1
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Liu YN, Li JJ, Weng GJ, Zhu J, Zhao JW. Reliable detection of malachite green by self-assembled SERS substrates based on gold-silicon heterogeneous nano pineapple structures. Food Chem 2024; 451:139454. [PMID: 38703725 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Morphology regulation of heterodimer nanoparticles and the use of their asymmetric features for further practical applications are crucial because of the rich optical properties and various combinations of heterodimers. This work used silicon to asymmetrically wrap half of a gold sphere and grew gold branches on the bare gold surface to form heterogeneous nano pineapples (NPPs) which can effectively improve Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) properties through chemical enhancement and lightning-rod effect respectively. The asymmetric structures of NPPs enabled them to self-assemble into the monolayer membrane with consistent branch orientation. The prepared substrate had high homogeneity and better SERS ability than disorganized substrates, and achieved reliable detection of malachite green (MG) in clams with a detection limit of 7.8 × 10-11 M. This work provided a guide to further revise the morphology of heterodimers and a new idea for the use of asymmetric dimers for practically photochemical and biomedical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ning Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jian-Jun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Guo-Jun Weng
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jun-Wu Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
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2
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Ikram M, Hu C, Zhou Y, Gao Y. Bimetallic Photo-Activated and Steerable Janus Micromotors as Active Microcleaners for Wastewater. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:33439-33450. [PMID: 38889105 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Photoactive colloidal motors whose motion can be controlled and even programed via external magnetic fields have significant potential in practical applications extending from biomedical fields to environmental remediation. Herein, we report a "three in one" strategy in a Co/Zn-TPM (3-trimethoxysilyl propyl methacrylate) bimetallic Janus colloidal micromotor (BMT-micromotor) which can be controlled by an optical field, chemical fuel, and magnetic field. The speed of the micromotors can be tuned by light intensity and with the concentration of the chemical fuel of H2O2, while it could be steered and programed through magnetic field due to the presence of Co in the bimetallic part. Finally, the BMT-micromotors were employed to effectively remove rubidium metal ions and organic dyes (methylene blue and rhodamine b). Benefited of excellent mobility, multiple active sites, and hierarchical morphology, the micromotors exhibit excellent adsorption capacity of 103 mg·g-1 to Rb metal ions and high photodegradation efficiency toward organic dyes in the presence of a lower concentration of H2O2. The experimental characterizations and DFT calculations confirmed the strong interaction of Rb metal ions on the surface of BMT-micromotors and the excellent decomposition of H2O2 which enhanced the photodegradation process. We expect the combination of light and fuel sensitivity with magnetic controllability to unlock an excess of opportunities for the application of BMT-micromotors in water treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ikram
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongquan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxiang Gao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
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3
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Zhu T, Wan L, Li R, Zhang M, Li X, Liu Y, Cai D, Lu H. Janus structure hydrogels: recent advances in synthetic strategies, biomedical microstructure and (bio)applications. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:3003-3026. [PMID: 38695621 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm02051g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Janus structure hydrogels (JSHs) are novel materials. Their primary fabrication methods and various applications have been widely reported. JSHs are primarily composed of Janus particles (JNPs) and polysaccharide components. They exhibit two distinct physical or chemical properties, generating intriguing characteristics due to their asymmetric structure. Normally, one side (adhesive interface) is predominantly constituted of polysaccharide components, primarily serving excellent adhesion. On the other side (functional surface), they integrate diverse functionalities, concurrently performing a plethora of synergistic functions. In the biomedical field, JSHs are widely applied in anti-adhesion, drug delivery, wound healing, and other areas. It also exhibits functions in seawater desalination and motion sensing. Thus, JSHs hold broad prospects for applications, and they possess significant research value in nanotechnology, environmental science, healthcare, and other fields. Additionally, this article proposes the challenges and future work facing these fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taifu Zhu
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
| | - Lei Wan
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
| | - Ruiqi Li
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
| | - Mu Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
| | - Yilong Liu
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
| | - Dingjun Cai
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
| | - Haibin Lu
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
- Department of Stomatology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510900, China.
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4
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Zhou Y, Cheng W, Dai L, Guo S, Wu J, Wang X, Wu A, Liu L, Jiao N. Novel Operation Mechanism and Multifunctional Applications of Bubble Microrobots. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303767. [PMID: 38230855 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Microrobots have emerged as powerful tools for manipulating particles, cells, and assembling biological tissue structures at the microscale. However, achieving precise and flexible operation of arbitrary-shaped microstructures in 3D space remains a challenge. In this study, three novel operation methods based on bubble microrobots are proposed to enable delicate and multifunctional manipulation of various microstructures. These methods include 3D turnover, fixed-point rotation, and 3D ejection. By harnessing the combined principles of the effect of the heat flow field and surface tension of an optothermally generated bubble, the bubble microrobot can perform tasks such as flipping an SIA humanoid structure, rotating a bird-like structure, and launching a hollow rocket-like structure. The proposed multi-mode operation of bubble microrobots enables diverse attitude adjustments of microstructures with different sizes and shapes in both 2D and 3D spaces. As a demonstration, a biological microenvironment of brain glioblastoma is constructed by the bubble microrobot. The simplicity, versatility, and flexibility of this proposed method hold great promise for applications in micromanipulation, assembly, and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wen Cheng
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110022, China
| | - Liguo Dai
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing of Mechanical Equipment, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Songyi Guo
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110022, China
| | - Junfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Anhua Wu
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110022, China
| | - Lianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Niandong Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
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5
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Liu X, Wang Y, Wang L, Chen W, Ma X. Enzymatic Nanomotors Surviving Harsh Conditions Enabled by Metal Organic Frameworks Encapsulation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305800. [PMID: 37991255 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-driven micro/nanomotors (MNMs) have demonstrated potentials in the biomedical field because of their excellent biocompatibility, versatility, and fuel bioavailability. However, the fragility of enzymes limits their practical application, because of their susceptibility to denaturation and degradation in realistic scenarios. Herein, a simple yet versatile and effective approach is reported to preserve the enzymatic activity and propulsion capability of enzymatic MNMs under various harsh conditions using metal organic frameworks (MOFs) as a protective shell. Urease can be encapsulated within the exoskeleton of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) via biomimetic mineralization to form ZIF-8@urease (ZU-I) nanomotors that exhibit self-propulsion in the presence of urea. When exposed to harsh conditions, including high temperature, presence of proteases, and organic solvents, the ZU-I nanomotors still maintained their activity and mobility, whereas ZIF-8 with externally modified urease (ZU-O) nanomotors with externally modified urease as a control rapidly lost their motion capabilities owing to the inactivation of urease. Furthermore, ZU-I nanomotors exhibit effectively enhanced diffusion within the small intestine fluid, achieving a fourfold higher mucus penetration than the ZU-O nanomotors. The results highlight the effectiveness of using MOFs as protective shells for enzyme nano-engines, which can greatly advance the practical applications of enzymatic MNMs under realistic conditions, especially for biomedical purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Liying Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Wenjun Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Xing Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
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6
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Kudryavtseva V, Sukhorukov GB. Features of Anisotropic Drug Delivery Systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307675. [PMID: 38158786 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Natural materials are anisotropic. Delivery systems occurring in nature, such as viruses, blood cells, pollen, and many others, do have anisotropy, while delivery systems made artificially are mostly isotropic. There is apparent complexity in engineering anisotropic particles or capsules with micron and submicron sizes. Nevertheless, some promising examples of how to fabricate particles with anisotropic shapes or having anisotropic chemical and/or physical properties are developed. Anisotropy of particles, once they face biological systems, influences their behavior. Internalization by the cells, flow in the bloodstream, biodistribution over organs and tissues, directed release, and toxicity of particles regardless of the same chemistry are all reported to be factors of anisotropy of delivery systems. Here, the current methods are reviewed to introduce anisotropy to particles or capsules, including loading with various therapeutic cargo, variable physical properties primarily by anisotropic magnetic properties, controlling directional motion, and making Janus particles. The advantages of combining different anisotropy in one entity for delivery and common problems and limitations for fabrication are under discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriya Kudryavtseva
