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Zhang F, Shao M, Wang C, Wen W, Shi W, Qin M, Huang H, Wei X, Guo Y, Liu Y. Photoinduced Nonvolatile Memory Transistor Based on Lead-Free Perovskite Incorporating Fused π-Conjugated Organic Ligands. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307326. [PMID: 37849381 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Perovskites field-effect transistors (PeFETs) have been intensively investigated for their application in detector and synapse. However, synapse based on PeFETs is still very difficult to integrate excellent charge carrier transporting ability, photosensitivity, and nonvolatile memory effects into one device, which is very important for developing bionic electronic devices and edge computing. Here, two-dimensional (2D) perovskites are synthesized by incorporating fused π-conjugated pyrene-O-ethyl-ammonium (POE) ligands and a systematic study is conducted to obtain enhanced performance and reliable PeFETs. The optimized (POE)2 SnI4 transistors display the hole mobility over 0.3 cm2 V-1 s-1 , high repeatability, and operational stability. Meanwhile, the derived photo memory devices show remarkable photoresponse, with a switching ratio higher than 105 , high visible light responsivity (>4 × 104 A W-1 ), and stable storage-erase cycles, as well as competitive retention performance (104 s). The photoinduced memory behavior can be benefiting from the insulating nature of quantum-well in 2D perovskite under dark and its excellent light sensitivity. The excellent photo memory behaviors have been maintained after 40 days in a N2 atmosphere. Finally, a 2D perovskite-only transistors with a multi-level memory behavior (16 distinct states) is described by controlling incident light pulse. This work provides broader attention toward 2D perovskite and optoelectronic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Mingchao Shao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chengyu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Wenkang Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Mingcong Qin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Haojie Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofang Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yunlong Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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Blasi D, Gonzalez-Pato N, Rodriguez Rodriguez X, Diez-Zabala I, Srinivasan SY, Camarero N, Esquivias O, Roldán M, Guasch J, Laromaine A, Gorostiza P, Veciana J, Ratera I. Ratiometric Nanothermometer Based on a Radical Excimer for In Vivo Sensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207806. [PMID: 37060223 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Ratiometric fluorescent nanothermometers with near-infrared emission play an important role in in vivo sensing since they can be used as intracellular thermal sensing probes with high spatial resolution and high sensitivity, to investigate cellular functions of interest in diagnosis and therapy, where current approaches are not effective. Herein, the temperature-dependent fluorescence of organic nanoparticles is designed, synthesized, and studied based on the dual emission, generated by monomer and excimer species, of the tris(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl radical (TTM) doping organic nanoparticles (TTMd-ONPs), made of optically neutral tris(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methane (TTM-αH), acting as a matrix. The excimer emission intensity of TTMd-ONPs decreases with increasing temperatures whereas the monomer emission is almost independent and can be used as an internal reference. TTMd-ONPs show a great temperature sensitivity (3.4% K-1 at 328 K) and a wide temperature response at ambient conditions with excellent reversibility and high colloidal stability. In addition, TTMd-ONPs are not cytotoxic and their ratiometric outputs are unaffected by changes in the environment. Individual TTMd-ONPs are able to sense temperature changes at the nano-microscale. In vivo thermometry experiments in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) worms show that TTMd-ONPs can locally monitor internal body temperature changes with spatio-temporal resolution and high sensitivity, offering multiple applications in the biological nanothermometry field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Blasi
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Nerea Gonzalez-Pato
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Xavier Rodriguez Rodriguez
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Iñigo Diez-Zabala
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | | | - Núria Camarero
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Clúster, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Oriol Esquivias
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Mònica Roldán
- Unitat de Microscòpia Confocal i Imatge Cellular, Servei de Medicina Genètica i Molecular, Institut Pediàtric de Malaties Rares (IPER), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950, Spain
| | - Judith Guasch
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
- Dynamic Biomimetics for Cancer Immunotherapy, Max Planck Partner Group, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Anna Laromaine
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Pau Gorostiza
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Clúster, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Jaume Veciana
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Imma Ratera
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
