self-reinforced composites. The active functional groups of the BADCy resin microparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The results of an FT-IR curve showed that the BADCy resin microparticles had a triazine ring functional group and also had an active reactive group -OCN, which can initiate a reaction with the matrix. The structure of the BADCy resin microparticles was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). From the TEM results, the BADCy resin microparticles dispersed in the solvent were nano-sized and distributed at 40-60 nm. However, from the SEM results, agglomeration occurred after drying, the BADCy resin particels were micron-sized and distributed between 0.3 μm and 0.6 μm. The BADCy resin prepolymer was synthesized in our laboratory. A BADCy self-reinforced composite was prepared by using BADCy resin microparticles as a reinforcement phase. This corresponds to a composite in which the matrix and reinforcement phase are made from different morphologies of the same monomer. The DSC curve showed that the heat flow of the microparticles is different from the matrix during the curing reaction, this means the cured materials should be a microscopic two-phase structure. The added BADCy resin microparticles as reaction sites induced the formation of a more complete and regular cured polymer structure, optimizing the cross-linked network as well as increasing the interplay between the BADCy resin microparticles and prepolymer matrix. Relative to the neat BADCy resin material, the tensile strength, flexural strength, compressive strength and impact strength increased by 98.1%, 40.2%, 27.4%, and 85.4%, respectively. A particle toughening mechanism can be used to explain the improvement of toughness. The reduction in the dielectric constant showed that the cross-linked network of the self-reinforced composite was more symmetrical and less polar than the neat resin material, which supports the enhanced mechanical properties of the self-reinforced composite. In addition, the thermal behavior of the self-reinforced composite was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). The results of DMTA also establishes a basis for enhancing mechanical properties of the self-reinforced composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Cao
- Research Institute of Carbon Fiber and Composite Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Beijun Liu
- Research Institute of Carbon Fiber and Composite Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yiwen Ye
- Research Institute of Carbon Fiber and Composite Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yunfang Liu
- Research Institute of Carbon Fiber and Composite Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Peng Li
- Research Institute of Carbon Fiber and Composite Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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7
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Throckmorton JA, Feldman G, Palmese GR, Guenthner AJ, Lamison KR, Redeker ND, Ruth PN. Hydrolytic degradation kinetics of bisphenol E cyanate ester resin and composite. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Guenthner AJ, Harvey BG, Chafin AP, Davis MC, Zavala JJ, Lamison KR, Reams JT, Ghiassi KB, Mabry JM. Effect of Segmental Configuration on Properties of n-Propyl-Bridged Polycyanurate Networks. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin G. Harvey
- Weapons
Division, Naval Air Warfare Center, China Lake, California 93555, United States
| | - Andrew P. Chafin
- Weapons
Division, Naval Air Warfare Center, China Lake, California 93555, United States
| | - Matthew C. Davis
- Weapons
Division, Naval Air Warfare Center, China Lake, California 93555, United States
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9
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Jennings AR, Morey AM, Guenthner AJ, Iacono ST. Synthesis and characterization of siloxane‐based cyanate ester elastomers from readily available materials: a top‐down approach. POLYM INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abby R Jennings
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Research Center United States Air Force Academy Colorado Springs Colorado USA
| | - Aimee M Morey
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Research Center United States Air Force Academy Colorado Springs Colorado USA
| | - Andrew J Guenthner
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Aerospace Systems Directorate, Edwards Air Force Base California USA
| | - Scott T Iacono
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Research Center United States Air Force Academy Colorado Springs Colorado USA
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10
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Zhang M, Yan H, Yuan L, Liu C. Effect of functionalized graphene oxide with hyperbranched POSS polymer on mechanical and dielectric properties of cyanate ester composites. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra01053a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Functionalized graphene oxide with a hyperbranched POSS polymer was designed and synthesized and then compounded with dicyclopentadiene bisphenol dicyanate ester to prepare nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
| | - Hongxia Yan
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
| | - Lingxia Yuan
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
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11
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Chang P, Tian C, Chen K, Liang S, Qing J, Zhu Y, Jia X, Wang J. Effect of monomer chemical structures on the cell structures and properties of cyanate ester foams. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008315617816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cyanate ester (CE) foams with different chemical structures were prepared using bisphenol A dicyanate ester (BADCy), bisphenol E dicyanate ester (BECy), and tetramethyl bisphenol F dicyanate ester (TBFDCy) as monomers, through a two-step process. Rheological tests were performed to investigate the optimal conditions for the preparation of these foams. The results of morphology by scanning electron microscopy showed that cells are in the form of nearly spherical shape in foams from TBFDCy and BADCy and oval in foam from BECy. The thermal properties of the three CE foams were studied by methods of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetry/differential thermogravimetry analysis. The glass transition temperature ( Tg) obtained from DMA tests are 274, 264, and 241°C for the foams from TBFDCy, BADCy, and BECy, respectively, which are apparently higher than that tested by DSC method. The Tg, compressive properties, and thermal stabilities of the foams are improved after the introduction of the alkyl-substituent groups to the same aromatic ring of –OCN functionality, and the chemical structure–properties relationships are explained according to the monomer chemical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pianpian Chang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, China
- Material Science and Engineering College, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Chunrong Tian
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, China
| | - Keping Chen
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, China
| | - Shuen Liang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, China
| | - Jingqi Qing
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, China
| | - Yalin Zhu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, China
- Material Science and Engineering College, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Xiaorong Jia
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, China
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12