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Gleb B Sukhorukov
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, 121205, Russia
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7
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Sun T, Chen J, Zhang J, Zhao Z, Zhao Y, Sun J, Chang H. Application of micro/nanorobot in medicine. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1347312. [PMID: 38333078 PMCID: PMC10850249 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1347312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of micro/nanorobots and their application in medical treatment holds the promise of revolutionizing disease diagnosis and treatment. In comparison to conventional diagnostic and treatment methods, micro/nanorobots exhibit immense potential due to their small size and the ability to penetrate deep tissues. However, the transition of this technology from the laboratory to clinical applications presents significant challenges. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the research progress in micro/nanorobotics, encompassing biosensors, diagnostics, targeted drug delivery, and minimally invasive surgery. It also addresses the key issues and challenges facing this technology. The fusion of micro/nanorobots with medical treatments is poised to have a profound impact on the future of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jiayang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Breast Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yiming Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jingxue Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hao Chang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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8
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Shivalkar S, Roy A, Chaudhary S, Samanta SK, Chowdhary P, Sahoo AK. Strategies in design of self-propelling hybrid micro/nanobots for bioengineering applications. Biomed Mater 2023; 18:062003. [PMID: 37703889 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/acf975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Micro/nanobots are integrated devices developed from engineered nanomaterials that have evolved significantly over the past decades. They can potentially be pre-programmed to operate robustly at numerous hard-to-reach organ/tissues/cellular sites for multiple bioengineering applications such as early disease diagnosis, precision surgeries, targeted drug delivery, cancer therapeutics, bio-imaging, biomolecules isolation, detoxification, bio-sensing, and clearing up clogged arteries with high soaring effectiveness and minimal exhaustion of power. Several techniques have been introduced in recent years to develop programmable, biocompatible, and energy-efficient micro/nanobots. Therefore, the primary focus of most of these techniques is to develop hybrid micro/nanobots that are an optimized combination of purely synthetic or biodegradable bots suitable for the execution of user-defined tasks more precisely and efficiently. Recent progress has been illustrated here as an overview of a few of the achievable construction principles to be used to make biomedical micro/nanobots and explores the pivotal ventures of nanotechnology-moderated development of catalytic autonomous bots. Furthermore, it is also foregrounding their advancement offering an insight into the recent trends and subsequent prospects, opportunities, and challenges involved in the accomplishments of the effective multifarious bioengineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Shivalkar
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, UP, India
| | - Anwesha Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Shrutika Chaudhary
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
| | - Sintu Kumar Samanta
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, UP, India
| | - Pallabi Chowdhary
- Department of Biotechnology, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Amaresh Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, UP, India
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9
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Wang Y, Chen J, Su G, Mei J, Li J. A Review of Single-Cell Microrobots: Classification, Driving Methods and Applications. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1710. [PMID: 37763873 PMCID: PMC10537272 DOI: 10.3390/mi14091710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell microrobots are new microartificial devices that use a combination of single cells and artificial devices, with the advantages of small size, easy degradation and ease of manufacture. With externally driven strategies such as light fields, sound fields and magnetic fields, microrobots are able to carry out precise micromanipulations and movements in complex microenvironments. Therefore, single-cell microrobots have received more and more attention and have been greatly developed in recent years. In this paper, we review the main classifications, control methods and recent advances in the field of single-cell microrobot applications. First, different types of robots, such as cell-based microrobots, bacteria-based microrobots, algae-based microrobots, etc., and their design strategies and fabrication processes are discussed separately. Next, three types of external field-driven technologies, optical, acoustic and magnetic, are presented and operations realized in vivo and in vitro by applying these three technologies are described. Subsequently, the results achieved by these robots in the fields of precise delivery, minimally invasive therapy are analyzed. Finally, a short summary is given and current challenges and future work on microbial-based robotics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Junyang Li
- School of Electronic Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266000, China; (Y.W.); (J.C.); (G.S.); (J.M.)
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10
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Deng X, Su Y, Xu M, Gong D, Cai J, Akhter M, Chen K, Li S, Pan J, Gao C, Li D, Zhang W, Xu W. Magnetic Micro/nanorobots for biological detection and targeted delivery. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 222:114960. [PMID: 36463650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Deng
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuan Su
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health Institute of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Minghao Xu
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - De Gong
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jun Cai
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Muhammad Akhter
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Kehan Chen
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shuting Li
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health Institute of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jingwen Pan
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chao Gao
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Daoliang Li
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wenqiang Zhang
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Wentao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health Institute of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism Food Safety MOA, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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11
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Singh AK, Awasthi R, Malviya R. Bioinspired microrobots: Opportunities and challenges in targeted cancer therapy. J Control Release 2023; 354:439-452. [PMID: 36669531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is still the most effective technique to treat many forms of cancer. However, it also carries a high risk of side effects. Numerous nanomedicines have been developed to avoid unintended consequences and significant negative effects of conventional therapies. Achieving targeted drug delivery also has several challenges. In this context, the development of microrobots is receiving considerable attention of formulation scientists and clinicians to overcome such challenges. Due to their mobility, microrobots can infiltrate tissues and reach tumor sites more quickly. Different types of microrobots, like custom-made moving bacteria, microengines powered by small bubbles, and hybrid spermbots, can be designed with complex features that are best for precise targeting of a wide range of cancers. In this review, we mainly focus on the idea of how microrobots can quickly target cancer cells and discuss specific advantages of microrobots. A brief summary of the microrobots' drug loading and release behavior is provided in this manuscript. This manuscript will assist clinicians and other medical professionals in diagnosing and treating cancer without surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajendra Awasthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences & Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Energy Acres, P.O. Bidholi, Via-Prem Nagar, Dehradun 248 007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rishabha Malviya
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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12
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Zhang X, Yang T, Wu Y, He Q. Research progress in the application of colloidal motors for precision medicine. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:12547-12559. [PMID: 36018316 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03963j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal motors have unique capabilities of self-propulsion, cargo loading and active target delivery, and have great potential for precision disease therapy. Currently, colloidal motors with different functions have been designed for diverse disease treatments. However, the application of colloidal motors in precision disease treatment is still in the exploratory stage and faces many practical challenges. This review highlights the therapeutic functions of colloidal motors, such as anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammation, hypoglycemic, immune activation and hemostasis functions. Furthermore, the application progress of multifunctional colloidal motors in various diseases has also been summarized, including cerebral diseases, ophthalmic diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, cardiovascular diseases and bladder diseases. Finally, the current limitations and challenges of colloidal motors as well as future research directions are discussed. This review aims to help readers become clearly acquainted with the achievements of colloidal motors that have been made in disease treatment and to promote the further development of colloidal motors in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 XiDaZhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Tingxin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 XiDaZhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Yingjie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 XiDaZhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 XiDaZhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China.
