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Andrzejewski J, Das S, Lipik V, Mohanty AK, Misra M, You X, Tan LP, Chang BP. The Development of Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-Based Blends and Modification Strategies: Methods of Improving Key Properties towards Technical Applications-Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:4556. [PMID: 39336298 PMCID: PMC11433319 DOI: 10.3390/ma17184556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
The widespread use of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) from packaging to engineering applications seems to follow the current global trend. The development of high-performance PLA-based blends has led to the commercial introduction of various PLA-based resins with excellent thermomechanical properties. The reason for this is the progress in the field of major PLA limitations such as low thermal resistance and poor impact strength. The main purpose of using biobased polymers in polymer blends is to increase the share of renewable raw materials in the final product rather than its possible biodegradation. However, in the case of engineering applications, the focus is on achieving the required properties rather than maximizing the percentage of biopolymer. The presented review article discusses the current strategies to optimize the balance of the key features such as stiffness, toughness, and heat resistance of PLA-based blends. Improving of these properties requires molecular structural changes, which together with morphology, crystallinity, and the influence of the processing conditions are the main subjects of this article. The latest research in this field clearly indicates the high potential of using PLA-based materials in highly demanding applications. In the case of impact strength modification, it is possible to obtain values close to 800 J/m, which is a value comparable to polycarbonate. Significant improvement can also be confirmed for thermal resistance results, where heat deflection temperatures for selected types of PLA blends can reach even 130 °C after modification. The modification strategies discussed in this article confirm that a properly conducted process of selecting the blend components and the conditions of the processing technique allows for revealing the potential of PLA as an engineering plastic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Andrzejewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3 Str., 61-138 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Subhasis Das
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (S.D.); (V.L.)
| | - Vitali Lipik
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (S.D.); (V.L.)
| | - Amar K. Mohanty
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.K.M.); (M.M.)
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Manjusri Misra
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.K.M.); (M.M.)
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Xiangyu You
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China;
| | - Lay Poh Tan
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (S.D.); (V.L.)
| | - Boon Peng Chang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (S.D.); (V.L.)
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2
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Xu C, Zhang J, Bai J, Ding S, Wang X, Wang Z. Two-Stage Crystallization Kinetics and Morphological Evolution with Stereocomplex Crystallite-Induced Enhancement for Long-Chain Branched Polylactide/Poly(D-lactic acid) Blends. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cui Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Juan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jing Bai
- School of Communication Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Shuangshuang Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xuehui Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
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3
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Zhang X, Jiang X, Qin W, Zhang K, Xin Z, Zhao S. Effect of the lanthanum and cerium phenylphosphonates on the crystallization and mechanical properties of isotactic polypropylene. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02486-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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4
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Miao W, Wu F, Zhou S, Yao G, Li Y, Wang Z. Epitaxial Crystallization of Poly(ε-caprolactone) on Reduced Graphene Oxide at a Low Shear Rate by In Situ SAXS/WAXD Methods. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:31535-31542. [PMID: 33344805 PMCID: PMC7745218 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The interfacial interaction between polymers and reinforcements has a positive effect on the properties of polymer nanocomposites, and a further study on the evolution of this interfacial interaction under a shear field is conducive to reasonable regulation of the properties of polymer nanocomposites. For this purpose, epitaxial crystallization of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) on reduced graphene oxide (RGO) is investigated by shearing at the shear rate of 3 s-1 by in situ synchrotron radiation. In situ two-dimensional small-angle X-ray scattering (2D SAXS) results suggest that the imposed shear field promotes the orientation of the polymer chains, resulting in the formation of a large periodic structure of PCL on the RGO surface. In addition, higher shear temperatures facilitate the conformational adjustment of the PCL molecular chain on RGO at the shear rate of 3 s-1, resulting in the formation of thicker lamellae. In situ two-dimensional wide-angle X-ray diffraction (2D WAXD) results show that shear enhances the crystallinity of the PCL/RGO nanocomposite and promotes the oriented growth of epitaxial and bulk crystals. The current findings can improve the understanding of the structural evolution behavior of PCL/RGO nanocomposites after shear and especially enhance dramatically our understanding of the underlying mechanism of influence of shear on interfacial epitaxial crystallization in polymer/graphene nanocomposite systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Miao
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of
Specialty Polymers, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional
Materials and Preparation Science, Faculty of Materials Science and
Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of
Specialty Polymers, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional
Materials and Preparation Science, Faculty of Materials Science and
Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Shiman Zhou
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of
Specialty Polymers, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional
Materials and Preparation Science, Faculty of Materials Science and
Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Guibin Yao
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of
Specialty Polymers, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional
Materials and Preparation Science, Faculty of Materials Science and
Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yiguo Li
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of
Specialty Polymers, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional
Materials and Preparation Science, Faculty of Materials Science and
Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Zongbao Wang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of
Specialty Polymers, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional
Materials and Preparation Science, Faculty of Materials Science and
Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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5
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Volpe V, Foglia F, Pantani R. Effect of the application of low shear rates on the crystallization kinetics of
PLA. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Volpe
- Department of Industrial Engineering University of Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II Fisciano Salerno Italy
| | - Fabiana Foglia
- Department of Industrial Engineering University of Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II Fisciano Salerno Italy
| | - Roberto Pantani
- Department of Industrial Engineering University of Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II Fisciano Salerno Italy
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6
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Fang J, Cheng Y, Zhang L, Li C. The synergetic effect of zinc phthalate and carboxymethyl cellulose
–
carbon nanotube of glass fibers surfaces on improving strength and toughness of polypropylene composite. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianpeng Fang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and EngineeringEast China University of Science & Technology Shanghai China
| | - Yue Cheng
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and EngineeringEast China University of Science & Technology Shanghai China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and EngineeringEast China University of Science & Technology Shanghai China
| | - Chunzhong Li
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and EngineeringEast China University of Science & Technology Shanghai China
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7
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Fang J, Zhang L, Li C. Largely enhanced transcrystalline formation and properties of polypropylene on the surface of glass fiber as induced by PEI-CNT and PEI-GO modification. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.122025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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8
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Improving thermal properties of ultrafine-glass-fiber reinforced PTFE hybrid composite via surface modification by (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-1886-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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Cabello-Alvarado C, Reyes-Rodríguez P, Andrade-Guel M, Cadenas-Pliego G, Pérez-Alvarez M, Cruz-Delgado VJ, Melo-López L, Quiñones-Jurado ZV, Ávila-Orta CA. Melt-Mixed Thermoplastic Nanocomposite Containing Carbon Nanotubes and Titanium Dioxide for Flame Retardancy Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11071204. [PMID: 31330943 PMCID: PMC6680381 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of polymeric nanocomposites is a possible alternative to conventional flame retardants. The aim of the present work is to investigate the effects of carbon-nanotubes (CNT) and TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) on the thermo-mechanical, flammability, and electrical properties of polypropylene (PP). In this work, PP-TiO2/CNT nanocomposites were obtained with TiO2/CNT mixtures (ratio 1:2) through the melt extrusion process, with different weight percentage of nanoparticles (1, 5, and 10 wt %). The PP-TiO2/CNT nanocomposites were characterized by DSC, TGA, MFI, FTIR, XRD, and SEM. It was possible to determine that the thermal stability of the PP increases when increasing the content of NPs. A contrary situation is observed in the degree of crystallinity and thermo-oxidative degradation, which decreased with respect to pure PP. The TiO2 NPs undergo coalition and increase their size at a lower viscosity of the nanocomposite (1 and 5 wt %). The mechanical properties decreased slightly, however, the Young's modulus presented an improvement of 10% as well as electrical conductivity, this behavior was noted in nanocomposites of 10 wt % of NPs. Flammability properties were measured with a cone calorimeter, and a reduction in the peak heat release rate was observed in nanocomposites with contents of nanoparticles of 5 and 10 wt.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cabello-Alvarado
- CONACYT-Consorcio de Investigación y de Innovación del Estado de Tlaxcala, C.P. 90000 Tlaxcala, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Saltillo, 25315 Coahuila, Mexico
| | - P Reyes-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Saltillo, 25315 Coahuila, Mexico
| | - M Andrade-Guel
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Saltillo, 25315 Coahuila, Mexico
| | - G Cadenas-Pliego
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Saltillo, 25315 Coahuila, Mexico.
| | - M Pérez-Alvarez
- CONACYT-Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas Norte 152, 07730 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - V J Cruz-Delgado
- CONACYT-Unidad de Materiales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - L Melo-López
- CONACYT-Consorcio de Investigación y de Innovación del Estado de Tlaxcala, C.P. 90000 Tlaxcala, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Saltillo, 25315 Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Z V Quiñones-Jurado
- Innovación y Desarrollo en Materiales Avanzados A.C., Grupo POLYnnova, Carr. San Luis Potosí-Guadalajara 1510, Nivel 3, Local 12, Lomas del Tecnológico, San Luis Potosí S.L.P. C.P. 78211 Mexico, Mexico
| | - C A Ávila-Orta
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Saltillo, 25315 Coahuila, Mexico.
