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Zheng Z, Yang Z, Yan Y, Wang X, Li H. Effects of Internal Stress and Hydrogen Penetration on the Performance of Er 2O 3 Coatings as Hydrogen Permeation Barriers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:22471-22481. [PMID: 38647074 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Ceramic coatings that can effectively prevent hydrogen permeation have a wide range of applications in hydrogen energy and nuclear fusion reactors. In this study, for the first time, the internal stress of Er2O3 coatings was found to be a key factor that could determine their hydrogen permeation resistance and lifespan. The internal stress was controlled by designing layered Er2O3 coatings. The internal stress increased with an increasing number of Er2O3 layers. When the number of layers was below 15, the increased internal stress did not adversely affect the coating performance and might help to increase its hydrogen permeation resistance. Although the overall thickness of the 15-layer Er2O3 coating was only 97 nm, its hydrogen permeation reduction factor (PRF) reached the highest value of 626, whereas a further increase in the internal stress detrimentally affected the ability of the coating to reduce hydrogen permeation. In addition, the experimental observations and simulation results revealed that the performance of the Er2O3 coatings was related to the hydrogen atoms that penetrated the coating, which weakened the Er-O bonds and consequently decreased the Er2O3 fracture limit. This study provides insights into the effects of internal stress and hydrogen penetration on the performance of ceramic coatings as hydrogen permeation barriers and will help guide strategies for the structure design of hydrogen permeation barriers possessing high PRFs and long lifespans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Zhangcan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Youwei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xinyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Heping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, P. R. China
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Yan E, Guo Z, Jia L, Wang Y, Zhang S, Li T, Zou Y, Chu H, Zhang H, Xu F, Sun L. Phase Equilibria, Solidified Microstructure, and Hydrogen Transport Behaviour in the V-Ti-Co System. Membranes (Basel) 2023; 13:790. [PMID: 37755212 PMCID: PMC10536984 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13090790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
At present, the V-Ti-Co phase diagram is not established, which seriously hinders the subsequent development of this potential hydrogen permeation alloy system. To this end, this article constructed the first phase diagram of the V-Ti-Co system by using the CALculation of PHAse Diagrams (CALPHAD) approach as well as relevant validation experiments. On this basis, hydrogen-permeable VxTi50Co50-x (x = 17.5, 20.5, …, 32.5) alloys were designed, and their microstructure characteristics and hydrogen transport behaviour were further studied by XRD, SEM, EDS, and so on. It was found that six ternary invariant reactions are located in the liquidus projection, and the phase diagram is divided into eight phase regions by their connecting lines. Among them, some alloys in the TiCo phase region were proven to be promising candidate materials for hydrogen permeation. Typically, VxTi50Co50-x (x = 17.5-23.5) alloys, which consist of the primary TiCo and the eutectic {bcc-(V, Ti) and TiCo} structure, show a high hydrogen permeability without hydrogen embrittlement. In particular, V23.5Ti50Co26.5 exhibit the highest permeability of 4.05 × 10-8 mol H2 m-1s-1Pa-0.5, which is the highest value known heretofore in the V-Ti-Co system. The high permeability of these alloys is due in large part to the simultaneous increment of hydrogen solubility and diffusivity, and is closely related to the composition of hydrogen permeable alloys, especially the Ti content in the (V, Ti) phase. The permeability of this alloy system is much higher than those of Nb-TiCo and/or Nb-TiNi alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhu Yan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (Z.G.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.); (T.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.C.); (H.Z.); (F.X.); (L.S.)
| | - Zhijie Guo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (Z.G.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.); (T.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.C.); (H.Z.); (F.X.); (L.S.)
| | - Limin Jia
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Material Near-Net Forming Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Yihao Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (Z.G.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.); (T.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.C.); (H.Z.); (F.X.); (L.S.)
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (Z.G.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.); (T.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.C.); (H.Z.); (F.X.); (L.S.)
| | - Tangwei Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (Z.G.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.); (T.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.C.); (H.Z.); (F.X.); (L.S.)
| | - Yongjin Zou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (Z.G.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.); (T.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.C.); (H.Z.); (F.X.); (L.S.)
| | - Hailiang Chu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (Z.G.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.); (T.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.C.); (H.Z.); (F.X.); (L.S.)
| | - Huanzhi Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (Z.G.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.); (T.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.C.); (H.Z.); (F.X.); (L.S.)
| | - Fen Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (Z.G.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.); (T.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.C.); (H.Z.); (F.X.); (L.S.)
| | - Lixian Sun
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (Z.G.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.); (T.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.C.); (H.Z.); (F.X.); (L.S.)