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13
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Li Y, Wu J, Oku H, Ma G. Polymer‐Modified Micromotors with Biomedical Applications: Promotion of Functionalization. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202200074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Division of Molecular Science Graduate School of Science and Engineering Gunma University Gunma 376-8515 Japan
| | - Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Hiroyuki Oku
- Division of Molecular Science Graduate School of Science and Engineering Gunma University Gunma 376-8515 Japan
| | - Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
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14
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Review of Bubble Applications in Microrobotics: Propulsion, Manipulation, and Assembly. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13071068. [PMID: 35888885 PMCID: PMC9324494 DOI: 10.3390/mi13071068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, microbubbles have been widely used in the field of microrobots due to their unique properties. Microbubbles can be easily produced and used as power sources or tools of microrobots, and the bubbles can even serve as microrobots themselves. As a power source, bubbles can propel microrobots to swim in liquid under low-Reynolds-number conditions. As a manipulation tool, microbubbles can act as the micromanipulators of microrobots, allowing them to operate upon particles, cells, and organisms. As a microrobot, microbubbles can operate and assemble complex microparts in two- or three-dimensional spaces. This review provides a comprehensive overview of bubble applications in microrobotics including propulsion, micromanipulation, and microassembly. First, we introduce the diverse bubble generation and control methods. Then, we review and discuss how bubbles can play a role in microrobotics via three functions: propulsion, manipulation, and assembly. Finally, by highlighting the advantages and current challenges of this progress, we discuss the prospects of microbubbles in microrobotics.
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15
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Zhang H, Wang F, Nestler B. Janus Droplet Formation via Thermally Induced Phase Separation: A Numerical Model with Diffusion and Convection. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:6882-6895. [PMID: 35617199 PMCID: PMC9178917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Microscale Janus particles have versatile potential applications in many physical and biomedical fields, such as microsensor, micromotor, and drug delivery. Here, we present a phase-field approach of multicomponent and multiphase to investigate the Janus droplet formation via thermally induced phase separation. The crucial kinetics for the formation of Janus droplets consisting of two polymer species and a solvent component via an interplay of both diffusion and convection is considered in the Cahn-Hilliard-Navier-Stokes equation. The simulation results of the phase-field model show that unequal interfacial tensions between the two polymer species and the solvent result in asymmetric phase separation in the formation process of Janus droplets. This asymmetric phase separation plays a vital role in the establishment of the so-called core-shell structure that has been observed in previous experiments. By varying the droplet size, the surface tension, and the molecular interaction between the polymer species, several novel droplet morphologies are predicted in the development process of Janus droplets. Moreover, we stress that the hydrodynamics should be reckoned as a non-negligible mechanism that not only accelerates the Janus droplet evolution but also has great impacts on the coarsening and coalescence of the Janus droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Zhang
- Institute
of Applied Materials-Microstructure Modelling and Simulation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Straße am Forum 7, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Fei Wang
- Institute
of Applied Materials-Microstructure Modelling and Simulation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Straße am Forum 7, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Britta Nestler
- Institute
of Applied Materials-Microstructure Modelling and Simulation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Straße am Forum 7, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute
of Digital Materials Science, Karlsruhe
University of Applied Sciences, Moltkestraße 30, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
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16
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Li H, Li Y, Liu J, He Q, Wu Y. Asymmetric colloidal motors: from dissymmetric nanoarchitectural fabrication to efficient propulsion strategy. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:7444-7459. [PMID: 35546337 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr00610c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Janus colloidal motors (JCMs) are versatile anisotropic particles that can effectively move autonomously based on their asymmetric structures, providing unlimited possibilities for various tasks. Developing novel JCMs with controllable size, engineered nanostructure and functionalized surface properties has always been a challenge for chemists. This review summarizes the recent progress in synthesized JCMs in terms of their fabrication method, propulsion strategy, and biomedical applications. The design options, construction methods, and typical examples of JCMs are presented. Common propulsion mechanisms of JCMs are reviewed, as well as the approaches to control their motion under complex microscopic conditions based on symmetry-breaking strategies. The precisely controlled motion enables JCMs to be used in biomedicine, environmental remediation, analytical sensing and nanoengineering. Finally, perspectives on future research and development are presented. Through ingenious design and multi-functionality, new JCM-based technologies could address more and more special needs in complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Li
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 XiDaZhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Yue Li
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 XiDaZhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 XiDaZhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 XiDaZhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Yingjie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 XiDaZhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China.
