Functionalized carbon nanotube via distillation precipitation polymerization and its application in nafion-based composite membranes

A simple MOF constructed using Pb(II) with strong polarizing force: a filler of Nafion membrane to increase proton conductivity

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising competitive candidates as fillers for Nafion proton exchange membrane (PEM). Increasing efforts have been made to explore methods for synthesizing MOF fillers and the mechanism by which MOF doping improves the proton conductivity (σH+) values of composite membranes. In this study, a Pb(II) cation with strong polarizing force was selected for the hydrothermal reaction with a simple sulfoterephthalate ligand (H3L). Pb-MOF [Pb2L(OH)]n was obtained, which was constructed using Pb-O layers and deprotonated sulfoterephthalate L3- and exhibited good thermal and water stability. Different amounts of Pb-MOF particles were doped into Nafion to fabricate Pb-MOF/Nafion-x composite membranes, which were characterized using SEM, PXRD, IR spectroscopy, TGA, and other methods. It was found that doping Pb-MOF can apparently improve the water absorbability and thermal stability of the composite membrane. The σH+ of the Pb-MOF/Nafion-7 composite membrane was the highest and 2.14 times that of the pure Nafion membrane at 353 K. The higher proton conduction properties may be explained by the strong polarization force, and Pb(II) cations on the surface of Pb-MOF can decrease the bond energy of the O-H bond of absorbed water molecules and increase the acidity of the composite membrane. The phenomena in this study and our previous study confirm that acidity is the most important factor in favor of proton conductivity.

Surface Segregation Methods toward Molecular Separation Membranes

As a highly promising approach to solving the issues of energy and environment, membrane technology has gained increasing attention in various fields including water treatment, liquid separations, and gas separations, owing to its high energy efficiency and eco-friendliness. Surface segregation, a phenomenon widely found in nature, exhibits irreplaceable advantages in membrane fabrication since it is an in situ method for synchronous modification of membrane and pore surfaces during the membrane forming process. Meanwhile, combined with the development of synthesis chemistry and nanomaterial, the group has developed surface segregation as a versatile membrane fabrication method using diverse surface segregation agents. In this review, the recent breakthroughs in surface segregation methods and their applications in membrane fabrication are first briefly introduced. Then, the surface segregation phenomena and the classification of surface segregation agents are discussed. As the major part of this review, the authors focus on surface segregation methods including free surface segregation, forced surface segregation, synergistic surface segregation, and reaction-enhanced surface segregation. The strategies for regulating the physical and chemical microenvironments of membrane and pore surfaces through the surface segregation method are emphasized. The representative applications of surface segregation membranes are presented. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives are highlighted.

A confinement of N-heterocyclic molecules in a metal–organic framework for enhancing significant proton conductivity

A series of N-heterocyclic⊂VNU-23 materials have been prepared via the impregnation procedure of N-heterocyclic molecules into VNU-23. Their structural characterizations, PXRD, FT-IR, Raman, TGA, ¹H-NMR, SEM-EDX, and EA, confirmed that N-heterocyclic molecules presented within the pores of parent VNU-23, leading to a remarkable enhancement in proton conductivity. Accordingly, the composite with the highest loading of imidazole, Im_13.5⊂VNU-23, displays a maximum proton conductivity value of 1.58 × 10⁻² S cm⁻¹ (85% RH and 70 °C), which is ∼4476-fold higher than H⁺⊂VNU-23 under the same conditions. Remarkably, the proton conductivity of Im_13.5⊂VNU-23 exceeds the values at 85% RH for several of the reported high-performing MOF materials. Furthermore, Im_13.5⊂VNU-23 can retain a stable proton conductivity for more than 96 h, as evidenced by FT-IR and PXRD analyses. These results prove that this hybrid material possesses potential applications as a commercial proton exchange membrane fuel cell.

A series of N-heterocyclic⊂VNU-23 materials have been prepared via the impregnation procedure of N-heterocyclic molecules into VNU-23.

