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Blankenship B, Li J, Jones Z, Parashar M, Zhao N, Singh H, Li R, Arvin S, Sarkar A, Yang R, Meier T, Rho Y, Ajoy A, Grigoropoulos CP. Spatially Resolved Quantum Sensing with High-Density Bubble-Printed Nanodiamonds. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:9711-9719. [PMID: 39052913 PMCID: PMC11311541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c02519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV-) centers in nanodiamonds have emerged as a versatile platform for a wide range of applications, including bioimaging, photonics, and quantum sensing. However, the widespread adoption of nanodiamonds in practical applications has been hindered by the challenges associated with patterning them into high-resolution features with sufficient throughput. In this work, we overcome these limitations by introducing a direct laser-writing bubble printing technique that enables the precise fabrication of two-dimensional nanodiamond patterns. The printed nanodiamonds exhibit a high packing density and strong photoluminescence emission, as well as robust optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) signals. We further harness the spatially resolved ODMR of the nanodiamond patterns to demonstrate the mapping of two-dimensional temperature gradients using high frame rate widefield lock-in fluorescence imaging. This capability paves the way for integrating nanodiamond-based quantum sensors into practical devices and systems, opening new possibilities for applications involving high-resolution thermal imaging and biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian
W. Blankenship
- Laser
Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jingang Li
- Laser
Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Zachary Jones
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Advanced
Biofuels and Bioproducts Process Development Unit (ABPDU), Biological
Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Madhur Parashar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Naichen Zhao
- Laser
Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Runxuan Li
- Laser
Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sophia Arvin
- Laser
Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Adrisha Sarkar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rundi Yang
- Laser
Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Timon Meier
- Laser
Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yoonsoo Rho
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National
Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashok Ajoy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- CIFAR
Azrieli Global Scholars Program, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Costas P. Grigoropoulos
- Laser
Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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2
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Liu Z, Baluchová S, Brocken B, Ahmed E, Pobedinskas P, Haenen K, Buijnsters JG. Inkjet Printing-Manufactured Boron-Doped Diamond Chip Electrodes for Electrochemical Sensing Purposes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:39915-39925. [PMID: 37556596 PMCID: PMC10450640 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of patterned boron-doped diamond (BDD) in an inexpensive and straightforward way is required for a variety of practical applications, including the development of BDD-based electrochemical sensors. This work describes a simplified and novel bottom-up fabrication approach for BDD-based three-electrode sensor chips utilizing direct inkjet printing of diamond nanoparticles on silicon-based substrates. The whole seeding process, accomplished by a commercial research inkjet printer with piezo-driven drop-on-demand printheads, was systematically examined. Optimized and continuous inkjet-printed features were obtained with glycerol-based diamond ink (0.4% vol/wt), silicon substrates pretreated by exposure to oxygen plasma and subsequently to air, and applying a dot density of 750 drops (volume 9 pL) per inch. Next, the dried micropatterned substrate was subjected to a chemical vapor deposition step to grow uniform thin-film BDD, which satisfied the function of both working and counter electrodes. Silver was inkjet-printed to complete the sensor chip with a reference electrode. Scanning electron micrographs showed a closed BDD layer with a typical polycrystalline structure and sharp and well-defined edges. Very good homogeneity in diamond layer composition and a high boron content (∼2 × 1021 atoms cm-3) was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. Important electrochemical characteristics, including the width of the potential window (2.5 V) and double-layer capacitance (27 μF cm-2), were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry. Fast electron transfer kinetics was recognized for the [Ru(NH3)6]3+/2+ redox marker due to the high doping level, while somewhat hindered kinetics was observed for the surface-sensitive [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- probe. Furthermore, the ability to electrochemically detect organic compounds of different structural motifs, such as glucose, ascorbic acid, uric acid, tyrosine, and dopamine, was successfully verified and compared with commercially available screen-printed BDD electrodes. The newly developed chip-based manufacture method enables the rapid prototyping of different small-scale electrode designs and BDD microstructures, which can lead to enhanced sensor performance with capability of repeated use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Liu
- Department
of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Simona Baluchová
- Department
of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Bob Brocken
- Department
of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Essraa Ahmed
- Institute
for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMOMEC, IMEC
vzw, Wetenschapspark
1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Paulius Pobedinskas
- Institute
for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMOMEC, IMEC
vzw, Wetenschapspark
1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ken Haenen
- Institute
for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMOMEC, IMEC
vzw, Wetenschapspark
1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Josephus G. Buijnsters
- Department
of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