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17
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Wang D, Mukhtar A, Humayun M, Wu K, Du Z, Wang S, Zhang Y. A Critical Review on Nanowire-Motors: Design, Mechanism and Applications. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202200016. [PMID: 35616156 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanowire-motors (NW-Ms) are promoting the rapid development of emerging biomedicine and environmental governance, and are an important branch of micro-nano motors in the development of nanotechnology. In recent years, huge research breakthroughs have been made in these fields in terms of the fascinating microstructure, conversion efficiency and practical applications of NW-Ms. This review article introduces the latest milestones in NW-Ms research, from production methods, driving mechanisms, control methods to targeted drug delivery, sewage detection, sensors and cell capture. The dynamics and physics of micro-nano devices are reviewed, and finally the current challenges and future research directions in this field are discussed. This review further aims to provide certain guidance for the driving of NW-Ms to meet the urgent needs of emerging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dashuang Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Aiman Mukhtar
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, International Research Institute for Steel Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Steels, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China
| | - Muhammad Humayun
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Engineering Research Center for Functional Ceramics of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Kaiming Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, International Research Institute for Steel Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Steels, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China
| | - Zhilan Du
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Shushen Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, International Research Institute for Steel Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Steels, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
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18
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Liu D, Wang T, Lu Y. Untethered Microrobots for Active Drug Delivery: From Rational Design to Clinical Settings. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2102253. [PMID: 34767306 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202102253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances of untethered microrobots, which navigate the complex regions in vivo for therapeutics, have presented promising multiple applications on future healthcare. Microrobots used for active drug delivery system (DDS) have been demonstrated for advanced targeting distribution, improved delivery efficiency, and reduced systemic side effects. In this review, the therapeutic benefits of active DDS are presented compared to the traditional passive DDS, which illustrate the historical reasons for choosing active DDS. An integrated 5D radar chart analysis model containing the core capabilities of the active DDS is innovatively proposed. It would be a practical tool for measurement and mapping of the field of active delivery, followed by the evolutions and bottlenecks of each technical module. The comprehensive consideration of microrobots before clinical application is also discussed from the aspects of robot ethics, dosage, quality control and stability control in actual production. Gastrointestinal and blood administration, as two major clinical scenes of drug delivery, are discussed in detail as examples of the potential bedside applications of active DDS. Finally, combined with the reported analysis model, the current status and future outlook from the translation prospect to the clinical scenes of microrobots are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis Ministry of Education Department of Chemical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis Ministry of Education Department of Chemical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis Ministry of Education Department of Chemical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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19
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Constructing multifunctional Janus carbon-mesoporous silica particles as Pickering emulsifier for biphasic reaction. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Abstract
Achieving a novel drug delivery system needs site-specificity along with dosage control. Many physical, chemical, mechanical, and biological signals are used for developing these systems, out of which light has been used predominantly in the past decade. Light responsive drug delivery systems have tremendous potential, and their exploration is crucial in developing a precise and controlled delivery system. Spatio-temporal and intensity control of light allows better manipulation of drug delivery vehicles than mechanical, chemical, and biological signals. The use of ultraviolet (UV) and near-infrared (NIR) light has helped in upgrading therapeutic functionalities, while the use of up-conversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) has delivered an extension into theranostic tools. Biomaterials incorporated with photosensitizers can readily respond to changes in light and are vital in achieving clinical success via translational research. Further, the inclusion of biological macromolecules for the transportation of drugs, genes, and proteins has seen a broader application of light-controlled systems. The key objective of this review paper is to summarise the evolution of light-activated targeted drug delivery systems and the importance of biomaterials in developing one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mishal Pokharel
- Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, USA
| | - Kihan Park
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, USA
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21
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Choi H, Yi J, Cho SH, Hahn SK. Multifunctional micro/nanomotors as an emerging platform for smart healthcare applications. Biomaterials 2021; 279:121201. [PMID: 34715638 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Self-propelling micro- and nano-motors (MNMs) are emerging as a multifunctional platform for smart healthcare applications such as biosensing, bioimaging, and targeted drug delivery with high tissue penetration, stirring effect, and rapid drug transport. MNMs can be propelled and/or guided by chemical substances or external stimuli including ultrasound, magnetic field, and light. In addition, enzymatically powered MNMs and biohybrid micromotors have been developed using the biological components in the body. In this review, we describe emerging MNMs focusing on their smart propulsion systems, and diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Finally, we highlight several MNMs for in vivo applications and discuss the future perspectives of MNMs on their current limitations and possibilities toward further clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsik Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea
| | - Jeeyoon Yi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea
| | - Seong Hwi Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea
| | - Sei Kwang Hahn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea.
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22
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Kozlovskaya V, Kharlampieva E. Anisotropic Particles through Multilayer Assembly. Macromol Biosci 2021; 22:e2100328. [PMID: 34644008 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The anisotropy in the shape of polymeric particles has been demonstrated to have many advantages over spherical particulates, including bio-mimetic behavior, shaped-directed flow, deformation, surface adhesion, targeting, motion, and permeability. The layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly is uniquely suited for synthesizing anisotropic particles as this method allows for simple and versatile replication of diverse colloid geometries with precise control over their chemical and physical properties. This review highlights recent progress in anisotropic particles of micrometer and nanometer sizes produced by a templated multilayer assembly of synthetic and biological macromolecules. Synthetic approaches to produce capsules and hydrogels utilizing anisotropic templates such as biological, polymeric, bulk hydrogel, inorganic colloids, and metal-organic framework crystals as sacrificial templates are overviewed. Structure-property relationships controlled by the anisotropy in particle shape and surface are discussed and compared with their spherical counterparts. Advances and challenges in controlling particle properties through varying shape anisotropy and surface asymmetry are outlined. The perspective applications of anisotropic colloids in biomedicine, including programmed behavior in the blood and tissues as artificial cells, nano-motors/sensors, and intelligent drug carriers are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Kozlovskaya
- Chemistry Department, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Eugenia Kharlampieva
- Chemistry Department, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.,UAB Center for Nanomaterials and Biointegration, UAB O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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23
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Asymmetrically coating Pt nanoparticles on magnetic silica nanospheres for target cell capture and therapy. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:361. [PMID: 34601637 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A Janus cargo has been developed via the combination of magnetic mesoporous silica (MMS) with asymmetric decoration of Pt nanoparticles (PtNPs). Mesoporous morphology of MMS provides plenty of space for loading photosensitizers and targeting agents; the magnetic feature endows the as-formed nanospheres with satisfactory isolation function in removal of low abundant target cells. The excellent catalytic ability of PtNPs can effectively alleviate the hypoxia condition of tumor microenvironment via the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as well as an O2-drived nanomotor for highly efficient drug release. Using CCRF-CEM as the model target cell, the Janus cargo is demonstrated to possess significantly improved performance in cell capture and photodynamic therapy. Specially, owing to the patchy Pt decoration, the loaded photosensitizers exhibit a more efficient release behavior. More importantly, asymmetric O2-emission from one side of the nanocargo acts as a driving force, which could effectively accelerate the motion ability of cargo in cell media, thus leading to an enhanced therapeutic effect compared with the traditionally symmetric nanocargo. This Janus cargo would offer a new paradigm to design highly efficient drug carrier for gaining an improved photodynamic therapy in hypoxic cancer cells.