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10
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Wang P, Gulgunje P, Ghoshal S, Verghese N, Kumar S. Rheological behavior of polypropylene nanocomposites with tailored polymer/multiwall carbon nanotubes interface. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Po‐Hsiang Wang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia
| | - Prabhakar Gulgunje
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia
| | - Sushanta Ghoshal
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia
| | | | - Satish Kumar
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia
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11
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Polyethylenimine Assisted Bio-Inspired Surface Functionalization of Hexagonal Boron Nitride for Enhancing the Crystallization and the Properties of Poly(Arylene Ether Nitrile). NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9050760. [PMID: 31108978 PMCID: PMC6567176 DOI: 10.3390/nano9050760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Semi-crystalline poly(arylene ether nitrile) (PEN) has exhibited remarkable potential in various fields. However, the inherent drawbacks of PEN such as slow crystalline rate and low crystallinity limit its further development. To alleviate this problem, the choice of nanofiller as nucleation agent and the interfacial compatibility between nanofiller and PEN matrix are two momentous factors that need to be considered. Accordingly, in this work, functionalized hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN@(PDA+PEI)) was successfully synthesized via polyethylenimine (PEI) assisted bio-inspired surface functionalization, and then homogeneously dispersed in the PEN resin using solution casting method to obtain functional polymer nanocomposite films with strengthening the crystallization behavior, mechanical and dielectric properties. Various testing methods including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and polarizing microscope (POM) were applied to intricately analyze the effect of h-BN@(PDA+PEI) on the crystallization behavior of PEN composites. The testing results certificated that the h-BN@(PDA+PEI) can effectively improve the crystallinity (from 6.56% to 14.90%), and the spherulite size of PEN was reduced while the nucleation density of nanocomposites was raised. Furthermore, the non-isothermal crystallization kinetics demonstrated that 2 wt% h-BN@(PDA+PEI) could significantly reduce the cold crystallization temperature (Tp) and the crystallization activation energy (Ea) (from 359.7 KJ/mol to 292.8 KJ/mol), while it improved the crystallization rate (Kc) of PEN. In addition, the mechanical and dielectric properties of nanocomposite films were also reinforced to further broaden the application of semi-crystalline PEN. Therefore, the h-BN@(PDA+PEI) can function as an effectual nucleating agent and enhance the performance of PEN.
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12
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Ahmad IA, Kim HK, Deveci S, Kumar RV. Non-Isothermal Crystallisation Kinetics of Carbon Black- Graphene-Based Multimodal-Polyethylene Nanocomposites. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E110. [PMID: 30669270 PMCID: PMC6359078 DOI: 10.3390/nano9010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of carbon black (CB) and microwave-induced plasma graphene (g) on the crystallisation kinetics of the multimodal high-density polyethylene was studied under non-isothermal conditions. The non-isothermal crystallisation behaviour of the multimodal-high-density polyethylene (HDPE), containing up to 5 wt.% graphene, was compared with that of neat multimodal-HDPE and its carbon black based nanocomposites. The results suggested that the non-isothermal crystallisation behaviour of polyethylene (PE)-g nanocomposites relied significantly on both the graphene content and the cooling rate. The addition of graphene caused a change in the mechanism of the nucleation and the crystal growth of the multimodal-HDPE, while carbon black was shown to have little effect. Combined Avrami and Ozawa equations were shown to be effective in describing the non-isothermal crystallisation behaviour of the neat multimodal-HDPE and its nanocomposites. The mean activation energy barrier (ΔE), required for the transportation of the molecular chains from the melt state to the growing crystal surface, gradually diminished as the graphene content increased, which is attributable to the nucleating agent effect of graphene platelets. On the contrary, the synergistic effect resulting from the PE-CB nanocomposite decreased the ΔE of the neat multimodal-HDPE significantly at the lowest carbon black content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A Ahmad
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Rd, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.
| | - Hyun-Kyung Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Rd, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.