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Fedele C, Ruoko TP, Kuntze K, Virkki M, Priimagi A. New tricks and emerging applications from contemporary azobenzene research. PHOTOCHEMICAL & PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN PHOTOCHEMISTRY ASSOCIATION AND THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR PHOTOBIOLOGY 2022; 21:1719-1734. [PMID: 35896915 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00262-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Azobenzenes have many faces. They are well-known as dyes, but most of all, azobenzenes are versatile photoswitchable molecules with powerful photochemical properties. Azobenzene photochemistry has been extensively studied for decades, but only relatively recently research has taken a steer towards applications, ranging from photonics and robotics to photobiology. In this perspective, after an overview of the recent trends in the molecular design of azobenzenes, we highlight three research areas where the azobenzene photoswitches may bring about promising technological innovations: chemical sensing, organic transistors, and cell signaling. Ingenious molecular designs have enabled versatile control of azobenzene photochemical properties, which has in turn facilitated the development of chemical sensors and photoswitchable organic transistors. Finally, the power of azobenzenes in biology is exemplified by vision restoration and photactivation of neural signaling. Although the selected examples reveal only some of the faces of azobenzenes, we expect the fields presented to develop rapidly in the near future, and that azobenzenes will play a central role in this development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fedele
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, FI-33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tero-Petri Ruoko
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, FI-33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kim Kuntze
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, FI-33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Matti Virkki
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, FI-33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Arri Priimagi
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, FI-33720, Tampere, Finland.
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Diez Cabanes V, Van Dyck C, Osella S, Cornil D, Cornil J. Challenges for Incorporating Optical Switchability in Organic-Based Electronic Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:27737-27748. [PMID: 34105343 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Transistors operate by controlling the current flowing from a source to a drain electrode via a third electrode (gate), thus giving access to a binary treatment (ON/OFF or 0/1) of the signal currently exploited in microelectronics. Introducing a second independent lever to modulate the current would allow for more complex logic functions amenable to a single electronic component and hence to new opportunities for advanced electrical signal processing. One avenue is to add this second dimension with light by incorporating photochromic molecules in current organic-based electronic devices. In this Spotlight, we describe different concepts that have been implemented in organic thin films and in molecular junctions as well as some pitfalls that have been highlighted thanks to theoretical modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Diez Cabanes
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, Université de Lorraine & CNRS, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Colin Van Dyck
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Silvio Osella
- Chemical and Biological Systems Simulation Lab, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland
| | - David Cornil
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Cornil
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
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5
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Ni Y, Wang Y, Xu W. Recent Process of Flexible Transistor-Structured Memory. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e1905332. [PMID: 32243063 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201905332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flexible transistor-structured memory (FTSM) has attracted great attention for its important role in flexible electronics. For nonvolatile information storage, FTSMs with floating-gate, charge-trap, and ferroelectric mechanisms have been developed. By introducing an optical sensory module, FTSM can be operated by optical inputs to function as an optical memory transistor. As a special type of FTSM, transistor-structured artificial synapse emulates important functions of a biological synapse to mimic brain-inspired memory behaviors and nervous signal transmissions. This work reviews the recent development of the above mentioned FTSMs, with a focus on working mechanism and materials, and flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Ni
- Institute of Optoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yongfei Wang
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, 114051, China
| | - Wentao Xu
- Institute of Optoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
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6
