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Chen X, Xiao L, Li H, Cui Y, Wang G. UV-Cured Highly Crosslinked Polyurethane Acrylate to Serve as a Barrier against Chemical Warfare Agent Simulants. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1578. [PMID: 38891524 PMCID: PMC11175127 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) curing is an efficient and environmentally friendly curing method. In this paper, UV-cured polyurethane acrylates (PUAs) were investigated as potential military coatings to serve as barriers against chemical warfare agents (CWAs). Seven UV-cured PUA coatings were formulated utilizing hydroxyethyl methacrylate-capped hexamethylene diisocyanate trimer (HEMA-Htri) and trimethylolpropane triacrylate-capped polycarbonate prepolymer (PETA-PCDL) as the PUA monomers. Isobornyl acrylate (IBOA) and triethyleneglycol divinyl ether (DVE-3) were employed as reactive diluents. Gas chromatography was utilized to investigate the constitutive relationships between the structures of the PUA coatings and their protective properties against simulant agents for CWAs, including dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), a nerve agent simulant, and 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), a mustard simulant. The glass transition temperature (Tg) and crosslinking density (υe) of PUAs were found to be crucial factors affecting their ability to serve as barriers against CWAs. The incorporation of IBOA units led to enhanced Tg and barrier performance of the PUAs, resulting in a DMMP retention of less than 0.5% and nearly 0 retention of CEES. However, an excessive introduction of polycarbonate chains decreased the υe and barrier performance of the PUAs. These findings may offer valuable insights for enhancing the protection of UV-cured PU coatings against CWAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xucong Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China;
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Linjing Xiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Hong Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Yan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Guiyou Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China;
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Kittle JD, Grasdal EN, Kim SM, Levin NR, Davis PA, Kittle AL, Kittle IJ, Mulcahy JA, Keith BR. Vapor Sorption-Desorption Phenomena of HD and GB Simulants from Polyurethane Thin Films on Aluminum Oxide via a Quartz Crystal Microbalance. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:22735-22742. [PMID: 35811928 PMCID: PMC9260914 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Protection and decontamination of surfaces after exposure to chemical warfare agents (CWAs) are of considerable interest to the homeland defense and battlespace operation communities. In this work, polyurethane was spin-coated onto aluminum oxide quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors. Polyurethane film thickness was varied by altering the concentration of the polymer/chloroform solution used for spin-coating. Atomic force microscopy confirmed the formation of smooth, homogeneous films on the QCM sensor surface. Aluminum oxide QCM sensors coated with polyurethane were exposed to saturated vapors of dichloropentane (DCP), a mustard gas (HD) simulant, and dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), a sarin gas (GB) simulant, and the mass uptake, diffusion coefficient, volume fraction, and partition coefficient of the simulant in the film were determined from QCM data. Results showed that both DCP and DMMP readily sorbed into the films although the mass uptake of DCP was greater than that of DMMP owing to DCP's higher vapor pressure. Additionally, the CWA simulant uptake increased with polyurethane film thickness. Sorption diffusion coefficients were 1 × 10-13 cm2/s and 1 × 10-12 cm2/s for DCP and DMMP vapor, respectively. Simulant desorption was also measured and showed that some DMMP remained in the film/substrate system, while DCP sorption was fully reversible. Reversible desorption for both CWA simulants was relatively quick and independent over the range of film thicknesses studied, with average desorption diffusion coefficients of 2 × 10-9 cm2/s and 1 × 10-11 cm2/s for DCP and DMMP, respectively. Collectively, this study is expected to inform protection and decontamination strategies of equipment and structures upon exposure to CWAs.
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Wu G, Zhang D, Xu W, Zhang H, Chen L, Zheng Y, Xin Y, Li H, Cui Y. Highly Cross-linked Epoxy Coating for Barring Organophosphate Chemical Warfare Agent Permeation. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:12354-12364. [PMID: 35449950 PMCID: PMC9016877 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) can be absorbed in polymeric coatings through absorption and permeation, thus presenting a lethal touch and vapor hazards to people. Developing a highly impermeable polymer coating against CWAs, especially against organophosphate CWAs (OPs), is challenging and desirable. Herein, fluorinated epoxy (F-EP) and epoxy (EP) coatings with different cross-link densities were prepared to resist OPs. The effects of the polymer coating structure, including cross-link density, chemical composition and free volume, on the chemical resistance to dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP, Soman simulant) were investigated in detail. Meanwhile, the chemical resistance to Soman and VX was examined. The results reveal that the cross-link density is a critical factor in determining the chemical resistance of the coatings. Highly cross-linked EP and F-EP coatings with dense and solid cross-linked networks can fully bar DMMP and OPs permeation during the test time. At low or medium cross-link densities, the EP coating with a lower retention of DMMP exhibited a higher resistance than the F-EP coating due to the lower interaction with DMMP and smaller free-volume holes and lower relative fractional free volume. These results suggest that increasing the cross-link density is a reasonable approach to control the chemical resistance of polymer networks against OPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Wu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for
Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Lab of Electrical Insulation
and Thermal Aging, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Dongjiu Zhang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for
Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Lab of Electrical Insulation
and Thermal Aging, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hongjun Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Likun Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, P. R. China
- Research
Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing 102205, P. R.
China
| | - Yongchao Zheng
- State
Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, P. R. China
- Research
Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing 102205, P. R.
China
| | - Yi Xin
- State
Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, P. R. China
- Research
Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing 102205, P. R.
China
| | - Hong Li
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for
Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Lab of Electrical Insulation
and Thermal Aging, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yan Cui
- State
Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, P. R. China
- Research
Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing 102205, P. R.