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Zhang T, Wang L, Wang J, Wang Z, Gupta M, Guo X, Zhu Y, Yiu YC, Hui TKC, Zhou Y, Li C, Lei D, Li KH, Wang X, Wang Q, Shao L, Chu Z. Multimodal dynamic and unclonable anti-counterfeiting using robust diamond microparticles on heterogeneous substrate. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2507. [PMID: 37130871 PMCID: PMC10154296 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing prevalence of counterfeit products worldwide poses serious threats to economic security and human health. Developing advanced anti-counterfeiting materials with physical unclonable functions offers an attractive defense strategy. Here, we report multimodal, dynamic and unclonable anti-counterfeiting labels based on diamond microparticles containing silicon-vacancy centers. These chaotic microparticles are heterogeneously grown on silicon substrate by chemical vapor deposition, facilitating low-cost scalable fabrication. The intrinsically unclonable functions are introduced by the randomized features of each particle. The highly stable signals of photoluminescence from silicon-vacancy centers and light scattering from diamond microparticles can enable high-capacity optical encoding. Moreover, time-dependent encoding is achieved by modulating photoluminescence signals of silicon-vacancy centers via air oxidation. Exploiting the robustness of diamond, the developed labels exhibit ultrahigh stability in extreme application scenarios, including harsh chemical environments, high temperature, mechanical abrasion, and ultraviolet irradiation. Hence, our proposed system can be practically applied immediately as anti-counterfeiting labels in diverse fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongqiang Wang
- Dongguan Institute of Opto-Electronics, Peking University, Dongguan, China
| | - Madhav Gupta
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xuyun Guo
- Department of Applied Physics, Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ye Zhu
- Department of Applied Physics, Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yau Chuen Yiu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
- Primemax Biotech Limited, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Yan Zhou
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Can Li
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dangyuan Lei
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwai Hei Li
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinqiang Wang
- Dongguan Institute of Opto-Electronics, Peking University, Dongguan, China
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Dongguan Institute of Opto-Electronics, Peking University, Dongguan, China.
| | - Lei Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhiqin Chu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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4
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Mandal S. Nucleation of diamond films on heterogeneous substrates: a review. RSC Adv 2021; 11:10159-10182. [PMID: 35423515 PMCID: PMC8695650 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00397f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diamond thin films are known to have properties similar to bulk diamond and have applications in both industry and fundamental studies in academia. The high surface energy of diamond makes it extremely difficult to grow diamond films on foreign substrates. Hence, to grow diamond films on non-diamond substrates, a nucleation step is needed. In this review various techniques used for diamond nucleation/seeding will be discussed. At present electrostatic seeding by diamond nanoparticles is the most commonly used seeding technique for nanocrystalline growth. In this technique the substrate is dipped in a nanodiamond solution to form a mono layer of diamond seeds. These seeds when exposed to appropriate conditions grow to form diamond layers. This technique is suitable for most substrates. For heteroepitaxial growth, bias enhanced nucleation is the primary technique. In this technique the substrate is biased to form diamond nuclei in the initial stages of growth. This technique can be used for any conducting flat surface. For growth on ceramics, polishing by diamond grit or electrostatic seeding can be used. Polishing the ceramics with diamond powder leaves small diamond particles embedded in the substrate. These small particles then act as seeds for subsequent diamond growth. Apart from these techniques, chemical nucleation, interlayer driven nucleation and mixed techniques have been discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of individual techniques have also been discussed. Growth of diamond film on heterogeneous substrates assisted by nucleation/seeding.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Mandal
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University Cardiff UK
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5
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Yang S, Ta VD, Wang Y, Chen R, He T, Demir HV, Sun H. Reconfigurable Liquid Whispering Gallery Mode Microlasers. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27200. [PMID: 27256771 PMCID: PMC4891658 DOI: 10.1038/srep27200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering photonic devices from liquid has been emerging as a fascinating research avenue. Reconfigurably tuning liquid optical micro-devices are highly desirable but remain extremely challenging because of the fluidic nature. In this article we demonstrate an all-liquid tunable whispering gallery mode microlaser floating on a liquid surface fabricated by using inkjet print technique. We show that the cavity resonance of such liquid lasers could be reconfigurably manipulated by surface tension alteration originated from the tiny concentration change of the surfactant in the supporting liquid. As such, remarkable sensing of water-soluble organic compounds with a sensitivity of free spectral range as high as 19.85 THz / (mol · mL−1) and the detectivity limit around 5.56 × 10−3 mol · mL−1 is achieved. Our work provides not only a novel approach to effectively tuning a laser resonator but also new insight into potential applications in biological, chemical and environmental sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shancheng Yang
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
| | - Van Duong Ta
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore.,Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Yue Wang
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
| | - Rui Chen
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore.,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Tingchao He
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore.,College of Physics Science &Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Hilmi Volkan Demir
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore.,Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies (CDPT), Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore.,School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Luminous! Center of Excellence for Semiconductor Lighting and Displays, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore.,Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Department of Physics and UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Bilkent, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Handong Sun
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore.,Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies (CDPT), Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
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