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Goulet-Hanssens A, Eisenreich F, Hecht S. Enlightening Materials with Photoswitches. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1905966. [PMID: 31975456 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating molecular photoswitches into various materials provides unique opportunities for controlling their properties and functions with high spatiotemporal resolution using remote optical stimuli. The great and largely still untapped potential of these photoresponsive systems has not yet been fully exploited due to the fundamental challenges in harnessing geometrical and electronic changes on the molecular level to modulate macroscopic and bulk material properties. Herein, progress made during the past decade in the field of photoswitchable materials is highlighted. After pointing to some general design principles, materials with an increasing order of the integrated photoswitchable units are discussed, spanning the range from amorphous settings over surfaces/interfaces and supramolecular ensembles, to liquid crystalline and crystalline phases. Finally, some potential future directions are pointed out in the conclusion. In view of the exciting recent achievements in the field, the future emergence and further development of light-driven and optically programmable (inter)active materials and systems are eagerly anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Goulet-Hanssens
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian Eisenreich
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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Tseng C, Wen C, Huang D, Lai C, Chen S, Hu Q, Chen X, Xu X, Zhang S, Tao Y, Zhang Z. Synergy of Ionic and Dipolar Effects by Molecular Design for pH Sensing beyond the Nernstian Limit. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1901001. [PMID: 31993278 PMCID: PMC6974946 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201901001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of interfacial interactions between analytes and functionalized sensor surfaces, from where the signal originates, is key to the development and application of electronic sensors. The present work explores the tunability of pH sensitivity by the synergy of surface charge and molecular dipole moment induced by interfacial proton interactions. This synergy is demonstrated on a silicon-nanoribbon field-effect transistor (SiNR-FET) by functionalizing the sensor surface with properly designed chromophore molecules. The chromophore molecules can interact with protons and lead to appreciable changes in interface dipole moment as well as in surface charge state. In addition, the dipole moment can be tuned not only by the substituent on the chromophore but also by the anion in the electrolyte interacting with the protonated chromophore. By designing surface molecules to enhance the surface dipole moment upon protonation, an above-Nernstian pH sensitivity is achieved on the SiNR-FET sensor. This finding may bring an innovative strategy for tailoring the sensitivity of the SiNR-FET-based pH sensor toward a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao‐Wei Tseng
- Division of Solid‐State ElectronicsThe Ångström LaboratoryUppsala UniversitySE‐751 21UppsalaSweden
| | - Chenyu Wen
- Division of Solid‐State ElectronicsThe Ångström LaboratoryUppsala UniversitySE‐751 21UppsalaSweden
| | | | - Chin‐Hung Lai
- Department of Medical Applied ChemistryChung Shan Medical UniversityTaichung40201Taiwan
| | - Si Chen
- Division of Solid‐State ElectronicsThe Ångström LaboratoryUppsala UniversitySE‐751 21UppsalaSweden
| | - Qitao Hu
- Division of Solid‐State ElectronicsThe Ångström LaboratoryUppsala UniversitySE‐751 21UppsalaSweden
| | - Xi Chen
- Division of Solid‐State ElectronicsThe Ångström LaboratoryUppsala UniversitySE‐751 21UppsalaSweden
| | - Xingxing Xu
- Division of Solid‐State ElectronicsThe Ångström LaboratoryUppsala UniversitySE‐751 21UppsalaSweden
| | - Shi‐Li Zhang
- Division of Solid‐State ElectronicsThe Ångström LaboratoryUppsala UniversitySE‐751 21UppsalaSweden
| | - Yu‐Tai Tao
- Institute of ChemistryAcademia SinicaTaipei115Taiwan
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Division of Solid‐State ElectronicsThe Ångström LaboratoryUppsala UniversitySE‐751 21UppsalaSweden
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8
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Schuster S, Füser M, Asyuda A, Cyganik P, Terfort A, Zharnikov M. Photoisomerization of azobenzene-substituted alkanethiolates on Au(111) substrates in the context of work function variation: the effect of structure and packing density. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:9098-9105. [PMID: 31017144 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00255c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Photoisomerization of a series of custom-designed, azobenzene-substituted alkanethiolate (AT) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on Au(111) substrates was studied in the context of work function variation, using Kelvin probe measurements as a transduction technique. These SAMs featured variable packing density (by ∼14%; due to the odd-even effects) and, as an option, were additionally decorated with the electron donating/withdrawing -CH3 and -CF3 tail group, respectively, which induce additional dipole moments. The efficiency of photoisomerization and the respective extent of work function variation (ΔΦ) were found to be quite low and independent of the packing density in the SAMs, within the given odd-even packing density variation. They could only be increased, up to ca. 40 meV for ΔΦ, by mixing the azobenzene-substituted ATs with shorter "matrix" molecules, which were introduced for a partial release of the sterical constraints. The ΔΦ values for the SAMs decorated with the -CH3 and -CF3 tail groups were found to be lower than those for the monolayers without such a decoration, which correlated well with the theoretical estimates for the change of the dipole moment of the relevant molecules upon the photoisomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swen Schuster
