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Xie Z, Gan T, Fang L, Zhou X. Recent progress in creating complex and multiplexed surface-grafted macromolecular architectures. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:8736-8759. [PMID: 32969442 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01043j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Surface-grafted macromolecules, including polymers, DNA, peptides, etc., are versatile modifications to tailor the interfacial functions in a wide range of fields. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the most recent progress in engineering surface-grafted chains for the creation of complex and multiplexed surface architectures over micro- to macro-scopic areas. A brief introduction to surface grafting is given first. Then the fabrication of complex surface architectures is summarized with a focus on controlled chain conformations, grafting densities and three-dimensional structures. Furthermore, recent advances are highlighted for the generation of multiplexed arrays with designed chemical composition in both horizontal and vertical dimensions. The applications of such complicated macromolecular architectures are then briefly discussed. Finally, some perspective outlooks for future studies and challenges are suggested. We hope that this review will be helpful to those just entering this field and those in the field requiring quick access to useful reference information about the progress in the properties, processing, performance, and applications of functional surface-grafted architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Xingangxi Road No. 135, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Tiansheng Gan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Lvye Fang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Xingangxi Road No. 135, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Xuechang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, P. R. China.
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2
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Clarkson CG, Johnson A, Leggett GJ, Geoghegan M. Slow polymer diffusion on brush-patterned surfaces in aqueous solution. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:6052-6061. [PMID: 30869707 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr00341j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A model system for the investigation of diffusional transport in compartmentalized nanosystems is described. Arrays of "corrals" enclosed within poly[oligo(ethylene glycol)methyl ether methacrylate] (POEGMA) "walls" were fabricated using double-exposure interferometric lithography to deprotect aminosilane films protected by a nitrophenyl group. In exposed regions, removal of the nitrophenyl group enabled attachment of an initiator for the atom-transfer radical polymerization of end-grafted POEGMA (brushes). Diffusion coefficients for poly(ethylene glycol) in these corrals were obtained by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Two modes of surface diffusion were observed: one which is similar to diffusion on the unpatterned surface and a very slow mode of surface diffusion that becomes increasingly important as confinement increases. Diffusion within the POEGMA brushes does not significantly contribute to the results.
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3
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Design of hybrid molecular brushes with reversible surface adaptability on exposure to specific solvents. Biointerphases 2018; 13:041006. [PMID: 30001629 DOI: 10.1116/1.5029479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid molecular brushes (HMBs) are macromolecules made of a linear backbone and polymeric side chains that differ in their chemical nature. The authors developed a new method of synthesis of HMB with chitosan (CHI) backbone. In the first step, chitosan-graft-polylactide (CHI-g-PLA) was synthesized by interfacial ring opening polymerization of lactide initiated from CHI. CHI-g-PLA is characterized for its molecular weight and structure. In the second step, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PNVP) or polyacrylamide (PAAm) is grafted by radical polymerization from the CHI in CHI-g-PLA to form CHI-g-PLA-g-PNVP and CHI-g-PLA-g-PAAm. This results in the formation of HMB, with hydrophobic PLA and hydrophilic PNVP or PAAm side chains grafted to CHI. The chemical structure and thermal behavior of the HMBs are characterized. The morphology of CHI-g-PLA as well as the HMBs is determined using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Both the HMBs tethered to separate surfaces exhibit reversible switching between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers on exposure to specific solvents. This is studied by AFM and water contact angle measurements. Hence, the authors developed a method for synthesis of HMB that can be applied for surface modification.