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Cao T, Yuan L, Gu A, Liang G. Fabrication and origin of new flame retarding bismaleimide resin system with low dielectric constant and loss based on microencapsulated hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene in low phosphorus content. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Guenthner AJ, Wright ME, Chafin AP, Reams JT, Lamison KR, Ford MD, Kirby SPJ, Zavala JJ, Mabry JM. Mechanisms of Decreased Moisture Uptake in Ortho-Methylated Di(cyanate ester) Networks. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501862a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael E. Wright
- Weapons
Division, Naval Air Warfare Center, China Lake, California 93555, United States
| | - Andrew P. Chafin
- Weapons
Division, Naval Air Warfare Center, China Lake, California 93555, United States
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14
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Hubbard JW, Orange F, Guinel MJF, Guenthner AJ, Mabry JM, Sahagun CM, Rinaldi C. Curing of a bisphenol E based cyanate ester using magnetic nanoparticles as an internal heat source through induction heating. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:11329-11335. [PMID: 24111852 DOI: 10.1021/am4035575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report on the control of cyclotrimerization forming a polycyanurate polymer using magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in an alternating-current (ac) field as an internal heat source, starting from a commercially available monomer. Magnetic nanoparticles were dispersed in the monomer and catalytic system using sonication, and the mixture was subjected to an alternating magnetic field, causing the magnetic nanoparticles to dissipate the energy of the magnetic field in the form of heat. Internal heating of the particle/monomer/catalyst system was sufficient to start and sustain the polymerization reaction, producing a cyanate ester network with conversion that compared favorably to polymerization through heating in a conventional laboratory oven. The two heating methods gave similar differential scanning calorimetry temperature profiles, conversion rates, and glass transition temperatures when using the same temperature profile. The ability of magnetic nanoparticles in an ac field to drive the curing reaction should allow for other reactions forming high-temperature thermosetting polymers and for innovative ways to process such polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah W Hubbard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez , Call Box 9000, Mayagüez, 00681-9000 Puerto Rico
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15
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Yang C, Liang G, Gu A, Yuan L. Flame Retardancy and Mechanism of Bismaleimide Resins Based on a Unique Inorganic–Organic Hybridized Intumescent Flame Retardant. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie402047v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengwu Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of
Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application. Department of
Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guozheng Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of
Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application. Department of
Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Aijuan Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of
Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application. Department of
Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of
Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application. Department of
Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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16
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Guenthner AJ, Reams JT, Lamison KR, Ramirez SM, Swanson DD, Yandek GR, Sahagun CM, Davis MC, Mabry JM. Synergistic physical properties of cocured networks formed from di- and tricyanate esters. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:8772-8783. [PMID: 23932017 DOI: 10.1021/am402640p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The co-cyclotrimerization of two tricyanate ester monomers, Primaset PT-30 and 1,2,3-tris(4-cyanato)propane (FlexCy) in equal parts by weight with Primaset LECy, a liquid dicyanate ester, was investigated for the purpose of exploring synergistic performance benefits. The monomer mixtures formed stable, homogeneous blends that remained in the supercooled liquid state for long periods at room temperature, thereby providing many of the processing advantages of LECy in combination with significantly higher glass transition temperatures (315-360 °C at full cure) due to the presence of the tricyanate-derived segments in the conetwork. Interestingly, the glass transition temperatures of the conetworks after cure at 210 °C, at full cure, and after immersion in 85 °C water for 96 h were all higher than predicted by the Flory-Fox equation, most significantly for the samples immersed in hot water. Conetworks comprising equal parts by weight of PT-30 and LECy retained a "wet" glass transition temperature near 270 °C. The onset of thermochemical degradation for conetworks was dominated by that of the thermally less stable component, while char yields after the initial degradation step were close to values predicted by a linear rule of mixtures. Values for moisture uptake and density in the conetworks also showed behavior that was not clearly different from a linear rule of mixtures. An analysis of the flexural properties of catalyzed versions of these conetworks revealed that, when cured under the same conditions, conetworks containing 50 wt % PT-30 and 50 wt % LECy exhibited higher modulus than networks containing only LECy while conetworks containing 50 wt % FlexCy and 50 wt % LECy exhibited a lower modulus but significantly higher flexural strength and strain to failure. Thus, in the case of "FlexCy", LECy was copolymerized with a tricyanate that provided both improved toughness and a higher glass transition temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Guenthner
- Air Force Research Laboratory , Propulsion Directorate, Edwards AFB, California 93524, United States
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17
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Bisphenol E cyanate ester as a novel resin for repairing BMI/carbon fiber composites: Influence of cure temperature on adhesive bond strength. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Guenthner AJ, Davis MC, Ford MD, Reams JT, Groshens TJ, Baldwin LC, Lubin LM, Mabry JM. Polycyanurate Networks with Enhanced Segmental Flexibility and Outstanding Thermochemical Stability. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma302300g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Guenthner
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Propulsion Directorate, Edwards AFB, California 93524, United States
| | - Matthew C. Davis
- Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division, China Lake, California 93555, United States
| | - Michael D. Ford
- Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division, China Lake, California 93555, United States
| | - Josiah T. Reams
- National Research Council/Air Force Research Laboratory, Edwards AFB,
California 93524, United States
| | - Thomas J. Groshens
- Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division, China Lake, California 93555, United States
| | - Lawrence C. Baldwin
- Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division, China Lake, California 93555, United States
| | - Lisa M. Lubin
- ERC Incorporated, Edwards AFB, California
93524, United States
| | - Joseph M. Mabry
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Propulsion Directorate, Edwards AFB, California 93524, United States
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