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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9
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Cheng SW, Chang Chien YH, Huang TY, Liu CL, Liou GS. Linkage effects of triphenylamine-based aromatic polymer electrets on electrical memory performance. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Song I, Lee SC, Shang X, Ahn J, Jung HJ, Jeong CU, Kim SW, Yoon W, Yun H, Kwon OP, Oh JH. High-Performance Visible-Blind UV Phototransistors Based on n-Type Naphthalene Diimide Nanomaterials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:11826-11836. [PMID: 29560713 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b01500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the performance of single-crystalline nanomaterials of wide-band gap naphthalene diimide (NDI) derivatives with methylene-bridged aromatic side chains. Such materials are found to be easily used as high-performance, visible-blind near-UV light detectors. NDI single-crystalline nanoribbons are assembled using a simple solution-based process (without solvent-inclusion problems), which is then applied to organic phototransistors (OPTs). Such OPTs exhibit excellent n-channel transistor characteristics, including an average electron mobility of 1.7 cm2 V-1 s-1, sensitive UV detection properties with a detection limit of ∼1 μW cm-2, millisecond-level responses, and detectivity as high as 1015 Jones, demonstrating the highly sensitive organic visible-blind UV detectors. The high performance of our OPTs originates from the large face-to-face π-π stacking area between the NDI semiconducting cores, which is facilitated by methylene-bridged aromatic side chains. Interestingly, NDI-based nanoribbon OPTs exhibit a distinct visible-blind near-UV detection with an identical detection limit, even under intense visible light illumination (for example, 104 times higher intensity than UV light intensity). Our findings demonstrate that wide-band gap NDI-based nanomaterials are highly promising for developing high-performance visible-blind UV photodetectors. Such photodetectors could potentially be used for various applications including environmental and health-monitoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inho Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-ro , Pohang , Gyeongbuk 37673 , South Korea
| | | | - Xiaobo Shang
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-ro , Pohang , Gyeongbuk 37673 , South Korea
| | - Jaeyong Ahn
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-ro , Pohang , Gyeongbuk 37673 , South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Joon Hak Oh
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-ro , Pohang , Gyeongbuk 37673 , South Korea
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11
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12
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Choi HH, Najafov H, Kharlamov N, Kuznetsov DV, Didenko SI, Cho K, Briseno AL, Podzorov V. Polarization-Dependent Photoinduced Bias-Stress Effect in Single-Crystal Organic Field-Effect Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:34153-34161. [PMID: 28914049 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b11134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced charge transfer between semiconductors and gate dielectrics can occur in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) operating under illumination, leading to a pronounced bias-stress effect in devices that are normally stable while operating in the dark. Here, we report an observation of a polarization-dependent photoinduced bias-stress effect in two prototypical single-crystal OFETs, based on rubrene and tetraphenylbis(indolo{1,2-a})quinolin. We find that the decay rate of the source-drain current in these OFETs under illumination is a periodic function of the polarization angle of incident photoexcitation with respect to the crystal axes, with a periodicity of π. The angular positions of maxima and minima of the bias-stress rate match those of the optical absorption coefficient of the corresponding crystals. The analysis of the effect shows that it stems from a charge transfer of "hot" holes, photogenerated in the crystal within a very short thermalization length (≪μm) from the semiconductor-dielectric interface. The observed phenomenon is a type of intrinsic structure-property relationship, revealing how molecular packing affects parameter drift in organic transistors under illumination. We also demonstrate that a photoinduced charge transfer in OFETs can be used for recording rewritable accumulation channels with an optically defined geometry and resolution, which can be used in a number of potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ho Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | | | - Nikolai Kharlamov
- National University of Science and Technology MISiS , Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Denis V Kuznetsov
- National University of Science and Technology MISiS , Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Sergei I Didenko
- National University of Science and Technology MISiS , Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Alejandro L Briseno
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, University of Massachusetts , Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, United States
| | - Vitaly Podzorov
- National University of Science and Technology MISiS , Moscow 119049, Russia