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24
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Liang Z, Tu Y, Peng F. Polymeric Micro/Nanomotors and Their Biomedical Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100720. [PMID: 34110714 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since their naissance in the 2000s, various micro or nanomotors with powerful functions have been proposed. Among them, polymer-based micro or nanomotors stand out for the easy processing and facile functionalization, holding immense potential for bioapplications. In this review, fabrication of polymer-based micro or nanomotors and their applications in biomedical areas are covered. Classic manufacturing approaches as well as cutting-edge techniques are discussed with representative works highlighted. Current challenges and future prospects are presented in the hope of pointing new research directions to facilitate practical translations of micro/nanomotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Yingfeng Tu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Fei Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
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25
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Liu X, Wu Z, Cavalli R, Cravotto G. Sonochemical Preparation of Inorganic Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites for Drug Release–A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c01869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Liu
- Department of Drug Science and Technology and NIS−Centre for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, University of Turin, Turin, 10125, Italy
| | - Zhilin Wu
- Department of Drug Science and Technology and NIS−Centre for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, University of Turin, Turin, 10125, Italy
| | - Roberta Cavalli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology and NIS−Centre for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, University of Turin, Turin, 10125, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- Department of Drug Science and Technology and NIS−Centre for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, University of Turin, Turin, 10125, Italy
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 109807, Russia
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26
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Verma B, Gumfekar SP, Sabapathy M. A critical review on micro‐ and nanomotors: Application towards wastewater treatment. CAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Verma
- Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Ropar India
| | - Sarang P. Gumfekar
- Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Ropar India
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27
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Wan M, Li T, Chen H, Mao C, Shen J. Biosafety, Functionalities, and Applications of Biomedical Micro/nanomotors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13158-13176. [PMID: 33145879 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Due to their unique ability to actively move, micro/nanomotors offer the possibility of breaking through the limitations of traditional passive drug delivery systems for the treatment of many diseases, and have attracted the increasing attention of researchers. However, at present, the realization of many advantages of micro/nanomotors in disease treatment in vivo is still in its infancy, because of the complexity and particularity of diseases in different parts of human body. In this Minireview, we first focus on the biosafety and functionality of micro/nanomotors as a biomedical treatment system. Then, we address the treatment difficulties of various diseases in vivo (such as ophthalmic disease, orthopedic disease, gastrointestinal disease, cardiovascular disease, and cancer), and then review the research progress of biomedical micro/nanomotors in the past 20 years, Finally, we propose the challenges in this field and possible future development directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Wan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ting Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Huan Chen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chun Mao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jian Shen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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28
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NIR light-responsive nanocarriers for controlled release. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2021.100420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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29
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Zhang X, Fu Q, Duan H, Song J, Yang H. Janus Nanoparticles: From Fabrication to (Bio)Applications. ACS NANO 2021; 15:6147-6191. [PMID: 33739822 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Janus nanoparticles (JNPs) refer to the integration of two or more chemically discrepant composites into one structure system. Studies into JNPs have been of significant interest due to their interesting characteristics stemming from their asymmetric structures, which can integrate different functional properties and perform more synergetic functions simultaneously. Herein, we present recent progress of Janus particles, comprehensively detailing fabrication strategies and applications. First, the classification of JNPs is divided into three blocks, consisting of polymeric composites, inorganic composites, and hybrid polymeric/inorganic JNPs composites. Then, the fabrication strategies are alternately summarized, examining self-assembly strategy, phase separation strategy, seed-mediated polymerization, microfluidic preparation strategy, nucleation growth methods, and masking methods. Finally, various intriguing applications of JNPs are presented, including solid surfactants agents, micro/nanomotors, and biomedical applications such as biosensing, controlled drug delivery, bioimaging, cancer therapy, and combined theranostics. Furthermore, challenges and future works in this field are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, P.R. China
| | - Qinrui Fu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Duan
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637457
| | - Jibin Song
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, P.R. China
| | - Huanghao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, P.R. China
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30
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Muiños-Landin S, Fischer A, Holubec V, Cichos F. Reinforcement learning with artificial microswimmers. Sci Robot 2021; 6:6/52/eabd9285. [PMID: 34043550 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.abd9285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Artificial microswimmers that can replicate the complex behavior of active matter are often designed to mimic the self-propulsion of microscopic living organisms. However, compared with their living counterparts, artificial microswimmers have a limited ability to adapt to environmental signals or to retain a physical memory to yield optimized emergent behavior. Different from macroscopic living systems and robots, both microscopic living organisms and artificial microswimmers are subject to Brownian motion, which randomizes their position and propulsion direction. Here, we combine real-world artificial active particles with machine learning algorithms to explore their adaptive behavior in a noisy environment with reinforcement learning. We use a real-time control of self-thermophoretic active particles to demonstrate the solution of a simple standard navigation problem under the inevitable influence of Brownian motion at these length scales. We show that, with external control, collective learning is possible. Concerning the learning under noise, we find that noise decreases the learning speed, modifies the optimal behavior, and also increases the strength of the decisions made. As a consequence of time delay in the feedback loop controlling the particles, an optimum velocity, reminiscent of optimal run-and-tumble times of bacteria, is found for the system, which is conjectured to be a universal property of systems exhibiting delayed response in a noisy environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Muiños-Landin
- Molecular Nanophotonics Group, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,AIMEN Technology Centre, Smart Systems and Smart Manufacturing-Artificial Intelligence and Data Analytics Laboratory, PI. Cataboi, 36418 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - A Fischer
- Molecular Nanophotonics Group, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - V Holubec
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, 18000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - F Cichos
- Molecular Nanophotonics Group, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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31
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The Energy Conversion behind Micro-and Nanomotors. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12020222. [PMID: 33671593 PMCID: PMC7927089 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the autonomously moving organisms in nature, artificially synthesized micro-nano-scale power devices, also called micro-and nanomotors, are proposed. These micro-and nanomotors that can self-propel have been used for biological sensing, environmental remediation, and targeted drug transportation. In this article, we will systematically overview the conversion of chemical energy or other forms of energy in the external environment (such as electrical energy, light energy, magnetic energy, and ultrasound) into kinetic mechanical energy by micro-and nanomotors. The development and progress of these energy conversion mechanisms in the past ten years are reviewed, and the broad application prospects of micro-and nanomotors in energy conversion are provided.
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32
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Wan M, Li T, Chen H, Mao C, Shen J. Biosafety, Functionalities, and Applications of Biomedical Micro/nanomotors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Wan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Ting Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Huan Chen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Chun Mao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Jian Shen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
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33
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Abstract
Field-assisted self-assembly, motion, and manipulation of droplets have gained much attention in the past decades. We exhibit an electric field manipulation of the motion of a liquid metal (mercury) droplet submerged in a conductive liquid medium (a solution of sulfuric acid). A mercury droplet moves toward the cathode and its path selection is always given by the steepest descent of the local electric field potential. Utilizing this unique behavior, we present several examples of droplet motions, including maze solving, electro-levitation, and motion on a diverted path between parallel electrodes by controlling the conductivity of the medium. We also present an experimental demonstration of Fermat's principle in a non-optical system, namely a mercury droplet moving along a refracted path between electrodes in a domain having two different conductivities.
