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Interfacial Phenomena in Multi-Micro-/Nanolayered Polymer Coextrusion: A Review of Fundamental and Engineering Aspects. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13030417. [PMID: 33525487 PMCID: PMC7865391 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The multilayer coextrusion process is known to be a reliable technique for the continuous fabrication of high-performance micro-/nanolayered polymeric products. Using laminar flow conditions to combine polymer pairs, one can produce multilayer films and composites with a large number of interfaces at the polymer-polymer boundary. Interfacial phenomena, including interlayer diffusion, interlayer reaction, interfacial instabilities, and interfacial geometrical confinement, are always present during multilayer coextrusion depending on the processed polymers. They are critical in defining the microstructural development and resulting macroscopic properties of multilayered products. This paper, therefore, presents a comprehensive review of these interfacial phenomena and illustrates systematically how these phenomena develop and influence the resulting physicochemical properties. This review will promote the understanding of interfacial evolution in the micro-/nanolayer coextrusion process while enabling the better control of the microstructure and end use properties.
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Lozay Q, Beuguel Q, Follain N, Lebrun L, Guinault A, Miquelard-Garnier G, Tencé-Girault S, Sollogoub C, Dargent E, Marais S. Structural and Barrier Properties of Compatibilized PE/PA6 Multinanolayer Films. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:75. [PMID: 33498457 PMCID: PMC7909415 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The barrier performance and structural lightening of organic materials are increasingly desired and constitute a major challenge for manufacturers, particularly for transport and packaging. A promising technique which tends to emerge in recent years is that of multinanolayer coextrusion. The advantage is that it can produce multilayers made of thousands of very thin layers, leading to new properties due to crystalline morphology changes induced by confinement. This paper is focusing on the study of multinanolayered films with alternated polyethylene (PE), compatibilizer (PEgMA) and polyamide 6 (PA6) layers and made by a forced assembly coextrusion process equipped with layer multiplying elements (LME). PE/PA6 multilayer films consisting of 5 to 2049 layers (respectively 0 to 9 LME) were successfully obtained with well-organized multilayered structure. The evolution of the morphology and the microstructure of these two semi-crystalline polymers, when the thickness of each polymer layer decreases from micro-scale to nano-scale, was correlated to the water and gas transport properties of the PE/PA multilayers. The expected improvement of barrier properties was limited due to the on-edge orientation of crystals in very thin PE and PA6 layers. Despite this change of crystalline morphology, a slight improvement of the gas barrier properties was shown by comparing experimental results with permeabilities predicted on the basis of a serial model developed by considering a PE/PA6 interphase. This interphase observed by TEM images and the on-edge crystal orientation in multilayers were evidenced from mechanical properties showing an increase of the stiffness and the strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Lozay
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, 76000 Rouen, France; (Q.L.); (N.F.); (L.L.)
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, GPM, 76000 Rouen, France;
| | - Quentin Beuguel
- Laboratoire PIMM, Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, Cnam, HESAM Universite, 151 Boulevard de l’Hopital, 75013 Paris, France; (Q.B.); (A.G.); (G.M.-G.); (S.T.-G.); (C.S.)
| | - Nadège Follain
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, 76000 Rouen, France; (Q.L.); (N.F.); (L.L.)
| | - Laurent Lebrun
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, 76000 Rouen, France; (Q.L.); (N.F.); (L.L.)
| | - Alain Guinault
- Laboratoire PIMM, Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, Cnam, HESAM Universite, 151 Boulevard de l’Hopital, 75013 Paris, France; (Q.B.); (A.G.); (G.M.-G.); (S.T.-G.); (C.S.)
| | - Guillaume Miquelard-Garnier
- Laboratoire PIMM, Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, Cnam, HESAM Universite, 151 Boulevard de l’Hopital, 75013 Paris, France; (Q.B.); (A.G.); (G.M.-G.); (S.T.-G.); (C.S.)
| | - Sylvie Tencé-Girault
- Laboratoire PIMM, Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, Cnam, HESAM Universite, 151 Boulevard de l’Hopital, 75013 Paris, France; (Q.B.); (A.G.); (G.M.-G.); (S.T.-G.); (C.S.)
| | - Cyrille Sollogoub
- Laboratoire PIMM, Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, Cnam, HESAM Universite, 151 Boulevard de l’Hopital, 75013 Paris, France; (Q.B.); (A.G.); (G.M.-G.); (S.T.-G.); (C.S.)
| | - Eric Dargent
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, GPM, 76000 Rouen, France;
| | - Stéphane Marais
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, 76000 Rouen, France; (Q.L.); (N.F.); (L.L.)