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Xiong X, Song K, Li J, Su Y. Effect of Mo Content on Hydrogen Evolution Reaction of 1400 MPa-Grade High-Strength Bolt Steel. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:1020. [PMID: 36770027 PMCID: PMC9919658 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The effect of Mo content of 1400 MPa-grade high-strength bolt steel on hydrogen diffusion behavior and the hydrogen evolution reaction were studied using a hydrogen permeation experiment, potentiodynamic polarization tests, thermal desorption spectroscopy, and the first-principle calculation. Two 1400 MPa-grade high-strength bolt steels with different Mo content were used. Based on the potentiodynamic polarization tests, both steels' electrochemical behavior was similar in the test range. The hydrogen permeation experiment showed that the process of hydrogen adsorption and absorption was significantly promoted, and hydrogen desorption and recombination were slightly promoted, with the Mo content increasing from 0.70 to 1.09 wt%. The thermal desorption spectroscopy showed the overall reaction of hydrogen permeation and evolution. The increasing Mo content facilitated hydrogen entry behavior and increased the hydrogen content. According to the first-principle calculation and the density functional theory, this phenomenon is induced by the stronger bonding ability of Mo-H than Fe-H. This work could guide the design of 1400 MPa-grade high-strength bolt steel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilin Xiong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing 100083, China
- Corrosion and Protection Center, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Keke Song
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing 100083, China
- Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jinxu Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing 100083, China
- Corrosion and Protection Center, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanjing Su
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing 100083, China
- Corrosion and Protection Center, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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Ryu S, Badakhsh A, Oh JG, Ham HC, Sohn H, Yoon SP, Choi SH. Experimental and Numerical Study of Pd/Ta and PdCu/Ta Composites for Thermocatalytic Hydrogen Permeation. Membranes (Basel) 2022; 13:23. [PMID: 36676830 PMCID: PMC9863407 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of stable and durable hydrogen (H2) separation technology is essential for the effective use of H2 energy. Thus, the use of H2 permeable membranes, made of palladium (Pd), has been extensively studied in the literature. However, Pd has considerable constraints in large-scale applications due to disadvantages such as very high cost and H2 embrittlement. To address these shortcomings, copper (Cu) and Pd were deposited on Ta to fabricate a composite H2 permeable membrane. To this end, first, Pd was deposited on a tantalum (Ta) support disk, yielding 7.4 × 10-8 molH2 m-1 s-1 Pa-0.5 of permeability. Second, a Cu-Pd alloy on a Ta support was synthesized via stepwise electroless plating and plasma sputtering to improve the durability of the membrane. The use of Cu is cost-effective compared with Pd, and the appropriate composition of the PdCu alloy is advantageous for long-term H2 permeation. Despite the lower H2 permeation of the PdCu/Ta membrane (than the Pd/Ta membrane), about two-fold temporal stability is achieved using the PdCu/Ta composite. The degradation process of the Ta support-based H2 permeable membrane is examined by SEM. Moreover, thermocatalytic H2 dissociation mechanisms on Pd and PdCu were investigated and are discussed numerically via a density functional theory study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungbo Ryu
- Center for Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cell Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Arash Badakhsh
- Center for Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cell Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- PNDC, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G68 0EF, UK
| | - Je Gyu Oh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Chul Ham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuntae Sohn
- Center for Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cell Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Pil Yoon
- Center for Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cell Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hee Choi
- Center for Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cell Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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Brencio C, Di Felice L, Gallucci F. Fluidized Bed Membrane Reactor for the Direct Dehydrogenation of Propane: Proof of Concept. Membranes (Basel) 2022; 12:1211. [PMID: 36557118 PMCID: PMC9785522 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12121211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the fluidized bed membrane reactor (FBMR) technology for the direct dehydrogenation of propane (PDH) was demonstrated at a laboratory scale. Double-skinned PdAg membranes were used to selectively remove H2 during dehydrogenation tests over PtSnK/Al2O3 catalyst under fluidization. The performance of the fluidized bed membrane reactor was experimentally investigated and compared with the conventional fluidized bed reactor (FBR) by varying the superficial gas velocity over the minimum fluidization velocity under fixed operating conditions (i.e., 500 °C, 2 bar and feed composition of 30vol% C3H8-70vol% N2). The results obtained in this work confirmed the potential for improving the PDH performance using the FBMR system. An increase in the initial propane conversion of c.a. 20% was observed, going from 19.5% in the FBR to almost 25% in the FBMR. The hydrogen recovery factor displayed a decrease from 70% to values below 50%, due to the membrane coking under alkene exposure. Despites this, the hydrogen extraction from the reaction environment shifted the thermodynamic equilibrium of the dehydrogenation reaction and achieved an average increase of 43% in propylene yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Brencio
- Inorganic Membranes and Membrane Reactors, Sustainable Process Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Di Felice
- Inorganic Membranes and Membrane Reactors, Sustainable Process Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Fausto Gallucci