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34
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Mestre R, Patiño T, Sánchez S. Biohybrid robotics: From the nanoscale to the macroscale. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 13:e1703. [PMID: 33533200 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biohybrid robotics is a field in which biological entities are combined with artificial materials in order to obtain improved performance or features that are difficult to mimic with hand-made materials. Three main level of integration can be envisioned depending on the complexity of the biological entity, ranging from the nanoscale to the macroscale. At the nanoscale, enzymes that catalyze biocompatible reactions can be used as power sources for self-propelled nanoparticles of different geometries and compositions, obtaining rather interesting active matter systems that acquire importance in the biomedical field as drug delivery systems. At the microscale, single enzymes are substituted by complete cells, such as bacteria or spermatozoa, whose self-propelling capabilities can be used to transport cargo and can also be used as drug delivery systems, for in vitro fertilization practices or for biofilm removal. Finally, at the macroscale, the combinations of millions of cells forming tissues can be used to power biorobotic devices or bioactuators by using muscle cells. Both cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue have been part of remarkable examples of untethered biorobots that can crawl or swim due to the contractions of the tissue and current developments aim at the integration of several types of tissue to obtain more realistic biomimetic devices, which could lead to the next generation of hybrid robotics. Tethered bioactuators, however, result in excellent candidates for tissue models for drug screening purposes or the study of muscle myopathies due to their three-dimensional architecture. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Mestre
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tania Patiño
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.,Chemistry Department, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Samuel Sánchez
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
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35
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Wang W, Zhou C. A Journey of Nanomotors for Targeted Cancer Therapy: Principles, Challenges, and a Critical Review of the State-of-the-Art. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001236. [PMID: 33111501 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A nanomotor is a miniaturized device that converts energy stored in the environment into mechanical motion. The last two decades have witnessed a surge of research interests in the biomedical applications of nanomotors, but little clinical translation. To accelerate this process, targeted cancer therapy is used as an example to describe a "survive, locate, operate, and terminate" (SLOT) mission of a nanomotor, where it must 1) survive in the unfriendly in vivo environment, 2) locate its target as well as be located by human operators, 3) carry out specific operations, and 4) terminate after the mission is completed. Along this journey, the challenges presented to a nanomotor, including to power, navigate, steer, target, release, control, image, and communicate are discussed, and how state-of-the-art nanomotors meet or fall short of these requirements is critically reviewed. These discussions are then condensed into a table for easy reference. In particular, it is argued that chemically powered nanomotors are intrinsically ill-positioned for targeted cancer therapy, while nanomotors powered by magnetic fields or ultrasound show more promises. Following this argument, a tentative nanomotor design is then presented in the end to conform to the SLOT guideline, and to inspire practical, functional nanorobots that are yet to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Chao Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Shenzhen 518055 China
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36
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Yang Y, Arqué X, Patiño T, Guillerm V, Blersch PR, Pérez-Carvajal J, Imaz I, Maspoch D, Sánchez S. Enzyme-Powered Porous Micromotors Built from a Hierarchical Micro- and Mesoporous UiO-Type Metal-Organic Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20962-20967. [PMID: 33274916 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report the design, synthesis, and functional testing of enzyme-powered porous micromotors built from a metal-organic framework (MOF). We began by subjecting a presynthesized microporous UiO-type MOF to ozonolysis, to confer it with mesopores sufficiently large to adsorb and host the enzyme catalase (size: 6-10 nm). We then encapsulated catalase inside the mesopores, observing that they are hosted in those mesopores located at the subsurface of the MOF crystals. In the presence of H2O2 fuel, MOF motors (or MOFtors) exhibit jet-like propulsion enabled by enzymatic generation of oxygen bubbles. Moreover, thanks to their hierarchical pore system, the MOFtors retain sufficient free space for adsorption of additional targeted species, which we validated by testing a MOFtor for removal of rhodamine B during self-propulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhui Yang
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Arqué
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tania Patiño
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Chemistry Department, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincent Guillerm
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pascal-Raphael Blersch
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Pérez-Carvajal
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inhar Imaz
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Maspoch
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Pg. Lluı́s Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Samuel Sánchez
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Pg. Lluı́s Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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37
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Yang Q, Gao Y, Xu L, Hong W, She Y, Yang G. Enzyme-driven micro/nanomotors: Recent advances and biomedical applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 167:457-469. [PMID: 33278445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Micro/nanomotors (MNMs), both self-propelled actuators and external fields-promoted machines, have joined forces in the past decade to accomplish versatile tasks such as precise detection and targeted cargo delivery with adequate propulsion and desirable locomotion. Amongst, enzyme-driven MNMs have been able to differentiate themselves from others owing to their distinct characteristics, such as absence of chemical fuel, enhanced cellular uptake and the possibility to be easily conjugated with many therapeutics, including both small molecules and biologics, displaying superior efficacy, enhanced specificity and diminished side effects. In the present review, we aim to highlight and summarize recent advances in enzyme-driven MNMs, particularly to provide an in-depth discussion focusing on the enzyme linking approaches onto those MNMs and motion control strategies of such MNMs with advantages and limitations thereof. Conclusions and future perspectives are also provided in brief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingliang Yang
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Particle Technology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Particle Technology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Particle Technology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Weiyong Hong
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Particle Technology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Taizhou Municipal Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Yuanbin She
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Gensheng Yang
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Particle Technology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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38
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Yuan H, Liu X, Wang L, Ma X. Fundamentals and applications of enzyme powered micro/nano-motors. Bioact Mater 2020; 6:1727-1749. [PMID: 33313451 PMCID: PMC7711193 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro/nanomotors (MNMs) are miniaturized machines that can convert many kinds of energy into mechanical motion. Over the past decades, a variety of driving mechanisms have been developed, which have greatly extended the application scenarios of MNMs. Enzymes exist in natural organisms which can convert chemical energy into mechanical force. It is an innovative attempt to utilize enzymes as biocatalyst providing driving force for MNMs. The fuels for enzymatic reactions are biofriendly as compared to traditional counterparts, which makes enzyme-powered micro/nanomotors (EMNMs) of great value in biomedical field for their nature of biocompatibility. Until now, EMNMs with various shapes can be propelled by catalase, urease and many others. Also, they can be endowed with multiple functionalities to accomplish on-demand tasks. Herein, combined with the development process of EMNMs, we are committed to present a comprehensive understanding of EMNMs, including their types, propelling principles, and potential applications. In this review, we will introduce single enzyme that can be used as motor, enzyme powered molecule motors and other micro/nano-architectures. The fundamental mechanism of energy conversion process of EMNMs and crucial factors that affect their movement behavior will be discussed. The current progress of proof-of-concept applications of EMNMs will also be elaborated in detail. At last, we will summarize and prospect the opportunities and challenges that EMNMs will face in their future development. Clear classification and description of different enzyme-powered micro/nanomotors (EMNMs). Discussion of the fundamental mechanism of energy conversion process of EMNMs and their movement influence factors. Introduction of the current progress of proof-of-concept applications of EMNMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yuan
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Liying Wang
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xing Ma
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, No. 9 Duxue Road, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
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39
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Nanoparticles in Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Layer-by-Layer (LbL) Films and Capsules—Key Enabling Components of Hybrid Coatings. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10111131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Originally regarded as auxiliary additives, nanoparticles have become important constituents of polyelectrolyte multilayers. They represent the key components to enhance mechanical properties, enable activation by laser light or ultrasound, construct anisotropic and multicompartment structures, and facilitate the development of novel sensors and movable particles. Here, we discuss an increasingly important role of inorganic nanoparticles in the layer-by-layer assembly—effectively leading to the construction of the so-called hybrid coatings. The principles of assembly are discussed together with the properties of nanoparticles and layer-by-layer polymeric assembly essential in building hybrid coatings. Applications and emerging trends in development of such novel materials are also identified.
