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Luo W, Chen W, Liu D, Huang X, Ma B. Effect of temperature and humidity on mechanical properties and constitutive modeling of pressure-sensitive adhesives. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14634. [PMID: 38918527 PMCID: PMC11199615 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64960-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) are crucial for the structural and functional integrity of flexible displays. Investigating the intricate mechanical properties of PSAs can help enhance product quality and performance. This study conducts systematic mechanical tests, including uniaxial tensile, compression, planar shear, and stress relaxation, on PSAs at temperatures ranging from - 25 to 85 ℃ and relative humidity levels from 0 to 90%. Our findings reveal that the Anssari-Benam model accurately describes the hyperelastic behavior of PSA materials under large deformation, outperforming the Ogden model by requiring fewer parameters and better preserving convexity. Moreover the results show that temperature markedly affects PSA properties, particularly near the glass transition temperature (Tg), with lower temperatures leading to decreased elasticity and higher temperatures aiding in stress relaxation. Similarly, humidity impacts PSA behavior, increasing elasticity and decreasing stiffness, especially noticeable in stress relaxation tests. These findings highlight the substantial influence of environmental conditions on the material properties of PSAs and underscore the necessity of understanding both hyperelastic and viscoelastic responses for their application in flexible technologies. This research provides critical insights for the optimal utilization of PSAs in the rapidly evolving field of flexible electronics, including OLED displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiquan Luo
- Center for Engineering Materials and Reliability, Guangzhou HKUST Fok Ying Tung Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Wenzhen Chen
- Center for Engineering Materials and Reliability, Guangzhou HKUST Fok Ying Tung Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Dashun Liu
- Center for Engineering Materials and Reliability, Guangzhou HKUST Fok Ying Tung Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Xiaofeng Huang
- Center for Engineering Materials and Reliability, Guangzhou HKUST Fok Ying Tung Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Baoguang Ma
- Center for Engineering Materials and Reliability, Guangzhou HKUST Fok Ying Tung Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511458, China.
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Ju YH, Lee HJ, Han CJ, Lee CR, Kim Y, Kim JW. Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive with Controllable Adhesion for Fabrication of Ultrathin Soft Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:40794-40801. [PMID: 32799527 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As the interest in foldable smartphones recently launched onto the market shifts toward the next generation of flexible electronics, the development of ultrathin devices is gaining considerable attention. The strain formed on the surfaces of film-based devices approximates the film thickness divided by twice the radius of curvature; therefore, the use of an ultrathin substrate is the key for the development of next generation foldable devices. However, the stiffness of ultrathin films is extremely low; thus, it cannot be easily used directly as a substrate for device fabrication. Therefore, these films generally undergo device manufacturing processes while being attached to a rigid substrate such as glass and are peeled from the rigid substrate after the process is finished. Thus, the initial adhesion of the adhesive used to fix the film to the temporary substrate should be strong, and after the process is completed, the adhesion must be lessened to enable soft peeling. In this study, we succeeded in developing a novel pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) whose adhesive strength can be severely reduced by water treatment. Accordingly, considering that amphiphilic oligomers promote water absorption through hydrogen bonding to water, amphiphilic oligomers were mixed with an acrylic polymer to prepare the water-responsive PSA (wr-PSA). The adhesion strength of the wr-PSA in the early stage, which reached 382(±22) N/m, dramatically dropped to 9(±2) N/m after a water immersion test. Using the wr-PSA, a 1.4 μm-thick polyethylene terephthalate film coated with Ag nanowires was softly peeled off from the glass after being immersed in warm water. In addition, the adhesion reduced by the immersion in water was recovered again when the water absorbed by the adhesive was dried. This implies that the developed adhesive can be reusable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hee Ju
- School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Lee
- Display Research Center,Korea Electronics Technology Institute, 25 Saenariro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13509, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Jong Han
- Display Research Center,Korea Electronics Technology Institute, 25 Saenariro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13509, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheul-Ro Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmin Kim
- Display Research Center,Korea Electronics Technology Institute, 25 Saenariro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13509, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Woong Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
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Karnal P, Jha A, Wen H, Gryska S, Barrios C, Frechette J. Contribution of Surface Energy to pH-Dependent Underwater Adhesion of an Acrylic Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:5151-5161. [PMID: 30945867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining the underwater adhesive performance over a broad range of solution pH is challenging but necessary for many biomedical applications. Therefore, understanding how environmental conditions influence the mechanisms of bonding and debonding of pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) can provide guidelines for materials design. We investigate how the presence of acrylic acid as a co-monomer impacts the adhesion of a model PSA in aqueous environments of varying pH. The adhesives under investigation are poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylate), or poly(2-EHA), and poly(2-EHA) co-polymerized with 5 wt % acrylic acid, or poly(2-EHA- co-AA). We characterize bonding and debonding (adhesion) of the adhesives using probe tack measurements with a spherical hydrophobic glass probe. We analyze the performance of the two PSAs in air and in low-ionic-strength buffered aqueous solutions of pH 3- 11. We find that the presence of the acrylic acid co-monomer increases the cohesiveness of the PSA and leads to stronger adhesion under all conditions investigated. We also observe that the presence of the acrylic acid co-monomer imparts the PSA with a strong dependence of adhesion on the solution pH. Dynamic contact angle and ζ potential measurements support the hypothesis that deprotonation of the acrylic acid groups at higher pH causes the decrease in adhesion at higher pH. Rheological measurements do not show changes in the dynamic mechanical properties of the PSAs after exposure to solutions of pH 3- 11. Our measurements allow us to isolate the effect of the solution pH on the surface and bulk properties of the PSA. In the absence of the acrylic acid co-monomer, the bulk dissipation and the surface properties of the PSA are independent of the solution's pH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stefan Gryska