- Inorganic Membranes and Membrane Reactors, Sustainable Process Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Eindhoven Institute for Renewable Energy Systems (EIRES), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Rönnebro ECE, Oelrich RL, Gates RO. Recent Advances and Prospects in Design of Hydrogen Permeation Barrier Materials for Energy Applications-A Review. Molecules 2022; 27. [PMID: 36235066 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydrogen infrastructure involves hydrogen production, storage and delivery for utilization with clean energy applications. Hydrogen ingress into structural materials can be detrimental due to corrosion and embrittlement. To enable safe operation in applications that need protection from hydrogen isotopes, this review article summarizes most recent advances in materials design and performance characterization of barrier coatings to prevent hydrogen isotopes' absorption ingress and permeation. Barriers are crucial to prevent hydride formation and unwanted hydrogen effects to increase safety, materials' lifetime and reduce cost for applications within nuclear and renewable energy. The coating may be applied on a material that requires protection from hydrogen pick-up, transport and hydride formation in hydrogen storage containers, in pipelines, spent nuclear fuel storage or in nuclear reactors. While existing, commercial coatings that have been much in use may be satisfactory for various applications, it is desirable to evaluate whether alternative coating concepts can provide a greater resistance to hydrogen isotope permeation along with other improved properties, such as mechanical strength and thermal resistance. The information presented here is focusing on recent findings within the past 5-7 years of promising hydrogen barriers including oxides, nitrides, carbon, carbide, MAX-phases and metals and their mechanical strength, hydrogen pick-up, radiation resistance and coating manufacturing techniques. A brief introduction to hydrogen permeation is provided. Knowledge gaps were identified to provide guidance for material's research prospects.
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Guan P, Lei J, Zou Y, Zhang Y. Improved Thermo-Mechanical Properties and Reduced Hydrogen Permeation of Short Side-Chain Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membranes Doped with Ti 3C 2T x. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:7875. [PMID: 34947468 PMCID: PMC8703456 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Benefiting from its large specific surface with functional -OH/-F groups, Ti3C2Tx, a typical two-dimensional (2D) material in the recently developed MXene family, was synthesized and used as a filler to improve the properties of the short side-chain (SSC) perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) proton exchange membrane. It is found that the proton conductivity is enhanced by 15% while the hydrogen permeation is reduced by 45% after the addition of 1.5 wt% Ti3C2Tx filler into the SSC PFSA membrane. The improved proton conductivity of the composite membrane could be associated with the improved proton transport environment in the presence of the hydrophilic functional groups (such as -OH) of the Ti3C2Tx filler. The significantly reduced hydrogen permeation could be attributed to the incorporation of the impermeable Ti3C2Tx 2D fillers and the decreased hydrophilic ionic domain spacing examined by the small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) for the composite membrane. Furthermore, improved thermo-mechanical properties of the SSC/Ti3C2Tx composite membrane were measured by dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) and tensile strength testing. The demonstrated higher proton conductivity, lower hydrogen permeation, and improved thermo-mechanical stability indicate that the SSC/Ti3C2Tx composite membranes could be a potential membrane material for PEM fuel cells operating above the water boiling temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Guan
- Center of Hydrogen Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (P.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Jianlong Lei
- Center of Hydrogen Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (P.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Yecheng Zou
- Dongyue Future Hydrogen Energy Materials Company, Zibo 256401, China;
| | - Yongming Zhang
- Center of Hydrogen Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (P.G.); (J.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorinated Functional Membrane Materials, Zibo 256401, China
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Alraeesi A, Gardner T. Assessment of Sieverts Law Assumptions and ' n' Values in Palladium Membranes: Experimental and Theoretical Analyses. Membranes (Basel) 2021; 11:778. [PMID: 34677544 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11100778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Palladium and palladium alloy membranes are superior materials for hydrogen purification, removal, or reaction processes. Sieverts’ Law suggests that the flux of hydrogen through such membranes is proportional to the difference between the feed and permeate side partial pressures, each raised to the 0.5 power (n = 0.5). Sieverts’ Law is widely applied in analyzing the steady state hydrogen permeation through Pd-based membranes, even in some cases where the assumptions made in deriving Sieverts’ Law do not apply. Often permeation data are fit to the model allowing the pressure exponent (n) to vary. This study experimentally assessed the validity of Sieverts’ Law as hydrogen was separated from other gases and theoretically modelled the effects of pressure and temperature on the assumptions and hence the accuracy of the 0.5-power law even with pure hydrogen feed. Hydrogen fluxes through Pd and Pd-Ag alloy foils from feed mixtures (5–83% helium in hydrogen; 473–573 K; with and without a sweep gas) were measured to study the effect of concentration polarization (CP) on hydrogen permeance and the applicability of Sieverts’ Law under such conditions. Concentration polarization was found to dominate hydrogen transport under some experimental conditions, particularly when feed concentrations of hydrogen were low. All mixture feed experiments showed deviation from Sieverts’ Law. For example, the hydrogen flux through Pd foil was found to be proportional to the partial pressure difference (n ≈ 1) rather than being proportional to the difference in the square root of the partial pressures (n = 0.5), as suggested by Sieverts’ Law, indicating the high degree of concentration polarization. A theoretical model accounting for Langmuir adsorption with temperature dependent adsorption equilibrium coefficient was made and used to assess the effect of varying feed pressure from 1–136 atm at fixed temperature, and of varying temperature from 298 to 1273 K at fixed pressure. Adsorption effects, which dominate at high pressure and at low temperature, result in pressure exponents (n) values less than 0.5. With better understanding of the transport steps, a qualitative analysis of literature (n) values of 0.5, 0.5 < n < 1, and n > 1, was conducted suggesting the role of each condition or step on the hydrogen transport based on the empirically fit exponent value.