Improved Thermo-Mechanical Properties and Reduced Hydrogen Permeation of Short Side-Chain Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membranes Doped with Ti3C2Tx

Benefiting from its large specific surface with functional -OH/-F groups, Ti3C2Tx, a typical two-dimensional (2D) material in the recently developed MXene family, was synthesized and used as a filler to improve the properties of the short side-chain (SSC) perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) proton exchange membrane. It is found that the proton conductivity is enhanced by 15% while the hydrogen permeation is reduced by 45% after the addition of 1.5 wt% Ti3C2Tx filler into the SSC PFSA membrane. The improved proton conductivity of the composite membrane could be associated with the improved proton transport environment in the presence of the hydrophilic functional groups (such as -OH) of the Ti3C2Tx filler. The significantly reduced hydrogen permeation could be attributed to the incorporation of the impermeable Ti3C2Tx 2D fillers and the decreased hydrophilic ionic domain spacing examined by the small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) for the composite membrane. Furthermore, improved thermo-mechanical properties of the SSC/Ti3C2Tx composite membrane were measured by dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) and tensile strength testing. The demonstrated higher proton conductivity, lower hydrogen permeation, and improved thermo-mechanical stability indicate that the SSC/Ti3C2Tx composite membranes could be a potential membrane material for PEM fuel cells operating above the water boiling temperature.

Investigation on the Microscopic/Macroscopic Mechanical Properties of a Thermally Annealed Nafion® Membrane

The Nafion® electrolyte membrane, which provides a proton pathway, is an essential element in fuel cell systems. Thermal treatment without additional additives is widely used to modify the mechanical properties of the membrane, to construct reliable and durable electrolyte membranes in the fuel cell. We measured the microscopic mechanical properties of thermally annealed membranes using atomic force microscopy with the two-point method. Furthermore, the macroscopic property was investigated through tensile tests. The microscopic modulus exceeded the macroscopic modulus over all annealing temperature ranges. Additionally, the measured microscopic modulus increased rapidly near 150 °C and was saturated over that temperature, whereas the macroscopic modulus continuously increased until 250 °C. This mismatched micro/macroscopic reinforcement trend indicates that the internal reinforcement of the clusters is induced first until 150 °C. In contrast, the reinforcement among the clusters, which requires more thermal energy, probably progresses even at a temperature of 250 °C. The results showed that the annealing process is effective for the surface smoothing and leveling of the Nafion® membrane until 200 °C.

Effect of TEOA on the Process of Photopolymerization at 532 nm and Properties of Nanogels

Nanogel is an important kind of biomaterials applied for wound dressings, drug delivery, medical diagnostics and biosensors. The properties of nanogels closely depend on the density of the crosslinking network. In this study, the role of triethanolamine (TEOA) in the effect on the crosslinking degree of nanogels based on poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) was investigated and illustrated. The effect of TEOA on the process of photopolymerization at 532 nm and properties of the nanogels was systematically investigated by using UV-vis spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, ¹ H NMR, DLS, SEM, AFM and DSC. In brief, the double bond conversion of photopolymerization and the crosslinking degree of nanogels can be effectively regulated by TEOA.

Potential carbon nanomaterials as additives for state-of-the-art Nafion electrolyte in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells: a concise review

Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have received great attention as a potential alternative energy device for internal combustion engines due to their high conversion efficiency compared to other fuel cells. The main hindrance for the wide commercial adoption of PEMFCs is the high cost, low proton conductivity, and high fuel permeability of the state-of-the-art Nafion membrane. Typically, to improve the Nafion membrane, a wide range of strategies have been developed, in which efforts on the incorporation of carbon nanomaterial (CN)-based fillers are highly imperative. Even though many research endeavors have been achieved in relation to CN-based fillers applicable for Nafion, still their collective summary has rarely been reported. This review aims to outline the mechanisms involved in proton conduction in proton-exchange membranes (PEMs) and the significant requirements of PEMs for PEMFCs. This review also emphasizes the improvements achieved in the proton conductivity, fuel barrier properties, and PEMFC performance of Nafion membranes by incorporating carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, and fullerene as additives.

One-step synthesis of zwitterionic graphene oxide nanohybrid: Application to polysulfone tight ultrafiltration hollow fiber membrane