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40
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Li T, Wan M, Mao C. Research Progress of Micro/Nanomotors for Cancer Treatment. Chempluschem 2020; 85:2586-2598. [PMID: 33174354 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have been widely used in cancer treatment and have achieved remarkable results. However, the specificity of the tumor microenvironment and a series of biological barriers (such as blood flow, cell membrane, dense tissue, etc.) have caused many obstacles faced by nanomaterials after entering the human body, which makes traditional drug delivery vehicles have insurmountable difficulties, such as low delivery efficiency, poor permeability, etc. The micro/nanomotors with autonomous movement capabilities provide the possibility to solve the above problems. Therefore, this review summarizes the current researches of micro/nanomotors strategies to overcome the different biological barriers of nanomaterials in cancer treatment. The advantages and disadvantages of three typical micro/nanomotors (biological, physical and chemical micro/nanomotors) in cancer treatment are summarized separately, and the future design of micro/nanomotors more suitable for tumor environment was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Mimi Wan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Chun Mao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
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41
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Schmidt CK, Medina-Sánchez M, Edmondson RJ, Schmidt OG. Engineering microrobots for targeted cancer therapies from a medical perspective. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5618. [PMID: 33154372 PMCID: PMC7645678 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19322-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic chemotherapy remains the backbone of many cancer treatments. Due to its untargeted nature and the severe side effects it can cause, numerous nanomedicine approaches have been developed to overcome these issues. However, targeted delivery of therapeutics remains challenging. Engineering microrobots is increasingly receiving attention in this regard. Their functionalities, particularly their motility, allow microrobots to penetrate tissues and reach cancers more efficiently. Here, we highlight how different microrobots, ranging from tailor-made motile bacteria and tiny bubble-propelled microengines to hybrid spermbots, can be engineered to integrate sophisticated features optimised for precision-targeting of a wide range of cancers. Towards this, we highlight the importance of integrating clinicians, the public and cancer patients early on in the development of these novel technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine K Schmidt
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, 555 Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK.
| | - Mariana Medina-Sánchez
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Richard J Edmondson
- Gynaecological Oncology, Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- St. Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Level 5, Research Floor, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany.
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42
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Soto F, Wang J, Ahmed R, Demirci U. Medical Micro/Nanorobots in Precision Medicine. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2002203. [PMID: 33173743 PMCID: PMC7610261 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Advances in medical robots promise to improve modern medicine and the quality of life. Miniaturization of these robotic platforms has led to numerous applications that leverages precision medicine. In this review, the current trends of medical micro and nanorobotics for therapy, surgery, diagnosis, and medical imaging are discussed. The use of micro and nanorobots in precision medicine still faces technical, regulatory, and market challenges for their widespread use in clinical settings. Nevertheless, recent translations from proof of concept to in vivo studies demonstrate their potential toward precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Soto
- Bio‐Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) LaboratoryCanary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early DetectionDepartment of RadiologySchool of Medicine Stanford UniversityPalo AltoCA94304‐5427USA
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early DetectionDepartment of RadiologySchool of MedicineStanford UniversityPalo AltoCA94304‐5427USA
| | - Jie Wang
- Bio‐Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) LaboratoryCanary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early DetectionDepartment of RadiologySchool of Medicine Stanford UniversityPalo AltoCA94304‐5427USA
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early DetectionDepartment of RadiologySchool of MedicineStanford UniversityPalo AltoCA94304‐5427USA
| | - Rajib Ahmed
- Bio‐Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) LaboratoryCanary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early DetectionDepartment of RadiologySchool of Medicine Stanford UniversityPalo AltoCA94304‐5427USA
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early DetectionDepartment of RadiologySchool of MedicineStanford UniversityPalo AltoCA94304‐5427USA
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Bio‐Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) LaboratoryCanary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early DetectionDepartment of RadiologySchool of Medicine Stanford UniversityPalo AltoCA94304‐5427USA
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early DetectionDepartment of RadiologySchool of MedicineStanford UniversityPalo AltoCA94304‐5427USA
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43
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Biofriendly micro/nanomotors operating on biocatalysis: from natural to biological environments. BIOPHYSICS REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41048-020-00119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Micro/nanomotors (MNMs) are tiny motorized objects that can autonomously navigate in complex fluidic environments under the influence of an appropriate source of energy. Internal energy-driven MNMs are composed of certain reactive materials that are capable of converting chemical energy from the surroundings into kinetic energy. Recent advances in smart nanomaterials design and processing have endowed the internal energy-driven MNMs with different geometrical designs and various mechanisms of locomotion, with remarkable traveling speed in diverse environments ranging from environmental water to complex body fluids. Among the different design principals, MNM systems that operate from biocatalysis possess biofriendly components, efficient energy conversion, and mild working condition, exhibiting a potential of stepping out of the proof-of-concept phase for addressing many real-life environmental and biotechnological challenges. The biofriendliness of MNMs should not only be considered for in vivo drug delivery but also for environmental remediation and chemical sensing that only environmentally friendly intermediates and degraded products are generated. This review aims to provide an overview of the recent advances in biofriendly MNM design using biocatalysis as the predominant driving force, towards practical applications in biotechnology and environmental technology.