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Tebbe M, Galati E, Walker GC, Kumacheva E. Homopolymer Nanolithography. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1702043. [PMID: 28737259 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Future progress in nanoscience and nanotechnology necessitates further development of versatile, labor-, and cost-efficient surface patterning strategies. A new approach to nanopatterning is reported, which utilizes surface segregation of a smooth layer of an end-grafted homopolymer in a poor solvent. The variation in polymer grafting density yields a range of surface nanostructures, including randomly organized pinned spherical micelles, worm-like structures, networks, and porous films. The capability to use the polymer patterns for site-specific deposition of small molecules, polymers, or nanoparticles is shown. This versatile strategy enables patterning of curved surfaces with direct access to the substrate and no need in changing polymer composition to realize different surface patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Tebbe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Galati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Gilbert C Walker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Eugenia Kumacheva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
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Johnson A, Madsen J, Chapman P, Alswieleh A, Al-Jaf O, Bao P, Hurley CR, Cartron ML, Evans SD, Hobbs JK, Hunter CN, Armes SP, Leggett GJ. Micrometre and nanometre scale patterning of binary polymer brushes, supported lipid bilayers and proteins. Chem Sci 2017; 8:4517-4526. [PMID: 28660065 PMCID: PMC5472033 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00289k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Binary polymer brush patterns were fabricated via photodeprotection of an aminosilane with a photo-cleavable nitrophenyl protecting group. UV exposure of the silane film through a mask yields micrometre-scale amine-terminated regions that can be derivatised to incorporate a bromine initiator to facilitate polymer brush growth via atom transfer radical polymerisation (ATRP). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and imaging secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) confirm that relatively thick brushes can be grown with high spatial confinement. Nanometre-scale patterns were formed by using a Lloyd's mirror interferometer to expose the nitrophenyl-protected aminosilane film. In exposed regions, protein-resistant poly(oligo(ethylene glycol)methyl ether methacrylate) (POEGMEMA) brushes were grown by ATRP and used to define channels as narrow as 141 nm into which proteins could be adsorbed. The contrast in the pattern can be inverted by (i) a simple blocking reaction after UV exposure, (ii) a second deprotection step to expose previously intact protecting groups, and (iii) subsequent brush growth via surface ATRP. Alternatively, two-component brush patterns can be formed. Exposure of a nitrophenyl-protected aminosilane layer either through a mask or to an interferogram, enables growth of an initial POEGMEMA brush. Subsequent UV exposure of the previously intact regions allows attachment of ATRP initiator sites and growth of a second poly(cysteine methacrylate) (PCysMA) brush within photolithographically-defined micrometre or nanometre scale regions. POEGMEMA brushes resist deposition of liposomes, but fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) studies confirm that liposomes readily rupture on PCysMA "corrals" defined within POEGMEMA "walls". This leads to the formation of highly mobile supported lipid bilayers that exhibit similar diffusion coefficients to lipid bilayers formed on surfaces such as glass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Johnson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield S3 7HF , UK .
| | - Jeppe Madsen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield S3 7HF , UK .
| | - Paul Chapman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield S3 7HF , UK .
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Sheffield , Sheffield S3 7RH , UK
| | - Abdullah Alswieleh
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield S3 7HF , UK .
| | - Omed Al-Jaf
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield S3 7HF , UK .
| | - Peng Bao
- Molecular and Nanoscale Physics Group , School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , UK
| | - Claire R Hurley
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield S3 7HF , UK .
| | - Michaël L Cartron
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , University of Sheffield , Western Bank , Sheffield S10 2TN , UK
| | - Stephen D Evans
- Molecular and Nanoscale Physics Group , School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , UK
| | - Jamie K Hobbs
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Sheffield , Sheffield S3 7RH , UK
- Krebs Institute , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , South Yorkshire S10 2TN , UK
| | - C Neil Hunter
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , University of Sheffield , Western Bank , Sheffield S10 2TN , UK
| | - Steven P Armes
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield S3 7HF , UK .
| | - Graham J Leggett
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield S3 7HF , UK .
- Krebs Institute , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , South Yorkshire S10 2TN , UK
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Gan W, Shi Y, Jing B, Cao X, Zhu Y, Gao H. Produce Molecular Brushes with Ultrahigh Grafting Density Using Accelerated CuAAC Grafting-Onto Strategy. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Gan
- Department
of Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Yi Shi
- Department
of Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Benxin Jing
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Xiaosong Cao
- Department
of Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Yingxi Zhu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Haifeng Gao
- Department
of Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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7
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Effects of copolymer composition, film thickness, and solvent vapor annealing time on dewetting of ultrathin block copolymer films. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 478:236-45. [PMID: 27309943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Effects of copolymer composition, film thickness, and solvent vapor annealing time on dewetting of spin-coated polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) films (<20nm thick) were mainly investigated by atomic force microscopy. Surface chemical analysis of the ultrathin films annealed for different times were performed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and contact angle measurement. With the annealing of acetone vapor, dewetting of the films with different thicknesses occur via the spinodal dewetting and the nucleation and growth mechanisms, respectively. The PS-b-PMMA films rupture into droplets which first coalesce into large ones to reduce the surface free energy. Then the large droplets rupture into small ones to increase the contact area between PMMA blocks and acetone molecules resulting from ultimate migration of PMMA blocks to droplet surface, which is a novel dewetting process observed in spin-coated films for the first time.