In this paper, novel zwitterionic graphene oxide (GO) nanohybrid was synthesized using monomers [2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide (SBMA) and N,N′-methylenebis(acrylamide) (MBAAm) (GO@poly(SBMA-co-MBAAm), and incorporated into polysulfone (PSF) hollow fiber membrane for the effectual rejection of dye from the wastewater. The synthesized nanohybrid was characterized using FT-IR, PXRD, TGA, EDX, TEM and zeta potential analysis. The occurrence of nanohybrid on the membrane matrix and the elemental composition were analyzed by XPS. The as-prepared tight ultrafiltration hollow fiber membrane exhibited high rejection of reactive black 5 (RB-5, 99%) and reactive orange 16 (RO-16, 74%) at a dye concentration of 10 ppm and pure water flux (PWF) of 49.6 L/m²h. Fabricated nanocomposite membranes were also studied for their efficacy in the removal of both monovalent (NaCl) and divalent salts (Na₂SO₄). The results revealed that the membrane possesses complete permeation to NaCl with less rejection of Na₂SO₄ (<5%). In addition, the nanocomposite membrane revealed outstanding antifouling performance with the flux recovery ratio (FRR) of 73% towards bovine serum albumin (BSA). Therefore, the in-house prepared novel nanocomposite membrane is a good candidate for the effective decolorization of wastewater containing dye.

Constructing Amino-Functionalized Flower-like Metal-Organic Framework Nanofibers in Sulfonated Poly(ether sulfone) Proton Exchange Membrane for Simultaneously Enhancing Interface Compatibility and Proton Conduction

A novel flower-like MIL-53(Al)-NH₂ nanofiber (MNF) was successfully constructed, in which the electro-blown spinning Al₂O₃ nanofibers were introduced as Al precursors to coordinate with ligand in hydrothermal reaction for the formation of MOFs nanofibers. By incorporating the functional and consecutive MNFs fillers in sulfonated poly(ether sulfone) (SPES) matrix, high-performance MNFs@SPES hybrid membranes were obtained. Specifically, the peak stress strength could be strengthened to 33.42 MPa and the proton conductivity was remarkably improved to 0.201 S cm^-1 as MNFs content increased to 5 wt %, achieving a simultaneous improvement on proton conduction and membrane stability. The highly promoted performance could be ascribed to the synergy advantages of unique structure and amino modification of MNFs: (1) The flower-like nanofiber structure of MNFs with high surface area could be beneficial to construct long-range and compatible interfaces between MNFs and SPES matrix, leading to sufficient continuous proton pathways as well as strengthened stability for the hybrid membrane. (2) The hydrophilic MNFs rendered the hybrid membrane with sufficient water retention for proton transfer via Vehicle mechanism. (3) Functional -NH₂ groups of MNFs and -SO₃H groups of SPES were consecutively and tightly bonded via acid-base electrostatic interactions, which further accelerated the proton conduction via Grotthuss hopping mechanism and effectively suppressed the methanol penetration in the meanwhile for the MNFs@SPES hybrid membranes.

Non-Fluorinated Polymer Composite Proton Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications - A Review

The critical component of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system is the proton exchange membrane (PEM). Perfluorosulfonic acid membranes such as Nafion are currently used for PEMFCs in industry, despite suffering from reduced proton conductivity due to dehydration at higher temperatures. However, operating at temperatures below 100 °C leads to cathode flooding, catalyst poisoning by CO, and complex system design with higher cost. Research has concentrated on the membrane material and on preparation methods to achieve high proton conductivity, thermal, mechanical and chemical stability, low fuel crossover and lower cost at high temperatures. Non-fluorinated polymers are a promising alternative. However, improving the efficiency at higher temperatures has necessitated modifications and the inclusion of inorganic materials in a polymer matrix to form a composite membrane can be an approach to reach the target performance, while still reducing costs. This review focuses on recent research in composite PEMs based on non-fluorinated polymers. Various inorganic fillers incorporated in the PEM structure are reviewed in terms of their properties and the effect on PEM fuel cell performance. The most reliable polymers and fillers with potential for high temperature proton exchange membranes (HTPEMs) are also discussed.

Practical use of polymer brushes in sustainable energy applications: interfacial nanoarchitectonics for high-efficiency devices

The discovery and development of novel approaches, materials and manufacturing processes in the field of energy are compelling increasing recognition as a major challenge for contemporary societies. The performance and lifetime of energy devices are critically dependent on nanoscale interfacial phenomena. From the viewpoint of materials design, the improvement of current technologies inevitably relies on gaining control over the complex interface between dissimilar materials. In this sense, interfacial nanoarchitectonics with polymer brushes has seen growing interest due to its potential to overcome many of the limitations of energy storage and conversion devices. Polymer brushes offer a broad variety of resources to manipulate interfacial properties and gain molecular control over the synergistic combination of materials. Many recent examples show that the rational integration of polymer brushes in hybrid nanoarchitectures greatly improves the performance of energy devices in terms of power density, lifetime and stability. Seen in this light, polymer brushes provide a new perspective from which to consider the development of hybrid materials and devices with improved functionalities. The aim of this review is therefore to focus on what polymer brush-based solutions can offer and to show how the practical use of surface-grafted polymer layers can improve the performance and efficiency of fuel cells, lithium-ion batteries, organic radical batteries, supercapacitors, photoelectrochemical cells and photovoltaic devices.