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Ma H, Tian H, Xin J, Cui Z. Correlation between Microstructure and Hydrogen Degradation of 690 MPa Grade Marine Engineering Steel. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14040851. [PMID: 33578961 PMCID: PMC7916727 DOI: 10.3390/ma14040851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical H charging, hydrogen permeation, and hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) behavior of 690 MPa grade steel substrate and different heat-treatment states (annealed, quenched, normalized, tempered) are investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), hydrogen permeation, electrochemical H charging, and slow strain rate tensile test (SSRT). The results show that hydrogen diffuses through the steel with the highest rate in base metal and the lowest rate in annealed steel. The hydrogen-induced cracks in base metal show obvious step shape with tiny cracks near the main crack. The cracks of annealed steel are mainly distributed along pearlite. The crack propagation of quenched steel is mainly transgranular, while the hydrogen-induced crack propagation of tempered steel is along the prior austenite grain boundary. HIC sensitivity of base metal is the lowest due to its fine homogeneous grain structure, small hydrogen diffusion coefficient, and small hydrogen diffusion rate. There are many hydrogen traps in annealed steel, such as the two-phase interface which provides accommodation sites for H atoms and increases the HIC susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Ma
- Yinshan Section Steel Corporation of Laiwu Steel Group Ltd., Jinan 271104, China;
| | - Huiyun Tian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Inorganic Materials Faculty, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (J.X.); (Z.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Juncheng Xin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Inorganic Materials Faculty, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (J.X.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zhongyu Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Inorganic Materials Faculty, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (J.X.); (Z.C.)
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Suzuki A, Yukawa H. Quantitative Evaluations of Hydrogen Diffusivity in V-X (X = Cr, Al, Pd) Alloy Membranes Based on Hydrogen Chemical Potential. Membranes (Basel) 2021; 11:67. [PMID: 33477659 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vanadium (V) has higher hydrogen permeability than Pd-based alloy membranes but exhibits poor resistance to hydrogen-induced embrittlement. The alloy elements are added to reduce hydrogen solubility and prevent hydrogen-induced embrittlement. To enhance hydrogen permeability, the alloy elements which improve hydrogen diffusivity in V are more suitable. In the present study, hydrogen diffusivity in V-Cr, V-Al, and V-Pd alloy membranes was investigated in view of the hydrogen chemical potential and compared with the previously reported results of V-Fe alloy membranes. The additions of Cr and Fe to V improved the mobility of hydrogen atoms. In contrast, those of Al and Pd decreased hydrogen diffusivity. The first principle calculations revealed that the hydrogen atoms cannot occupy the first-nearest neighbor T sites (T1 sites) of Al and Pd in the V crystal lattice. These blocking effects will be a dominant contributor to decreasing hydrogen diffusivity by the additions of Al and Pd. For V-based alloy membranes, Fe and Cr are more suitable alloy elements compared with Al and Pd in view of hydrogen diffusivity.
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Park JS, Lee JW, Hwang JK, Kim SJ. Effects of Alloying Elements (C, Mo) on Hydrogen Assisted Cracking Behaviors of A516-65 Steels in Sour Environments. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E4188. [PMID: 32967187 DOI: 10.3390/ma13184188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of alloying elements (C, Mo) on hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) and sulfide stress cracking (SSC) behaviors of A516-65 grade pressure vessel steel in sour environments. A range of experimental and analytical methods of HIC, SSC, electrochemical permeation, and immersion experiments were used. The steel with a higher C content had a larger fraction of banded pearlite, which acted as a reversible trap for hydrogen, and slower diffusion kinetics of hydrogen was obtained. In addition, a higher hardness in the mid-thickness regions of the steel, due to center segregation, resulted in easier HIC propagation. On the other hand, the steel with a higher Mo content showed more dispersed banded pearlite and a larger amount of irreversibly trapped hydrogen. Nevertheless, the addition of Mo to the steel can deteriorate the surface properties through localized pitting and the local detachment of corrosion products with uneven interfaces, increasing the vulnerability to SSC. The mechanistic reasons for the results are discussed, and a desirable alloy design for ensuring an enhanced resistance to hydrogen assisted cracking (HAC) is proposed.