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Choukourov A, Gordeev I, Ponti J, Uboldi C, Melnichuk I, Vaidulych M, Kousal J, Nikitin D, Hanyková L, Krakovský I, Slavínská D, Biederman H. Microphase-Separated PE/PEO Thin Films Prepared by Plasma-Assisted Vapor Phase Deposition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:8201-8212. [PMID: 26953817 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Immiscible polymer blends tend to undergo phase separation with the formation of nanoscale architecture which can be used in a variety of applications. Different wet-chemistry techniques already exist to fix the resultant polymeric structure in predictable manner. In this work, an all-dry and plasma-based strategy is proposed to fabricate thin films of microphase-separated polyolefin/polyether blends. This is achieved by directing (-CH2-)100 and (-CH2-CH2-O-)25 oligomer fluxes produced by vacuum thermal decomposition of poly(ethylene) and poly(ethylene oxide) onto silicon substrates through the zone of the glow discharge. The strategy enables mixing of thermodynamically incompatible macromolecules at the molecular level, whereas electron-impact-initiated radicals serve as cross-linkers to arrest the subsequent phase separation at the nanoscale. The mechanism of the phase separation as well as the morphology of the films is found to depend on the ratio between the oligomeric fluxes. For polyolefin-rich mixtures, polyether molecules self-organize by nucleation and growth into spherical domains with average height of 22 nm and average diameter of 170 nm. For equinumerous fluxes and for mixtures with the prevalence of polyethers, spinodal decomposition is detected that results in the formation of bicontinuous structures with the characteristic domain size and spacing ranging between 5 × 10(1) -7 × 10(1) nm and 3 × 10(2)-4 × 10(2) nm, respectively. The method is shown to produce films with tunable wettability and biologically nonfouling properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Choukourov
- Charles University in Prague , Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Macromolecular Physics, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Gordeev
- Charles University in Prague , Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Macromolecular Physics, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Jan Evangelista Purkyne University in Usti nad Labem , Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, České mládeže 8, Usti nad Labem 400 96, Czech Republic
| | - Jessica Ponti
- European Commision Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection , Nanobiosciences, via Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Chiara Uboldi
- European Commision Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection , Nanobiosciences, via Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Iurii Melnichuk
- Charles University in Prague , Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Macromolecular Physics, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mykhailo Vaidulych
- Charles University in Prague , Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Macromolecular Physics, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kousal
- Charles University in Prague , Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Macromolecular Physics, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniil Nikitin
- Charles University in Prague , Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Macromolecular Physics, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Hanyková
- Charles University in Prague , Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Macromolecular Physics, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Krakovský
- Charles University in Prague , Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Macromolecular Physics, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Danka Slavínská
- Charles University in Prague , Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Macromolecular Physics, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hynek Biederman
- Charles University in Prague , Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Macromolecular Physics, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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Chen S, Lu X, Zhu D, Lu Q. Targeted grafting of thermoresponsive polymers from a penetrative honeycomb structure for cell sheet engineering. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:7420-7427. [PMID: 26268946 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01769f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Responsive membranes have been used to construct smart biomaterial interfaces. We report a novel approach to fabricate honeycomb films with a pattern of thermoresponsive polymer, namely poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). The approach was based on a combination of the breath figure method and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer. The hybrid film had morphological and chemical patterns resulting in varied wettability and morphology at various stages, as well as high thermo-responsiveness. Enhanced cell adhesion was observed at an incubation temperature of 37 °C, which is above its lower critical solution temperature (LCST). Furthermore, cells could be harvested at temperatures below the LCST without trypsin treatment. The non-invasive characteristics give this membrane potential as a substrate for cell sheet engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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