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13
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Tsuruoka T, Hayakawa R, Kobashi K, Higashiguchi K, Matsuda K, Wakayama Y. Laser Patterning of Optically Reconfigurable Transistor Channels in a Photochromic Diarylethene Layer. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:7474-7480. [PMID: 27960497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Optical switching organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) provide a new direction for optoelectronics based on photochromic molecules. However, the patterning of OFETs is difficult because conventional fabrication processes, including lithography and ion etching, inevitably cause severe damage to organic molecules. Here, we demonstrate laser patterning of one-dimensional (1D) channels on an OFET with a photochromic diarylethene (DAE) layer. The main findings are (i) a number of 1D channels can be repeatedly written and erased in the DAE layer by scanning focused ultraviolet and visible light laser beams alternately between the source and drain electrodes, (ii) the conductivity (or resistivity) of the 1D channel can be controlled by the illumination conditions, such as the laser power density and the scan speed, and (iii) it is possible to draw an analogue adder circuit by optically writing 1D channels so that a portion of the channels overlaps and to perform optical summing operations by local laser illumination of the respective channels. These findings will open new possibilities for realizing various optically reconfigurable, low-dimensional organic transistor circuits, which are not possible with conventional thin film OFETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Tsuruoka
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Ryoma Hayakawa
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kobashi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Higashiguchi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yutaka Wakayama
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
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14
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Barachevsky VA. Electrical properties of photochromic organic systems (review). HIGH ENERGY CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0018143916050040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Fu LN, Leng B, Li YS, Gao XK. Photoresponsive organic field-effect transistors involving photochromic molecules. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2016.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Ljubic D, Smithson CS, Wu Y, Zhu S. Effect of Polymer Binders on UV-Responsive Organic Thin-Film Phototransistors with Benzothienobenzothiophene Semiconductor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:3744-54. [PMID: 26804625 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b09001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The influence of polymer binders on the UV response of organic thin-film phototransistors (OTF-PTs) is reported. The active channel of the OTF-PTs was fabricated by blending a UV responsive 2,7-dipenty-[1]benzothieno[2,3-b][1]benzothiophene (C5-BTBT) as small molecule semiconductor and a branched unsaturated polyester (B-upe) as dielectric binder (ratio 1:1). To understand the influence of the polymer composition on the photoelectrical properties and UV response of C5-BTBT, control blends were prepared using common dielectric polymers, namely, poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc), polycarbonate (PC), and polystyrene (PS), for comparison. Thin-film morphology and nanostructure of the C5-BTBT/polymer blends were investigated by means of optical and atomic force microscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction, respectively. Electrical and photoelectrical characteristics of the studied OTF-PTs were evaluated in the dark and under UV illumination with a constant light intensity (P = 3 mW cm(-2), λ = 365 nm), respectively, using two- and three-terminal I-V measurements. Results revealed that the purposely chosen B-upe polymer binder strongly affected the UV response of OTF-PTs. A photocurrent increase of more than 5 orders of magnitude in the subthreshold region was observed with a responsivity as high as 9.7 AW(-1), at VG = 0 V. The photocurrent increase and dramatic shift of VTh,average (∼86 V) were justified by the high number of photogenerated charge carriers upon the high trap density in bulk 8.0 × 10(12) cm(-2) eV(-1) generated by highly dispersed C5-BTBT in B-upe binder. Compared with other devices, the B-upe OTF-PTs had the fastest UV response times (τr1/τr2 = 0.5/6.0) reaching the highest saturated photocurrent (>10(6)), at VG = -5 V and VSD = -60 V. The enhanced UV sensing properties of B-upe based OTF-PTs were attributed to a self-induced thin-film morphology. The enlarged interface facilitated the electron withdrawing/donating functional groups in the polymer chains in influencing the photocharge separation, trapping and recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darko Ljubic
- Xerox Research Centre of Canada , 2660 Speakman Drive, Mississauga, Ontario L5K 2L1, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario LS8 4L8, Canada
| | - Chad S Smithson
- Xerox Research Centre of Canada , 2660 Speakman Drive, Mississauga, Ontario L5K 2L1, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario LS8 4L8, Canada
| | - Yiliang Wu
- Xerox Research Centre of Canada , 2660 Speakman Drive, Mississauga, Ontario L5K 2L1, Canada
| | - Shiping Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario LS8 4L8, Canada
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17