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Yang B, Li L, Cheng L. Numerical Evaluation on Analysis Methods of Trapping Site Density in Steels Based on Hydrogen Permeation Curve. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13173712. [PMID: 32842575 PMCID: PMC7503622 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen permeation techniques have been widely utilized to extract hydrogen effective diffusivity, as well as hydrogen trapping site characteristics in steels. Several methods have been proposed to examine reversible and irreversible trapping site characteristics. However, the inappropriate utilization of these simplified models, as well as incorrect value assignment to the key parameters, can result in several orders of magnitude difference in hydrogen trapping site density. Therefore, in order to evaluate these models and verify their application prerequisites, a serial of hydrogen permeation tests were numerically simulated and examined, separately considering reversible and irreversible hydrogen trapping sites. In the meantime, suggestions were given to conduct hydrogen permeation test more effectively, and evaluate hydrogen trapping site characteristics more precisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangshu Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Systems Science in Metallurgical Process, International Research Institute for Steel Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Steels, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China;
| | - Li Li
- School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Textile Equipment, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Lin Cheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Systems Science in Metallurgical Process, International Research Institute for Steel Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Steels, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China;
- Metals Valley and Band (Foshan) Metallic Composite Materials Co., Ltd., Foshan 528000, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (L.C.)
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13
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Cabrini M, Coppola L, Lorenzi S, Testa C, Carugo F, Bucella DP, Pastore T. Hydrogen Permeation in X65 Steel under Cyclic Loading. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13102309. [PMID: 32429576 PMCID: PMC7287996 DOI: 10.3390/ma13102309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This experimental work analyzes the hydrogen embrittlement mechanism in quenched and tempered low-alloyed steels. Experimental tests were performed to study hydrogen diffusion under applied cyclic loading. The permeation curves were fitted by considering literature models in order to evaluate the role of trapping-both reversible and irreversible-on the diffusion mechanism. Under loading conditions, a marked shift to the right of the permeation curves was noticed mainly at values exceeding the tensile yield stress. In the presence of a relevant plastic strain, the curve changes due to the presence of irreversible traps, which efficiently subtract diffusible atomic hydrogen. A significant reduction in the apparent diffusion coefficient and a considerable increase in the number of traps were noticed as the maximum load exceeded the yield strength. Cyclic loading at a tensile stress slightly higher than the yield strength of the material increases the hydrogen entrapment phenomena. The tensile stress causes a marked and instant reduction in the concentration of mobile hydrogen within the metal lattice from 55% of the yield strength, and it increases significantly in the plastic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Cabrini
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy; (M.C.); (L.C.); (C.T.); (F.C.); (D.P.B.); (T.P.)
- CSGI Consortium, Unity of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Luigi Coppola
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy; (M.C.); (L.C.); (C.T.); (F.C.); (D.P.B.); (T.P.)
- CSGI Consortium, Unity of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy
- INSTM Consortium, Unity of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Sergio Lorenzi
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy; (M.C.); (L.C.); (C.T.); (F.C.); (D.P.B.); (T.P.)
- CSGI Consortium, Unity of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy
- INSTM Consortium, Unity of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Cristian Testa
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy; (M.C.); (L.C.); (C.T.); (F.C.); (D.P.B.); (T.P.)
- CSGI Consortium, Unity of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy
- INSTM Consortium, Unity of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Francesco Carugo
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy; (M.C.); (L.C.); (C.T.); (F.C.); (D.P.B.); (T.P.)
- CSGI Consortium, Unity of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy
- INSTM Consortium, Unity of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Diego Pesenti Bucella
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy; (M.C.); (L.C.); (C.T.); (F.C.); (D.P.B.); (T.P.)
- CSGI Consortium, Unity of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy
- INSTM Consortium, Unity of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Tommaso Pastore
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy; (M.C.); (L.C.); (C.T.); (F.C.); (D.P.B.); (T.P.)