- Gwangju Bio/Energy R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 270-25 Samso-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61003, Korea.
| | - Suleyman Deveci
- Innovation Centre, Borouge Pte Ltd., PO BOX 6951 Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - R Vasant Kumar
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Rd, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.
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13
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Chang B, Schneider K, Lu B, Vogel R, Zheng G, Heinrich G. Accelerating shear-induced crystallization and enhancing crystal orientation of isotactic-polypropylene via nucleating agent self-assembly. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Nazari B, Tran H, Beauregard B, Flynn-Hepford M, Harrell D, Milner ST, Colby RH. Two Distinct Morphologies for Semicrystalline Isotactic Polypropylene Crystallized after Shear Flow. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Douglas Harrell
- The Phillips
66
Company, Linden, New Jersey 07036, United States
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15
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Jiang X, Zhang W, Zhao S, Zhou S, Shi Y, Xin Z. Effect of benzoic acid surface modified alumina nanoparticles on the mechanical properties and crystallization behavior of isotactic polypropylene nanocomposites. RSC Adv 2018; 8:20790-20800. [PMID: 35542373 PMCID: PMC9080881 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01069b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of benzoic acid (BA) surface modified alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) on the mechanical properties and crystallization behavior of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) nanocomposites was studied. Characterization of the modified Al2O3 NPs (BA-Al2O3) by FTIR and XRD analyses confirmed that benzoic acid molecules chemisorb on the surface of the NPs, forming benzene groups-rich microstructures. A considerable increase in the tensile strength, flexural modulus, and toughness was observed for the nanocomposites with only 0.2 wt% BA-Al2O3. Enhanced interfacial adhesion with the matrix was achieved, which enabled effective reinforcement of the nanocomposites. The higher crystallization temperature along with shorter crystallization halftime indicated the higher nucleation activity of BA-Al2O3. Furthermore, the interchain conformational ordering of iPP was significantly accelerated in the presence of the BA-Al2O3 NPs. The CH-π interaction between the polymer and BA-Al2O3 NPs was considered to facilitate the attachment of the iPP chains and stimulate conformational ordering, crystallization, as well as mechanical properties of nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Wenxue Zhang
- Lanzhou Petrochemical Research Center PetroChina 730060 China
| | - Shicheng Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - YaoQi Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Zhong Xin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
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16
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Lin J, Yang S, Hu B, Song Y, Ren J, Lei J, Ji X, Li Z. Quantification of pressure‐induced γ‐crystals in isotactic polypropylene: The influence of shear and carbon nanotubes. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian‐Mei Lin
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu People's Republic of China
| | - Shu‐Gui Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu People's Republic of China
| | - Bo‐Chuan Hu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu People's Republic of China
| | - Ying‐Nan Song
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu People's Republic of China
| | - Jia‐Yi Ren
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Lei
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Ji
- College of Chemical EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong‐Ming Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu People's Republic of China
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17
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Wang L, Hikima Y, Ohshima M, Sekiguchi T, Yano H. Evolution of cellular morphologies and crystalline structures in high-expansion isotactic polypropylene/cellulose nanofiber nanocomposite foams. RSC Adv 2018; 8:15405-15416. [PMID: 35539453 PMCID: PMC9079998 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01833b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, the development of cell morphology and crystalline microstructure of injection-molded isotactic polypropylene/cellulose nanofiber (PP/CNF) composite foams with 2-10-fold expansion ratios was investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Compared with isotactic polypropylene (iPP) foams, the added CNF improved the cell morphology and resulted in a great reduction in cell size. Additionally, the PP lamella orientation and crystal type were notably altered during the core-back FIM process. As the expansion ratio increased, the original isotropic lamellae in the iPP foams were transformed into an oriented lamellar structure and then further transformed into a typical shish-kebab structure, while hybrid shish-kebab structures were simultaneously generated in the high-expansion PP/CNF nanocomposite foams. Accordingly, the highest content of β-crystals was observed in the low-expansion iPP foams. In contrast, the β-crystal content in PP/CNF composites decreased monotonously as the expansion ratio increased, which resulted from the combined effects of CNF's nucleating ability for α-crystals and the more dominant extensional flow effect assisted by the added CNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University A4 Building, B1 Floor, Katsura Campus, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Yuta Hikima
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University A4 Building, B1 Floor, Katsura Campus, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Masahiro Ohshima
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University A4 Building, B1 Floor, Katsura Campus, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | | | - Hiroyuki Yano
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humano-sphere, Kyoto University Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
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18