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Chen H, Cheng N, Ma W, Li M, Hu S, Gu L, Meng S, Guo X. Design of a Photoactive Hybrid Bilayer Dielectric for Flexible Nonvolatile Organic Memory Transistors. ACS NANO 2016; 10:436-45. [PMID: 26673624 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) featuring a photoactive hybrid bilayer dielectric (PHBD) that comprises a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of photochromic diarylethenes (DAEs) and an ultrathin solution-processed hafnium oxide layer are described here. We photoengineer the energy levels of DAE SAMs to facilitate the charging and discharging of the interface of the two dielectrics, thus yielding an OFET that functions as a nonvolatile memory device. The transistors use light signals for programming and electrical signals for erasing (≤3 V) to produce a large, reversible threshold-voltage shift with long retention times and good nondestructive signal processing ability. The memory effect can be exercised by more than 10(4) memory cycles. Furthermore, these memory cells have demonstrated the capacity to be arrayed into a photosensor matrix on flexible plastic substrates to detect the spatial distribution of a confined light and then store the analog sensor input as a two-dimensional image with high precision over a long period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Chen
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Nongyi Cheng
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Ma
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingliang Li
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuxin Hu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Gu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Meng
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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18
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Rezvanova AA, Frolova LA, Troshin PA. Design of optical memory elements based on n-type organic field-effect transistors comprising a light-sensitive spirooxazine layer. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Tseng CW, Huang DC, Tao YT. Organic transistor memory with a charge storage molecular double-floating-gate monolayer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:9767-9775. [PMID: 25875747 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b01625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A flexible, low-voltage, and nonvolatile memory device was fabricated by implanting a functional monolayer on an aluminum oxide dielectric surface in a pentacene-based organic transistor. The monolayer-forming molecule contains a phosphonic acid group as the anchoring moiety and a charge-trapping core group flanked between two alkyl chain spacers as the charge trapping site. The memory characteristics strongly depend on the monolayer used due to the localized charge-trapping capability for different core groups, including the diacetylenic (DA) unit as the hole carrier trap, the naphthalenetetracarboxyldiimide (ND) unit as the electron carrier trap, and the one with both DA and ND units present, respectively. The device with the monolayer carrying both DA and ND groups has a larger memory window than that for the one containing DA only and a longer retention time than that for the one containing DA or ND only, giving a memory window of 1.4 V and a retention time around 10(9) s. This device with hybrid organic monolayer/inorganic dielectrics also exhibited rather stable device characteristics upon bending of the polymeric substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Wei Tseng
- †Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 11529
| | - Ding-Chi Huang
- ‡Department of Chemistry, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsin-chu, Taiwan 30013
| | - Yu-Tai Tao
- †Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 11529
- ‡Department of Chemistry, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsin-chu, Taiwan 30013
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20
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Smithson CS, Wu Y, Wigglesworth T, Zhu S. A more than six orders of magnitude UV-responsive organic field-effect transistor utilizing a benzothiophene semiconductor and Disperse Red 1 for enhanced charge separation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:228-233. [PMID: 25367245 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201404193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A more than six orders of magnitude UV-responsive organic field-effect transistor is developed using a benzothiophene (BTBT) semiconductor and strong donor-acceptor Disperse Red 1 as the traps to enhance charge separation. The device can be returned to its low drain current state by applying a short gate bias, and is completely reversible with excellent stability under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad S Smithson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, LS8 4L8, Canada
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21
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Frolova LA, Troshin PA, Susarova DK, Kulikov AV, Sanina NA, Aldoshin SM. Photoswitchable organic field-effect transistors and memory elements comprising an interfacial photochromic layer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:6130-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00711a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Memory devices with superior electrical characteristics were designed using an interfacial spirooxazine layer introduced between dielectric and semiconductor layers in OFETs.