China
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Varady MJ, Knox CK, Cabalo JB, Bringuier SA, Pearl TP, Lambeth RH, Mantooth BA. Molecular dynamics study of competing hydrogen bonding interactions in multicomponent diffusion in polyurethanes. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Varady MJ, Pearl TP, Bringuier SA, Myers JP, Mantooth BA. Agent-to-Simulant Relationships for Vapor Emission from Absorbing Materials. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b02323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Varady
- Edgewood
Chemical Biological Center, U.S. Army, 5183 Blackhawk Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010-5424, United States
| | - Thomas P. Pearl
- DCS Corporation, 100 Walter
Ward Boulevard, Suite 100, Abingdon, Maryland 21009, United States
| | - Stefan A. Bringuier
- DCS Corporation, 100 Walter
Ward Boulevard, Suite 100, Abingdon, Maryland 21009, United States
| | - Joseph P. Myers
- Edgewood
Chemical Biological Center, U.S. Army, 5183 Blackhawk Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010-5424, United States
| | - Brent A. Mantooth
- Edgewood
Chemical Biological Center, U.S. Army, 5183 Blackhawk Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010-5424, United States
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Bromberg L, Su X, Martis V, Zhang Y, Hatton TA. Self-Decontaminating Fibrous Materials Reactive toward Chemical Threats. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:17555-17564. [PMID: 27309383 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b05241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymers that possess highly nucleophilic pyrrolidinopyridine (Pyr) and primary amino (vinylamine, VAm) groups were prepared by free-radical copolymerization of N,N-diallylpyridin-4-amine (DAAP) and N-vinylformamide (NVF) followed by acidic hydrolysis of NVF into VAm. The resulting poly(DAAP-co-VAm-co-NVF) copolymers were water-soluble and reacted with water-dispersible polyurethane possessing a high content of unreacted isocyanate groups. Spray-coating of the nylon-cotton (NYCO), rayon, and poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (Kevlar 119) fibers pretreated with phosphoric acid resulted in covalent bonding of the polyurethane with the hydroxyl groups on the fiber surface. A second spray-coating of aqueous solutions of poly(DAAP-co-VAm-co-NVF) on the polyurethane-coated fiber enabled formation of urea linkages between unreacted isocyanate groups of the polyurethane layer and the amino groups of poly(DAAP-co-VAm-co-NVF). Fibers with poly(DAAP-co-VAm-co-NVF) attached were compared with fibers modified by adsorption of water-insoluble poly(butadiene-co-pyrrolidinopyridine) (polyBPP) in terms of the stability against polymer leaching in aqueous washing applications. While the fibers modified by attachment of poly(DAAP-co-VAm-co-NVF) exhibited negligible polymer leaching, over 65% of adsorbed polyBPP detached and leached from the fibers within 7 days. Rayon fibers modified by poly(DAAP-co-VAm-co-NVF) were tested for sorption of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) in the presence of moisture using dynamic vapor sorption technique. Capability of the fibers modified with poly(DAAP-co-VAm-co-NVF) to facilitate hydrolysis of the sorbed DMMP in the presence of moisture was uncovered. The self-decontaminating property of the modified fibers against chemical threats was tested using a CWA simulant diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) in aqueous media at pH 8.7. Fibers modified with poly(DAAP-co-VAm-co-NVF) facilitated hydrolysis of DFP with the half-lives up to an order of magnitude shorter than that of the unmodified fibers. The presented polymers and method of multilayer coating can lead to a development of self-decontaminating textiles and other materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev Bromberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Xiao Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Vladimir Martis
- Surface Measurement Systems, Ltd. , Unit 5, Wharfside, Rosemont Road, Alperton, London HA0 4PE, United Kingdom
| | - Yunfei Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - T Alan Hatton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Varady MJ, Pearl TP, Stevenson SM, Mantooth BA. Decontamination of VX from Silicone: Characterization of Multicomponent Diffusion Effects. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b04826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Varady
- OptiMetrics, Inc.,
a DCS Company, 100 Walter Ward Boulevard, Suite 100, Abingdon, Maryland 21009, United States
| | - Thomas P. Pearl
- OptiMetrics, Inc.,
a DCS Company, 100 Walter Ward Boulevard, Suite 100, Abingdon, Maryland 21009, United States
| | - Shawn M. Stevenson
- U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, 5183 Blackhawk Road, Aberdeen
Proving Ground, Maryland 21010-5424, United States
| | - Brent A. Mantooth
- U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, 5183 Blackhawk Road, Aberdeen
Proving Ground, Maryland 21010-5424, United States
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Jang YJ, Kim K, Tsay OG, Atwood DA, Churchill DG. Update 1 of: Destruction and Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents. Chem Rev 2015; 115:PR1-76. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jeong Jang
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kibong Kim
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Olga G. Tsay
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - David A. Atwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - David G. Churchill
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305−701, Republic of Korea
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Gordon WO, Peterson GW, Durke EM. Reduced chemical warfare agent sorption in polyurethane-painted surfaces via plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of perfluoroalkanes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:6402-6405. [PMID: 25775244 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoralkalation via plasma chemical vapor deposition has been used to improve hydrophobicity of surfaces. We have investigated this technique to improve the resistance of commercial polyurethane coatings to chemicals, such as chemical warfare agents. The reported results indicate the surface treatment minimizes the spread of agent droplets and the sorption of agent into the coating. The improvement in resistance is likely due to reduction of the coating's surface free energy via fluorine incorporation, but may also have contributing effects from surface morphology changes. The data indicates that plasma-based surface modifications may have utility in improving chemical resistance of commercial coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley O Gordon
- ‡U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, 5183 Blackhawk Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Gregory W Peterson
- ‡U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, 5183 Blackhawk Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Erin M Durke
- §Excet, Inc., 8001 Braddock Road, Suite 303, Springfield, Virginia 22151, United States
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