Polymethacrylic acid encapsulated TiO2 nanotubes for sustained drug release and enhanced antibacterial activities

A long-term antibacterial and sustained drug release system was fabricated, in which the TNTs acted as the loading platform of NOR and then encapsulated with PMAA.

Enhancement in Proton Conductivity and Thermal Stability in Nafion Membranes Induced by Incorporation of Sulfonated Carbon Nanotubes

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is one of the most promising green power sources, in which perfluorinated sulfonic acid ionomer-based membranes (e.g., Nafion) are widely used. However, the widespread application of PEMFCs is greatly limited by the sharp degradation in electrochemical properties of the proton exchange membranes under high temperature and low humidity conditions. In this work, the high-performance sulfonated carbon nanotubes/Nafion composite membranes (Su-CNTs/Nafion) for the PEMFCs were prepared and the mechanism of the microstructures on the macroscopic properties of membranes was intensively studied. Microstructure evolution in Nafion membranes during water uptake was investigated by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy, and results strongly showed that the Su-CNTs or CNTs in Nafion composite membranes significantly reinforced Nafion matrices, which influenced the development of ionic-water clusters in them. Proton conductivities in Su-CNTs/Nafion composite membranes were remarkably enhanced due to the mass formation of proton-conducting pathways (water channels) along the Su-CNTs. In particular, these pathways along Su-CNTs in Su-CNTs/Nafion membranes interconnected the isolated ionic-water clusters at low humidity and resulted in less tortuosity of the water channel network for proton transportation at high humidity. At a high temperature of 135 °C, Su-CNTs/Nafion membranes maintained high proton conductivity because the reinforcement of Su-CNTs on Nafion matrices reduced the evaporation of water molecules from membranes as well as the hydrophilic Su-CNTs were helpful for binding water molecules.

Preparation and characterization of an amphiphilic polyamide nanofiltration membrane with improved antifouling properties by two-step surface modification method

Membrane fouling is an urgent problem needing to be solved for practical application of nanofiltration membranes. In this study, an amphiphilic nanofiltration membrane with hydrophilic domains as well as low surface energy domains was developed, to integrate a fouling-resistant defense mechanism and a fouling-release defense mechanism. A simple and effective two-step surface modification of a polyamide NF membrane was applied. Firstly, triethanolamine (TEOA) with abundant hydrophilic functional groups was grafted to the membrane surface via reacting with the residual acyl chloride group of the nanofiltration membrane, making the nanofiltration membranes more hydrophilic; secondly, the 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane (PFTS), well-known as a low surface energy material, was covalently grafted on the hydroxyl functional groups through hydrogen bonding. Filtration experiments with model foulants (bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein solution, humic acid solution (HA) and sodium alginate solution (SA)) were performed to estimate the antifouling properties of the newly developed nanofiltration membranes. As a result of surface modification proposed in this study the antifouling properties of an amphiphilic modified F-PA/PSF membrane were enhanced more than 10% compared to the PA/PSF specimen in terms of flux recovery ratio.

Schematic diagram of amphiphilic NF membrane by a two-step modification.

Two-Dimensional Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework/Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Networks Modified Proton Exchange Membranes for Improving Transport Properties