- INSTM Consortium, Unity of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy
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14
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Gröner L, Mengis L, Galetz M, Kirste L, Daum P, Wirth M, Meyer F, Fromm A, Blug B, Burmeister F. Investigations of the Deuterium Permeability of As-Deposited and Oxidized Ti 2AlN Coatings. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13092085. [PMID: 32369946 PMCID: PMC7254320 DOI: 10.3390/ma13092085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum containing Mn+1AXn (MAX) phase materials have attracted increasing attention due to their corrosion resistance, a pronounced self-healing effect and promising diffusion barrier properties for hydrogen. We synthesized Ti2AlN coatings on ferritic steel substrates by physical vapor deposition of alternating Ti- and AlN-layers followed by thermal annealing. The microstructure developed a {0001}-texture with platelet-like shaped grains. To investigate the oxidation behavior, the samples were exposed to a temperature of 700 °C in a muffle furnace. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profiles revealed the formation of oxide scales, which consisted mainly of dense and stable α-Al2O3. The oxide layer thickness increased with a time dependency of ~t1/4. Electron probe micro analysis (EPMA) scans revealed a diffusion of Al from the coating into the substrate. Steel membranes with as-deposited Ti2AlN and partially oxidized Ti2AlN coatings were used for permeation tests. The permeation of deuterium from the gas phase was measured in an ultra-high vacuum (UHV) permeation cell by mass spectrometry at temperatures of 30-400 °C. We obtained a permeation reduction factor (PRF) of 45 for a pure Ti2AlN coating and a PRF of ~3700 for the oxidized sample. Thus, protective coatings, which prevent hydrogen-induced corrosion, can be achieved by the proper design of Ti2AlN coatings with suitable oxide scale thicknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Gröner
- Department of Tribology, Fraunhofer-Institut für Werkstoffmechanik IWM, Woehlerstrasse 11, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; (P.D.); (M.W.); (F.M.); (A.F.); (B.B.); (F.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-761-5142-488
| | - Lukas Mengis
- Department of High Temperature Materials, DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (L.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Mathias Galetz
- Department of High Temperature Materials, DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (L.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Lutz Kirste
- Department of Epitaxy, Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Festkörperphysik IAF, Tullastraße 72, 79108 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Philipp Daum
- Department of Tribology, Fraunhofer-Institut für Werkstoffmechanik IWM, Woehlerstrasse 11, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; (P.D.); (M.W.); (F.M.); (A.F.); (B.B.); (F.B.)
| | - Marco Wirth
- Department of Tribology, Fraunhofer-Institut für Werkstoffmechanik IWM, Woehlerstrasse 11, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; (P.D.); (M.W.); (F.M.); (A.F.); (B.B.); (F.B.)
| | - Frank Meyer
- Department of Tribology, Fraunhofer-Institut für Werkstoffmechanik IWM, Woehlerstrasse 11, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; (P.D.); (M.W.); (F.M.); (A.F.); (B.B.); (F.B.)
| | - Alexander Fromm
- Department of Tribology, Fraunhofer-Institut für Werkstoffmechanik IWM, Woehlerstrasse 11, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; (P.D.); (M.W.); (F.M.); (A.F.); (B.B.); (F.B.)
| | - Bernhard Blug
- Department of Tribology, Fraunhofer-Institut für Werkstoffmechanik IWM, Woehlerstrasse 11, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; (P.D.); (M.W.); (F.M.); (A.F.); (B.B.); (F.B.)
| | - Frank Burmeister
- Department of Tribology, Fraunhofer-Institut für Werkstoffmechanik IWM, Woehlerstrasse 11, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; (P.D.); (M.W.); (F.M.); (A.F.); (B.B.); (F.B.)
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15
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Franchi G, Capocelli M, De Falco M, Piemonte V, Barba D. Hydrogen Production via Steam Reforming: A Critical Analysis of MR and RMM Technologies. Membranes (Basel) 2020; 10:membranes10010010. [PMID: 31947783 PMCID: PMC7022555 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
‘Hydrogen as the energy carrier of the future’ has been a topic discussed for decades and is today the subject of a new revival, especially driven by the investments in renewable electricity and the technological efforts done by high-developed industrial powers, such as Northern Europe and Japan. Although hydrogen production from renewable resources is still limited to small scale, local solutions, and R&D projects; steam reforming (SR) of natural gas at industrial scale is the cheapest and most used technology and generates around 8 kg CO2 per kg H2. This paper is focused on the process optimization and decarbonization of H2 production from fossil fuels to promote more efficient approaches based on membrane separation. In this work, two emerging configurations have been compared from the numerical point of view: the membrane reactor (MR) and the reformer and membrane module (RMM), proposed and tested by this research group. The rate of hydrogen production by SR has been calculated according to other literature works, a one-dimensional model has been developed for mass, heat, and momentum balances. For the membrane modules, the rate of hydrogen permeation has been estimated according to mass transfer correlation previously reported by this research group and based on previous experimental tests carried on in the first RMM Pilot Plant. The methane conversion, carbon dioxide yield, temperature, and pressure profile are compared for each configuration: SR, MR, and RMM. By decoupling the reaction and separation section, such as in the RMM, the overall methane conversion can be increased of about 30% improving the efficiency of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Franchi
- Unit of Process Engineering, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (M.D.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mauro Capocelli
- Unit of Process Engineering, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (M.D.F.)
| | - Marcello De Falco
- Unit of Process Engineering, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (M.D.F.)
| | - Vincenzo Piemonte
- Unit of Chemical-physics Fundamentals in Chemical Engineering, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Diego Barba
- Unit of Process Engineering, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (M.D.F.)