- 3M Center , 3M Company , Building 201-4N-01 , St. Paul , Minnesota 55144-1000 , United States
| | - Carlos Barrios
- 3M Center , 3M Company , Building 201-4N-01 , St. Paul , Minnesota 55144-1000 , United States
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Jain D, Amarpuri G, Fitch J, Blackledge TA, Dhinojwala A. Role of Hygroscopic Low Molecular Mass Compounds in Humidity Responsive Adhesion of Spider’s Capture Silk. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:3048-3057. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dharamdeep Jain
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Gaurav Amarpuri
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Jordan Fitch
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Todd. A. Blackledge
- Department of Biology, Integrated Bioscience Program, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3908, United States
| | - Ali Dhinojwala
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
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Karnal P, Roberts P, Gryska S, King C, Barrios C, Frechette J. Importance of Substrate Functionality on the Adhesion and Debonding of a Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive under Water. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:42344-42353. [PMID: 29111640 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the effect of an aqueous environment on the adhesion of a model acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) composed of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate-co-acrylic acid. We use probe-tack adhesion measurements accompanied by in situ imaging of the contact region during bonding and debonding. Within the probe-tack tests, we use both hydrophilic (piranha and plasma treatment) and hydrophobic (C18-silanization) surface treatments to investigate the contribution of the probe's surface energy on the underwater adhesion. In examining contact formation in air and underwater, we find that the presence of water when contact is made leads to different modes of PSA relaxation and contact formation. For all probes investigated, the adhesive strength between the PSA and the probe decreases when measured underwater. Additionally, we observe that the presence of water during debonding has a more pronounced effect on the adhesive strength of the PSA when probed by a hydrophilic surface as opposed to a hydrophobic surface. Using fingering wavelength analysis, we estimate the surface energy of the PSA in situ and find that when submerged in water, the PSA has a significantly higher surface energy compared to in air. Therefore, combining the observation of different modes of contact formation, the increase in surface energy, and the importance of the surface energy of the probe, we suggest that the decrease in adhesive strength in water can be explained by the hydration of the PSA and by trapped water defects between the PSA and the probe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stefan Gryska
- 3M Company , 3M Center, Building 201-4N-01, St. Paul, Minnesota 55144-1000, United States
| | | | - Carlos Barrios
- 3M Company , 3M Center, Building 201-4N-01, St. Paul, Minnesota 55144-1000, United States
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Jain D, Zhang C, Cool LR, Blackledge TA, Wesdemiotis C, Miyoshi T, Dhinojwala A. Composition and Function of Spider Glues Maintained During the Evolution of Cobwebs. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:3373-80. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dharamdeep Jain
- Department
of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Ci Zhang
- Department
of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Lydia Rose Cool
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United States
| | - Todd A. Blackledge
- Department
of Biology, Integrated Bioscience Program, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3908, United States
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United States
| | - Toshikazu Miyoshi
- Department
of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Ali Dhinojwala
- Department
of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
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Liu Y, Soer WJ, Scheerder J, Satgurunathan G, Keddie JL. Water Vapor Sorption and Diffusion in Secondary Dispersion Barrier Coatings: A Critical Comparison with Emulsion Polymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:12147-12157. [PMID: 25985183 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b02446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The conventional method for synthesizing waterborne polymer colloids is emulsion polymerization using surfactants. An emerging method is the use of secondary dispersions (SD) of polymers in water, which avoids the addition of any surfactant. Although there are numerous studies of the water barrier properties (sorption, diffusion, and permeability) of waterborne emulsion (Em) polymer coatings, the properties of SD coatings, in comparison, have not been thoroughly investigated. Here, dynamic water vapor sorption analysis is used to compare the equilibrium sorption isotherms of the two forms of styrene-acrylate copolymers (Em and SD) with the same monomer composition. From an analysis of the kinetics of vapor sorption, the diffusion coefficient of water in the polymer coatings is determined. The combined effects of particle boundaries and surfactant addition were investigated through a comparison of the properties of SD and Em coatings to those of (1) solvent-cast polymer coatings (of the same monomer composition), (2) Em polymers that underwent dialysis to partially remove the water-soluble species, and (3) SD polymers with added surfactants. The results reveal that both the particle boundaries and the surfactants increase vapor sorption. The diffusion coefficients of water are comparable in magnitude in all of the polymer systems but are inversely related to water activity because of molecular clustering. Compared to all of the other waterborne polymer systems, the SD barrier coatings show the lowest equilibrium vapor sorption and permeability coefficients at high relative humidities as well as the lowest water diffusion coefficient at low humidities. These barrier properties make SD coatings an attractive alternative to conventional emulsion polymer coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- †Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K
| | - Willem-Jan Soer
- ‡DSM Coating Resins B.V. Sluisweg 12, Waalwijk 5145 PE, Netherlands
| | - Jürgen Scheerder
- ‡DSM Coating Resins B.V. Sluisweg 12, Waalwijk 5145 PE, Netherlands
| | | | - Joseph L Keddie
- †Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K
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