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44
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Yılmaz Aykut D, Yolaçan Ö, Deligöz H. pH stimuli drug loading/release platforms from LbL single/blend films: QCM-D and in-vitro studies. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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45
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Tezel G, Timur SS, Kuralay F, Gürsoy RN, Ulubayram K, Öner L, Eroğlu H. Current status of micro/nanomotors in drug delivery. J Drug Target 2020; 29:29-45. [PMID: 32672079 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1797052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic micro/nanomotors (MNMs) are novel, self-propelled nano or microscale devices that are widely used in drug transport, cell stimulation and isolation, bio-imaging, diagnostic and monitoring, sensing, photocatalysis and environmental remediation. Various preparation methods and propulsion mechanisms make MNMs "tailormade" nanosystems for the intended purpose or use. As the one of the newest members of nano carriers, MNMs open a new perspective especially for rapid drug transport and gene delivery. Although there exists limited number of in-vivo studies for drug delivery purposes, existence of in-vitro supportive data strongly encourages researchers to move on in this field and benefit from the manoeuvre capability of these novel systems. In this article, we reviewed the preparation and propulsion mechanisms of nanomotors in various fields with special attention to drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Tezel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Selin Seda Timur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Filiz Kuralay
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - R Neslihan Gürsoy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kezban Ulubayram
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Levent Öner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hakan Eroğlu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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46
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Arqué X, Andrés X, Mestre R, Ciraulo B, Ortega Arroyo J, Quidant R, Patiño T, Sánchez S. Ionic Species Affect the Self-Propulsion of Urease-Powered Micromotors. RESEARCH 2020; 2020:2424972. [PMID: 32803169 PMCID: PMC7404610 DOI: 10.34133/2020/2424972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme-powered motors self-propel through the catalysis of in situ bioavailable fuels, which makes them excellent candidates for biomedical applications. However, fundamental issues like their motion in biological fluids and the understanding of the propulsion mechanism are critical aspects to be tackled before a future application in biomedicine. Herein, we investigated the physicochemical effects of ionic species on the self-propulsion of urease-powered micromotors. Results showed that the presence of PBS, NaOH, NaCl, and HEPES reduced self-propulsion of urease-powered micromotors pointing towards ion-dependent mechanisms of motion. We studied the 3D motion of urease micromotors using digital holographic microscopy to rule out any motor-surface interaction as the cause of motion decay when salts are present in the media. In order to protect and minimize the negative effect of ionic species on micromotors' performance, we coated the motors with methoxypolyethylene glycol amine (mPEG) showing higher speed compared to noncoated motors at intermediate ionic concentrations. These results provide new insights into the mechanism of urease-powered micromotors, study the effect of ionic media, and contribute with potential solutions to mitigate the reduction of mobility of enzyme-powered micromotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Arqué
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Andrés
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Mestre
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernard Ciraulo
- Institute of Photonic Sciences (ICFO), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Carl Friedrich Gauss 3, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaime Ortega Arroyo
- Institute of Photonic Sciences (ICFO), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Carl Friedrich Gauss 3, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Romain Quidant
- Institute of Photonic Sciences (ICFO), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Carl Friedrich Gauss 3, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tania Patiño
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Chemistry Department, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Samuel Sánchez
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Hu M, Ge X, Chen X, Mao W, Qian X, Yuan WE. Micro/Nanorobot: A Promising Targeted Drug Delivery System. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E665. [PMID: 32679772 PMCID: PMC7407549 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro/nanorobot, as a research field, has attracted interest in recent years. It has great potential in medical treatment, as it can be applied in targeted drug delivery, surgical operation, disease diagnosis, etc. Differently from traditional drug delivery, which relies on blood circulation to reach the target, the designed micro/nanorobots can move autonomously, which makes it possible to deliver drugs to the hard-to-reach areas. Micro/nanorobots were driven by exogenous power (magnetic fields, light energy, acoustic fields, electric fields, etc.) or endogenous power (chemical reaction energy). Cell-based micro/nanorobots and DNA origami without autonomous movement ability were also introduced in this article. Although micro/nanorobots have excellent prospects, the current research is mainly based on in vitro experiments; in vivo research is still in its infancy. Further biological experiments are required to verify in vivo drug delivery effects of micro/nanorobots. This paper mainly discusses the research status, challenges, and future development of micro/nanorobots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyi Hu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (M.H.); (X.C.)
| | - Xuemei Ge
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
| | - Xuan Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (M.H.); (X.C.)
| | - Wenwei Mao
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (M.H.); (X.C.)
| | - Xiuping Qian
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (M.H.); (X.C.)
| | - Wei-En Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (M.H.); (X.C.)
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Hermanová S, Pumera M. Biocatalytic Micro- and Nanomotors. Chemistry 2020; 26:11085-11092. [PMID: 32633441 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme-powered micro- and nanomotors are tiny devices inspired by nature that utilize enzyme-triggered chemical conversion to release energy stored in the chemical bonds of a substrate (fuel) to actuate it into active motion. Compared with conventional chemical micro-/nanomotors, these devices are particularly attractive because they self-propel by utilizing biocompatible fuels, such as glucose, urea, glycerides, and peptides. They have been designed with functional material constituents to efficiently perform tasks related to active targeting, drug delivery and release, biosensing, water remediation, and environmental monitoring. Because only a small number of enzymes have been exploited as bioengines to date, a new generation of multifunctional, enzyme-powered nanorobots will emerge in the near future to selectively search for and utilize water contaminants or disease-related metabolites as fuels. This Minireview highlights recent progress in enzyme-powered micro- and nanomachines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soňa Hermanová
- Department of Polymers, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628, Prague, Czech Republic.,Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.,Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, Brno, 616 00, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
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49
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Ou J, Liu K, Jiang J, Wilson DA, Liu L, Wang F, Wang S, Tu Y, Peng F. Micro-/Nanomotors toward Biomedical Applications: The Recent Progress in Biocompatibility. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1906184. [PMID: 32130759 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201906184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the highly versatile natural motors, artificial micro-/nanomotors that can convert surrounding energies into mechanical motion and accomplish multiple tasks are devised. In the past few years, micro-/nanomotors have demonstrated significant potential in biomedicine. However, the practical biomedical applications of these small-scale devices are still at an infant stage. For successful bench-to-bed translation, biocompatibility of micro-/nanomotor systems is the central issue to be considered. Herein, the recent progress in micro-/nanomotors in biocompatibility is reviewed, with a special focus on their biomedical applications. Through close collaboration between researches in the nanoengineering, material chemistry, and biomedical fields, it is expected that a promising real-world application platform based on micro-/nanomotors will emerge in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanfeng Ou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Kun Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jiamiao Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Daniela A Wilson
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Shuanghu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yingfeng Tu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Fei Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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50
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Xu D, Wang Y, Liang C, You Y, Sanchez S, Ma X. Self-Propelled Micro/Nanomotors for On-Demand Biomedical Cargo Transportation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1902464. [PMID: 31464072 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Micro/nanomotors (MNMs) are miniaturized machines that can perform assigned tasks at the micro/nanoscale. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in the design, preparation, and applications of MNMs that are powered by converting different sources of energy into mechanical force, to realize active movement and fulfill on-demand tasks. MNMs can be navigated to desired locations with precise controllability based on different guidance mechanisms. A considerable research effort has gone into demonstrating that MNMs possess the potential of biomedical cargo loading, transportation, and targeted release to achieve therapeutic functions. Herein, the recent advances of self-propelled MNMs for on-demand biomedical cargo transportation, including their self-propulsion mechanisms, guidance strategies, as well as proof-of-concept studies for biological applications are presented. In addition, some of the major challenges and possible opportunities of MNMs are identified for future biomedical applications in the hope that it may inspire future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chunyan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yongqiang You
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Samuel Sanchez
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Xing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
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