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Gholami F, Pakzad L, Behzadfar E. Morphological, interfacial and rheological properties in multilayer polymers: A review. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Jordan AM, Lee P, Thurber C, Macosko CW. Adapting a Capillary Rheometer for Research on Polymer Melt Interfaces. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b03674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex M. Jordan
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454, United States
- Plastics Engineering, University of Wisconsin − Stout, Menomonie, Wisconsin 54751, United States
| | - Patrick Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Christopher Thurber
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454, United States
- The Dow Chemical
Co., Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Christopher W. Macosko
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454, United States
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Lu B, Lamnawar K, Maazouz A, Sudre G. Critical Role of Interfacial Diffusion and Diffuse Interphases Formed in Multi-Micro-/Nanolayered Polymer Films Based on Poly(vinylidene fluoride) and Poly(methyl methacrylate). ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:29019-29037. [PMID: 30051704 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b09064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is known that the macroscopic properties of multilayer polymer films are largely dominated by the diffuse interphase formed via interfacial diffusion between neighboring layers. However, not much is known about the origin of this effect. In this work, we reveal the role of interfacial diffusion and the diffuse interphase development in multilayer polymer films, based on a compatible poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(methyl methacrylate) system fabricated by forced-assembly micro-/nanolayer coextrusion. Interestingly, the layer morphology is found to prevail in all investigated multilayer films, even for the nanolayered system where the interdiffusion is substantial. It is also demonstrated that, in the presence of macromolecular and geometrical confinements, interfacial diffusion significantly alters the crystalline morphology and microstructure of the resulting micro-/nanolayered films, which leads to quantitatively different dielectric and rheological properties. More importantly, the combination of dielectric relaxation spectroscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis further reveals that multiple diffuse interphases with various length scales exist in the multilayer structures. The presence of these multiple interphases is explained in terms of a proposed physical picture for the interdiffusion of fast-mode mechanism occurring in the coextrusion process, and their length scales (i.e., interphase thicknesses) are further mapped quantitatively. These findings provide new insights into the effects of interfacial diffusion and diffuse interphases toward tailoring interfaces/interphases in micro-/nanolayered polymer structures and for their advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lu
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, INSA Lyon , F-69621 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Khalid Lamnawar
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, INSA Lyon , F-69621 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Abderrahim Maazouz
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, INSA Lyon , F-69621 Villeurbanne , France
- Hassan II Academy of Science and Technology , 10100 Rabat , Morocco
| | - Guillaume Sudre
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , F-69622 Villeurbanne , France
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Montana JS, Roland S, Richaud E, Miquelard-Garnier G. Nanostructuration effect on the mechanical properties of PMMA toughened by a triblock acrylate copolymer using multilayer coextrusion. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Zhou Y, Zhou Y, Deng H, Yuan L, Chen Y, Zhang S, Fu Q. Enhanced fracture energy during deformation through the construction of an alternating multilayered structure for polyolefin blends. POLYM INT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Yi Zhou
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Hua Deng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Li Yuan
- ExxonMobil Asia Pacific Research and Development Co., Ltd.; Shanghai China
| | - Yumin Chen
- ExxonMobil Asia Pacific Research and Development Co., Ltd.; Shanghai China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- ExxonMobil Asia Pacific Research and Development Co., Ltd.; Shanghai China
| | - Qiang Fu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
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Montana JS, Roland S, Richaud E, Miquelard-Garnier G. From equilibrium lamellae to out-of-equilibrium cylinders in triblock copolymer nanolayers obtained via multilayer coextrusion. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Jordan AM, Kim SE, Van de Voorde K, Pokorski JK, Korley LTJ. In Situ Fabrication of Fiber Reinforced Three-Dimensional Hydrogel Tissue Engineering Scaffolds. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:1869-1879. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex M. Jordan
- Center for Layered Polymeric
Systems, Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| | - Si-Eun Kim
- Center for Layered Polymeric
Systems, Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| | - Kristen Van de Voorde
- Center for Layered Polymeric
Systems, Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| | - Jonathan K. Pokorski
- Center for Layered Polymeric
Systems, Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| | - LaShanda T. J. Korley
- Center for Layered Polymeric
Systems, Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
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Lenart WR, Jang KS, Jordan AM, Baer E, Korley LT. Mechanically tunable dual-component polyolefin fiber mats via two-dimensional multilayer coextrusion. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Jordan AM, Viswanath V, Kim SE, Pokorski JK, Korley LTJ. Processing and surface modification of polymer nanofibers for biological scaffolds: a review. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:5958-5974. [PMID: 32263485 DOI: 10.1039/c6tb01303a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric fibrous constructs possess high surface area-to-volume ratios when compared with solid substrates and are quite commonly used as tissue engineering and cell growth scaffolds. An overview of important design and material considerations for fibrous scaffolds as well as an outline of both established and emerging solution- and melt-based fabrication techniques is provided. Innovative post-process surface modification avenues using "click" chemistry with both single and dual active cues as well as gradient cues, which maintain the fibrous structure are described. By combining process parameters with post-process surface modification, researchers have been able to selectively tune cellular response after seeding and culturing on fibrous constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Jordan
- Center for Layered Polymeric Systems, Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, USA.