Metal-organic framework (MOF)/polymer composite proton exchange membranes (PEMs) are being intensively investigated due to their potentials for the systematic design of proton-conducting properties. However, the development of MOF/polymer composite PEMs possessing high selectivity remains exceedingly desirable and challenging for practical application. Herein, two-dimensional (2D) zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8)/carbon nanotube (CNT) hybrid cross-linked networks (ZCN) were synthesized via the rational design of the physical form of ZIF-8, and then a series of composite PEMs were prepared by hybridizing ZCN with sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) matrix. The effect of the incorporation of zero-dimensional (0D) raw ZIF-8 nanoparticles and 2D ZCN on the proton conduction and methanol permeability of the composite membranes was systemically studied. Benefiting from the morphological and compositional advantages of ZCN, the SPEEK/ZCN composite membranes displayed a significant enhancement in proton conductivity under various conditions. In particular, the proton conductivity of SPEEK/ZCN-2.5 membrane was up to 50.24 mS cm^-1 at 120 °C-30% RH, which was 11.2 times that of the recast SPEEK membrane (4.50 mS cm^-1) and 2.1 times that of SPEEK/ZIF membrane (24.1 mS cm^-1) under the same condition. Meanwhile, the methanol permeability of the SPEEK/ZCN composite membranes was greatly reduced. Therefore, novel MOF/polymer composite PEMs with high selectivity were obtained. Our investigation results reveal that the proton conductivity and methanol permeability of the MOF/polymer composite membranes can be effectively tailored via creating more elaborate superstructures of MOFs rather than altering the chemical component. This effective strategy may provide a useful guideline to integrate with other interesting MOFs to design MOF/polymer composite membranes.

Highly Hydroxide-Conductive Nanostructured Solid Electrolyte via Predesigned Ionic Nanoaggregates

The creation of interconnected ionic nanoaggregates within solid electrolytes is a crucial yet challenging task for fabricating high-performance alkaline fuel cells. Herein, we present a facile and generic approach to embedding ionic nanoaggregates via predesigned hybrid core-shell nanoarchitecture within nonionic polymer membranes as follows: (i) synthesizing core-shell nanoparticles composed of SiO₂/densely quaternary ammonium-functionalized polystyrene. Because of the spatial confinement effect of the SiO₂ "core", the abundant hydroxide-conducting groups are locally aggregated in the functionalized polystyrene "shell", forming ionic nanoaggregates bearing intrinsic continuous ion channels; (ii) embedding these ionic nanoaggregates (20-70 wt %) into the polysulfone matrix to construct interconnected hydroxide-conducting channels. The chemical composition, physical morphology, amount, and distribution of the ionic nanoaggregates are facilely regulated, leading to highly connected ion channels with high effective ion mobility comparable to that of the state-of-the-art Nafion. The resulting membranes display strikingly high hydroxide conductivity (188.1 mS cm^-1 at 80 °C), which is one of the highest results to date. The membranes also exhibit good mechanical properties. The independent manipulation of the conduction function and nonconduction function by the ionic nanoaggregates and nonionic polymer matrix, respectively, opens a new avenue, free of microphase separation, for designing high-performance solid electrolytes for diverse application realms.

Bioinspired Ultrastrong Solid Electrolytes with Fast Proton Conduction along 2D Channels

Solid electrolytes have attracted much attention due to their great prospects in a number of energy- and environment-related applications including fuel cells. Fast ion transport and superior mechanical properties of solid electrolytes are both of critical significance for these devices to operate with high efficiency and long-term stability. To address a common tradeoff relationship between ionic conductivity and mechanical properties, electrolyte membranes with proton-conducting 2D channels and nacre-inspired architecture are reported. An unprecedented combination of high proton conductivity (326 mS cm^-1 at 80 °C) and superior mechanical properties (tensile strength of 250 MPa) are achieved due to the integration of exceptionally continuous 2D channels and nacre-inspired brick-and-mortar architecture into one materials system. Moreover, the membrane exhibits higher power density than Nafion 212 membrane, but with a comparative weight of only ≈0.1, indicating potential savings in system weight and cost. Considering the extraordinary properties and independent tunability of ion conduction and mechanical properties, this bioinspired approach may pave the way for the design of next-generation high-performance solid electrolytes with nacre-like architecture.

Ti3C2Tx Filler Effect on the Proton Conduction Property of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane

Conductive polymer electrolyte membranes are increasingly attractive for a wide range of applications in hydrogen-relevant devices, for instance hydrogen fuel cells. In this study, two-dimensional Ti3C2Tx, a typical representative of the recently developed MXene family, is synthesized and employed as a universal filler for its features of large specific surface area, high aspect ratio, and sufficient terminated -OH groups. The Ti3C2Tx is incorporated into polymer matrix to explore its function on membrane microstructure and proton conduction property. Both phase-separated (acidic Nafion and sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)) and non-phase-separated (basic chitosan) polymers are utilized as membrane matrixes. The microstructures, physicochemical properties, and proton conduction properties of the membranes are extensively investigated. It is demonstrated that Ti3C2Tx generates significant promotion effect on proton conduction of the composite membrane by facilitating both vehicle-type and Grotthuss-type proton transfer, yielding several times increased proton conductivity for every polymer-based composite membrane under various conditions, and the composite membrane achieves elevated hydrogen fuel cell performance. The stable Ti3C2Tx also reinforces the thermal and mechanical stabilities of these composite membranes. Since the MXene family includes more than 70 members, this exploration is expected to open up new perspectives for expanding their applications, especially as membrane modifiers and proton conductors.