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16
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Li Z, Polfus JM, Xing W, Denonville C, Fontaine ML, Bredesen R. Factors Limiting the Apparent Hydrogen Flux in Asymmetric Tubular Cercer Membranes Based on La 27W 3.5Mo 1.5O 55.5-δ and La 0.87Sr 0.13CrO 3-δ. Membranes (Basel) 2019; 9:membranes9100126. [PMID: 31554293 PMCID: PMC6836226 DOI: 10.3390/membranes9100126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric tubular ceramic-ceramic (cercer) membranes based on La27W3.5Mo1.5O55.5-δ-La0.87Sr0.13CrO3-δ were fabricated by a two-step firing method making use of water-based extrusion and dip-coating. The performance of the membranes was characterized by measuring the hydrogen permeation flux and water splitting with dry and wet sweep gases, respectively. To explore the limiting factors for hydrogen and oxygen transport in the asymmetric membrane architecture, the effect of different gas flows and switching the feed and sweep sides of the membrane on the apparent hydrogen permeability was investigated. A dusty gas model was used to simulate the gas gradient inside the porous support, which was combined with Wagner diffusion calculations of the dense membrane layer to assess the overall transport across the asymmetric membrane. In addition, the stability of the membrane was investigated by means of flux measurements over a period of 400 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoan Li
- SINTEF Industry, Thin Film and Membrane Technology, P.O. Box 124 Blindern, NO-0314 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jonathan M Polfus
- SINTEF Industry, Thin Film and Membrane Technology, P.O. Box 124 Blindern, NO-0314 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Wen Xing
- SINTEF Industry, Thin Film and Membrane Technology, P.O. Box 124 Blindern, NO-0314 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Christelle Denonville
- SINTEF Industry, Thin Film and Membrane Technology, P.O. Box 124 Blindern, NO-0314 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Marie-Laure Fontaine
- SINTEF Industry, Thin Film and Membrane Technology, P.O. Box 124 Blindern, NO-0314 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Rune Bredesen
- SINTEF Industry, Thin Film and Membrane Technology, P.O. Box 124 Blindern, NO-0314 Oslo, Norway.
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17
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Di Marcoberardino G, Knijff J, Binotti M, Gallucci F, Manzolini G. Techno-Economic Assessment in a Fluidized Bed Membrane Reactor for Small-Scale H 2 Production: Effect of Membrane Support Thickness. Membranes (Basel) 2019; 9:membranes9090116. [PMID: 31500136 PMCID: PMC6780302 DOI: 10.3390/membranes9090116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper investigates the influence of the support material and its thickness on the hydrogen flux in Palladium membranes in the presence of sweep gas in fluidized bed membrane reactors. The analysis is performed considering both ceramic and metallic supports with different properties. In general, ceramic supports are cheaper but suffer sealing problems, while metallic ones are more expensive but with much less sealing problems. Firstly, a preliminary analysis is performed to assess the impact of the support in the permeation flux, which shows that the membrane permeance can be halved when the H2 diffusion through the support is considered. The most relevant parameter which affects the permeation is the porosity over tortuosity ratio of the porous support. Afterward, the different supports are compared from an economic point of view when applied to a membrane reactor designed for 100 kg/day of hydrogen, using biogas as feedstock. The stainless steel supports have lower impact on the hydrogen permeation so the required membrane surface area is 2.6 m2 compared to 3.6 m2 of the best ceramic support. This ends up as 5.6 €/kg H2@20bar and 6.6 €/kg H2@700bar for the best stainless steel support, which is 3% lower than the price calculated for the best ceramic support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioele Di Marcoberardino
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Jasper Knijff
- Inorganic Membranes and Membrane Reactors, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Binotti
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Energy, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Fausto Gallucci
- Inorganic Membranes and Membrane Reactors, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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18
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Vicinanza N, Svenum IH, Peters T, Bredesen R, Venvik H. New Insight to the Effects of Heat Treatment in Air on the Permeation Properties of Thin Pd77%Ag23% Membranes. Membranes (Basel) 2018; 8:membranes8040092. [PMID: 30309024 PMCID: PMC6315426 DOI: 10.3390/membranes8040092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sputtered Pd77%Ag23% membranes of thickness 2.2–8.5 µm were subjected to a three-step heat treatment in air (HTA) to investigate the relation between thickness and the reported beneficial effects of HTA on hydrogen transport. The permeability experiments were complimented by volumetric hydrogen sorption measurements and atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging in order to relate the observed effects to changes in hydrogen solubility and/or structure. The results show that the HTA—essentially an oxidation-reduction cycle—mainly affects the thinner membranes, with the hydrogen flux increasing stepwise upon HTA of each membrane side. The