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Li CH, Wang JF, Guo JW, Wu H, Guo SY. The toughening behavior of the PP/POE alternating multilayered blends under EWF and impact tensile methods. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-015-1692-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Torbati AH, Mather PT. A hydrogel-forming liquid crystalline elastomer exhibiting soft shape memory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir H. Torbati
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering; Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University; Syracuse New York 13244
| | - Patrick T. Mather
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering; Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University; Syracuse New York 13244
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14
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Robertson JM, Torbati AH, Rodriguez ED, Mao Y, Baker RM, Qi HJ, Mather PT. Mechanically programmed shape change in laminated elastomeric composites. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:5754-5764. [PMID: 26086682 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01004g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Soft, anisotropic materials, such as myocardium in the heart and the extracellular matrix surrounding cells, are commonly found in nature. This anisotropy leads to specialized responses and is imperative to material functionality, yet few soft materials exhibiting similar anisotropy have been developed. Our group introduced an anisotropic shape memory elastomeric composite (A-SMEC) composed of non-woven, aligned polymer fibers embedded in an elastomeric matrix. The composite exhibited shape memory (SM) behavior with significant anisotropy in room-temperature shape fixing. Here, we exploit this anisotropy by bonding together laminates with oblique anisotropy such that tensile deformation at room temperature - mechanical programming - results in coiling. This response is a breakthrough in mechanical programming, since non-affine shape change is achieved by simply stretching the layered A-SMECs at room temperature. We will show that pitch and curvature of curled geometries depend on fiber orientations and the degree of strain programmed into the material. To validate experimental results, a model was developed that captures the viscoplastic response of A-SMECs. Theoretical results correlated well with experimental data, supporting our conclusions and ensuring attainability of predictable curling geometries. We envision these smart, soft, shape changing materials will have aerospace and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimee M Robertson
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute and Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
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Jordan AM, Korley LTJ. Toward a Tunable Fibrous Scaffold: Structural Development during Uniaxial Drawing of Coextruded Poly(ε-caprolactone) Fibers. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex M. Jordan
- Center for Layered Polymeric Systems, Department of Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| | - LaShanda T. J. Korley
- Center for Layered Polymeric Systems, Department of Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
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Wang K, Chen F, Li Z, Fu Q. Control of the hierarchical structure of polymer articles via “structuring” processing. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Jordan AM, Lenart WR, Carr JM, Baer E, Korley LTJ. Structural evolution during mechanical deformation in high-barrier PVDF-TFE/PET multilayer films using in situ X-ray techniques. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:3987-3994. [PMID: 24593226 DOI: 10.1021/am4053893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (PVDF-TFE) is confined between alternating layers of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) utilizing a unique multilayer processing technology, in which PVDF-TFE and PET are melt-processed in a continuous fashion. Postprocessing techniques including biaxial orientation and melt recrystallization were used to tune the crystal orientation of the PVDF-TFE layers, as well as achieve crystallinity in the PET layers through strain-induced crystallization and thermal annealing during the melt recrystallization step. A volume additive model was used to extract the effect of crystal orientation within the PVDF-TFE layers and revealed a significant enhancement in the modulus from 730 MPa in the as-extruded state (isotropic) to 840 MPa in the biaxially oriented state (on-edge) to 2230 MPa in the melt-recrystallized state (in-plane). Subsequently, in situ wide-angle X-ray scattering was used to observe the crystal structure evolution during uniaxial deformation in both the as-extruded and melt-recrystallized states. It is observed that the low-temperature ferroelectric PVDF-TFE crystal phase in the as-extruded state exhibits equatorial sharpening of the 110 and 200 crystal peaks during deformation, quantified using the Hermans orientation function, while in the melt-recrystallized state, an overall increase in the crystallinity occurs during deformation. Thus, we correlated the mechanical response (strain hardening) of the films to these respective evolved crystal structures and highlighted the ability to tailor mechanical response. With a better understanding of the structural evolution during deformation, it is possible to more fully characterize the structural response to handling during use of the high-barrier PVDF-TFE/PET multilayer films as commercial dielectrics and packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Jordan
- Center for Layered Polymeric Systems, Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
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Li C, Yang S, Wang J, Guo J, Wu H, Guo S. Unique impact behavior and toughening mechanism of the polypropylene and poly(ethylene-co-octene) alternating multilayered blends with superior toughness. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09302j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the alternating multilayered PP/POE blends with different layers were successfully fabricated by micro-co-extrusion. The notable improvement of toughness in the alternating multilayered blends is ascribed to the synergetic effects of the interfaces delaminations, craze deflection, larger subcritical damage zone during the fracture process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhai Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jiwei Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hong Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Shaoyun Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065, China
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Burt TM, Jordan AM, Korley LTJ. Investigating Interfacial Contributions on the Layer-Thickness-Dependent Mechanical Response of Confined Self-Assembly via Forced Assembly. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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