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22
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Orgiu E, Samorì P. 25th anniversary article: organic electronics marries photochromism: generation of multifunctional interfaces, materials, and devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:1827-1845. [PMID: 24554562 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201304695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors have garnered significant interest as key components for flexible, low-cost, and large-area electronics. Hitherto, both materials and processing thereof seems to head towards a mature technology which shall ultimately meet expectations and efforts built up over the past years. However, by its own organic electronics cannot compete or complement the silicon-based electronics in integrating multiple functions in a small area unless novel solutions are brought into play. Photochromic molecules are small organic molecules able to undergo reversible photochemical isomerization between (at least) two (meta)stable states which exhibit markedly different properties. They can be embedded as additional component in organic-based materials ready to be exploited in devices such as OLEDs, OFETs, and OLETs. The structurally controlled incorporation of photochromic molecules can be done at various interfaces of a device, including the electrode/semiconductor or dielectric/semiconductor interface, or even as a binary mixture in the active layer, in order to impart a light responsive nature to the device. This can be accomplished by modulating via a light stimulus fundamental physico-chemical properties such as charge injection and transport in the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Orgiu
- Nanochemistry Laboratory, ISIS & icFRC, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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23
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Chang HC, Liu CL, Chen WC. Nonvolatile organic thin film transistor memory devices based on hybrid nanocomposites of semiconducting polymers: gold nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:13180-13187. [PMID: 24224739 DOI: 10.1021/am404187r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report the facile fabrication and characteristics of organic thin film transistor (OTFT)-based nonvolatile memory devices using the hybrid nanocomposites of semiconducting poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-alt-bithiophene) (F8T2) and ligand-capped Au nanoparticles (NPs), thereby serving as a charge storage medium. Electrical bias sweep/excitation effectively modulates the current response of hybrid memory devices through the charge transfer between F8T2 channel and functionalized Au NPs trapping sites. The electrical performance of the hybrid memory devices can be effectively controlled though the loading concentrations (0-9 %) of Au NPs and organic thiolate ligands on Au NP surfaces with different carbon chain lengths (Au-L6, Au-L10, and Au-L18). The memory window induced by voltage sweep is considerably increased by the high content of Au NPs or short carbon chain on the ligand. The hybrid nanocomposite of F8T2:9% Au-L6 provides the OTFT memories with a memory window of ~41 V operated at ± 30 V and memory ratio of ~1 × 10(3) maintained for 1 × 10(4) s. The experimental results suggest that the hybrid materials of the functionalized Au NPs in F8T2 matrix have the potential applications for low voltage-driven high performance nonvolatile memory devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Chun Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University , Taipei, 10617 Taiwan
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24
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Solution processed molecular floating gate for flexible flash memories. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3093. [PMID: 24172758 PMCID: PMC3813938 DOI: 10.1038/srep03093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Solution processed fullerene (C60) molecular floating gate layer has been employed in low voltage nonvolatile memory device on flexible substrates. We systematically studied the charge trapping mechanism of the fullerene floating gate for both p-type pentacene and n-type copper hexadecafluorophthalocyanine (F16CuPc) semiconductor in a transistor based flash memory architecture. The devices based on pentacene as semiconductor exhibited both hole and electron trapping ability, whereas devices with F16CuPc trapped electrons alone due to abundant electron density. All the devices exhibited large memory window, long charge retention time, good endurance property and excellent flexibility. The obtained results have great potential for application in large area flexible electronic devices.
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Tseng CW, Huang DC, Tao YT. Azobenzene-functionalized gold nanoparticles as hybrid double-floating-gate in pentacene thin-film transistors/memories with enhanced response, retention, and memory windows. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:9528-9536. [PMID: 24025199 DOI: 10.1021/am4023253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) with surfaces covered with a self-assembled monolayer of azobenzene derivatives were prepared at the interface of dielectric insulator SiO2 and pentacene thin film. Transistors constructed with these composite channel materials exhibited electric bistability upon different gate biases, with the monolayer serving as a barrier layer, a work function modulator, as well as additional charge trapping sites at the Au-NPs/semiconductor interface at the same time. In comparison with simple alkanethiol monolayer-covered Au-NPs, the CH3-substituted azobenzene-functionalized Au-NPs result in a transistor memory device with about 70% more charges trapped, much faster response time as well as higher retention time. Besides, depending on the substituent on the azobenzene moieties (CH3, H, or CF3) and the tethering alkyl chain length, the speed at which the carriers are trapped (affecting switching response) and the stability of the carriers that are trapped (affecting memory retention) can be modulated to improve the device performance. The structural characterization and electronic characteristics of these devices will be detailed.
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