hydrogen solubility is found to remain constant upon HTA, and the change must therefore be attributed to improved transport kinetics. The HTA procedure appears to shift the transition from the surface to bulk-limited transport to lower thickness, roughly from ~5 to ≤2.2 µm under the conditions applied here. Although the surface topography results indicate that HTA influences the surface roughness and increases the effective membrane surface area, this cannot be the sole explanation for the observed hydrogen flux increase. This is because considerable surface roughening occurs during hydrogen permeation (no HTA) as well, but not accompanied by the same hydrogen flux enhancement. The latter effect is particularly pronounced for thinner membranes, implying that the structural changes may be dependent on the magnitude of the hydrogen flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicla Vicinanza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Ingeborg-Helene Svenum
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Thijs Peters
- SINTEF Industry, P.O. Box 124 Blindern, N-0314 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Rune Bredesen
- SINTEF Industry, P.O. Box 124 Blindern, N-0314 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Hilde Venvik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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19
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Sun Y, Wang Q, Gu S, He Z, Wang Q, Zhang F. Sulfide Stress Cracking Behavior of a Martensitic Steel Controlled by Tempering Temperature. Materials (Basel) 2018; 11:E412. [PMID: 29522494 DOI: 10.3390/ma11030412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A medium-carbon Cr–Mo–V martensitic steel was thermally processed by quenching (Q) at 890 °C and tempering (T) at increasing temperatures from 650 °C to 720 °C and the effect of tempering temperature, Tt, on sulfide stress cracking (SSC) behaviors was estimated mainly via double cantilever beam (DCB) and electrochemical hydrogen permeation (EHP) tests and microstructure characterization. The results indicate that the threshold stress intensity factor for SSC, KISSC, increased with increasing Tt. The overall and local H concentration around the inclusions decreased with increasing Tt, due to reductions in the amounts of solute atoms, grain boundaries and dislocations, which effectively prevented SSC initiation. Also, increasing Tt caused an increased fraction of high-angle boundaries, which evidently lowered the SSC propagation rate by more frequently diverting the propagating direction and accordingly restricted SSC propagation. The overall SSC resistance of this Q&T–treated steel was therefore significantly enhanced.
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20
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Escolástico S, Solı S C, Kjølseth C, Serra JM. Catalytic Layer Optimization for Hydrogen Permeation Membranes Based on La 5.5WO 11.25-δ/La 0.87Sr 0.13CrO 3-δ Composites. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:35749-35756. [PMID: 28945334 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b08995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
(LWO/LSC) composite is one of the most promising mixed ionic-electronic conducting materials for hydrogen separation at high temperature. However, these materials present limited catalytic surface activity toward H2 activation and water splitting, which determines the overall H2 separation rate. For the implementation of these materials as catalytic membrane reactors, effective catalytic layers have to be developed that are compatible and stable under the reaction conditions. This contribution presents the development of catalytic layers based on sputtered metals (Cu and Pd), electrochemical characterization by impendace spectroscopy, and the study of the H2 flow obtained by coating them on 60/40-LWO/LSC membranes. Stability of the catalytic layers is also evaluated under H2 permeation conditions and CH4-containing atmospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Escolástico
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Cecilia Solı S
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Christian Kjølseth
- Coorstek Membrane Sciences, Forskningsparken , Gaustadalleèn 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jose Manuel Serra
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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21
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Cui Q, Wu J, Xie D, Wu X, Huang Y, Li X. Effect of Nanosized NbC Precipitates on Hydrogen Diffusion in X80 Pipeline Steel. Materials (Basel) 2017; 10:E721. [PMID: 28773079 DOI: 10.3390/ma10070721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the effects of dispersed 3~10 nm NbC precipitates on hydrogen diffusion in X80 pipeline steel were investigated by means of high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), electrochemical hydrogen permeation, and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). The relationship between hydrogen diffusion and temperature was determined for Nb-free X80 and 0.055 wt% Nb X80 steel. The temperature dividing reversible and irreversible traps was measured, and the quantity of hydrogen captured by different traps was calculated. Three types of hydrogen trap were designed and applied in the test, and the results revealed that irreversible hydrogen traps formed by nanosized and coherent NbC precipitates markedly hindered hydrogen diffusion, and prolonged breakthrough time in Nb-bearing X80 steel.
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