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Anisotropic nanoparticles as templates for the crystalline structure of an injection-molded isotactic polypropylene/TiO 2 nanocomposite. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Nie Y, Hao T, Gu Z, Wang Y, Liu Y, Zhang D, Wei Y, Li S, Zhou Z. Relaxation and Crystallization of Oriented Polymer Melts with Anisotropic Filler Networks. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:1426-1437. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Nie
- Institute of Polymer Materials,
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Tongfan Hao
- Institute of Polymer Materials,
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhouzhou Gu
- Institute of Polymer Materials,
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute of Polymer Materials,
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Polymer Materials,
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Ding Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Materials,
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Ya Wei
- Institute of Polymer Materials,
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Songjun Li
- Institute of Polymer Materials,
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhiping Zhou
- Institute of Polymer Materials,
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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20
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Xie XL, Sang ZH, Xu JZ, Zhong GJ, Li ZM, Ji X, Wang R, Xu L. Layer structure by shear-induced crystallization and thermal mechanical properties of injection-molded poly(l-lactide) with nucleating agents. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Iyer Ganapathi J, Fisher FT, Kalyon DM. Distributive mixing of carbon nanotubes in poly(caprolactone) via solution and melt processing: Viscoelasticity and crystallization behavior versus mixing indices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank T. Fisher
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringStevens Institute of TechnologyHoboken New Jersey07030
| | - Dilhan M. Kalyon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceStevens Institute of TechnologyHoboken New Jersey07030
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringChemistry and Biological Sciences, Stevens Institute of TechnologyHoboken New Jersey07030
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22
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Shear-induced enhancements of crystallization kinetics and morphological transformation for long chain branched polylactides with different branching degrees. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26560. [PMID: 27246803 PMCID: PMC4887888 DOI: 10.1038/srep26560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of long chain branching (LCB) degree on the shear-induced isothermal crystallization kinetics of a series of LCB polylactides (LCB PLAs) have been investigated by using rotational rheometer, polarized optical microscopy (POM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Dynamic viscoelastic properties obtained by small-amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) tests indicate that LCB PLAs show more broadened relaxation time spectra with increasing LCB degree. Upon a pre-shear at the shear rate of 1 s−1 LCB PLAs show much faster crystallization kinetics than linear PLA and the crystallization kinetics is enhanced with increasing LCB degree. By modeling the system as a suspension the quantitative evaluation of nucleation density can be derived from rheological experiments. The nucleation density is greatly enhanced with increasing LCB degree and a saturation in shear time is observed. Crystalline morphologies for LCB PLAs observed by POM and SEM demonstrate the enhancement of nucleation density with increasing LCB degree and a transformation from spherulitic to orientated crystalline morphologies. The observation can be ascribed to longer relaxation time of the longest macromolecular chains and broadened, complex relaxation behaviors due to the introduction of LCB into PLA, which is essential in stabilizing the orientated crystal nuclei after pre-shear.
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23
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Fang C, Zhang Y, Wang W, Wang Z, Jiang F, Wang Z. Fabrication of Copolymer-Grafted Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Composite Thermoplastic Elastomers Filled with Unmodified MWCNTs as Additional Nanofillers To Significantly Improve Both Electrical Conductivity and Mechanical Properties. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b03599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chu Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft
Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hefei
National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaqiong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft
Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hefei
National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wentao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft
Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hefei
National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongkai Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft
Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hefei
National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft
Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hefei
National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft
Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hefei
National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, People’s Republic of China
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24
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Chen YH, Fang DF, Lei J, Li LB, Hsiao BS, Li ZM. Shear-Induced Precursor Relaxation-Dependent Growth Dynamics and Lamellar Orientation of β-Crystals in β-Nucleated Isotactic Polypropylene. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:5716-27. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b01480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hui Chen
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, China
- College
of Polymer Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Du-Fei Fang
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Jun Lei
- College
of Polymer Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Liang-Bin Li
- National
Synchrotron Radiation Lab and College of Nuclear Science and Technology,
CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Benjamin S. Hsiao
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Zhong-Ming Li
- College
of Polymer Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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