Nafion-Initiated ATRP of 1-Vinylimidazole for Preparation of Proton Exchange Membranes

Nafion is one of the most widely investigated materials applied in proton exchange membranes. Interestingly, it was found that Nafion could serve as a macroinitiator to induce atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) on its C-F sites. In this study, poly(1-vinylimidazole) was selectively bonded on the side chains of Nafion via the Nafion-initiated ATRP process, which was confirmed by the measurements of (1)H/(19)F nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimeter and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The as-prepared Nafion-co-poly(1-vinylimidazole) (Nafion-PVIm) membranes, with tunable loading amount of imidazole rings, presented greatly enhanced proton conductivity and methanol resistivity due to their well-controlled chemical structures. Especially, chemically bonding PVIm with Nafion chains endowed the Nafion-PVIm membranes with high stability in proton conductivity. For the first time, we revealed the great potentials of the Nafion-initiated ATRP process in developing high-performance proton exchange membranes.

Constructing Ionic Liquid-Filled Proton Transfer Channels within Nanocomposite Membrane by Using Functionalized Graphene Oxide

Herein, nanocomposite membranes are fabricated based on functionalized graphene oxides (FGOs) and sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK), followed by being impregnated with imidazole-type ionic liquid (IL). The functional groups (acidic group or basic group) on FGOs generate strong interfacial interactions with SPEEK chains and then adjust their motion and stacking. As a result, the nanocomposite membranes possess tunable interfacial domains as determined by its free volume characteristic, which provides regulated location for IL storage. The stored ILs act as hopping sites for water-free proton conduction along the FGO-constructed interfacial channels. The microstructure at SPEEK-FGO interface governs the IL uptake and distribution in nanocomposite membrane. Different from GO and vinyl imidazole functionalized GO (VGO), the presence of acidic (-SO3H) groups confers the p-styrenesulfonic acid functionalized GO (SGO) incorporated nanocomposite membrane loose interface and strong electrostatic attraction with imidazole-type IL, imparting an enhanced IL uptake and anhydrous proton conductivity. Nanocomposite membrane containing 7.5% SGO attains the maximum IL uptake of 73.7% and hence the anhydrous conductivity of 21.9 mS cm(-1) at 150 °C, more than 30 times that of SPEEK control membrane (0.69 mS cm(-1)). In addition, SGOs generate electrostatic attractions to the ILs confined within SGO-SPEEK interface, affording the nanocomposite membrane enhanced IL retention ability.

Effect of sulfonated graphene oxide on the performance enhancement of acid–base composite membranes for direct methanol fuel cells

Sulfonated poly(1,4-phenylene ether ether sulfone) (SPEES)/poly(ether imide) (PEI)/sulfonated graphene oxide (SGO) based proton exchange membranes (PEMs) were prepared by a solution casting method.

Nanostructured Ion-Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cells: Recent Advances and Perspectives

Polymer-based materials with tunable nanoscale structures and associated microenvironments hold great promise as next-generation ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) for acid or alkaline fuel cells. Understanding the relationships between nanostructure, physical and chemical microenvironment, and ion-transport properties are critical to the rational design and development of IEMs. These matters are addressed here by discussing representative and important advances since 2011, with particular emphasis on aromatic-polymer-based nanostructured IEMs, which are broadly divided into nanostructured polymer membranes and nanostructured polymer-filler composite membranes. For each category of membrane, the core factors that influence the physical and chemical microenvironments of the ion nanochannels are summarized. In addition, a brief perspective on the possible future directions of nanostructured IEMs is presented.

Multilayer fluorescent magnetic nanoparticles with dual thermoresponsive and pH-sensitive polymeric nanolayers as anti-cancer drug carriers

Fluorescent magnetic nanoparticles with dual thermoresponsive and pH-sensitive polymeric nanolayers as anti-cancer drug carriers.