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Inozemtseva AI, Sergeev AV, Napolskii KS, Kushnir SE, Belov V, Itkis DM, Usachov DY, Yashina LV. Graphene electrochemistry: ‘Adiabaticity’ of electron transfer. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Heredia FL, Resto PJ, Parés-Matos EI. Fast Adhesion of Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) to a Surface Using Starch Hydrogels for Characterization of Biomolecules in Biosensor Applications. BIOSENSORS 2020; 10:E99. [PMID: 32824022 PMCID: PMC7460011 DOI: 10.3390/bios10080099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are the most thoroughly studied nanoparticles because of their remarkable optical properties. Color changes in assays that use AuNPs can be easily observed with the naked eye, resulting in sensitive colorimetric methods, useful for detecting a variety of biological molecules. However, while AuNPs represent an excellent nano-platform for developing analytical methods for biosensing, there are still challenges that must be overcome before colloidal AuNPs formulation can be successfully translated into practical applications. One of those challenges is the ability to immobilize AuNPs in a solid support. There are many difficulties with controlling both the cluster size and the adhesion of the coatings formed. In addition, many of the techniques employed are expensive and time-consuming, or require special equipment. Thus, a simple and inexpensive method that only requires common lab equipment for immobilizing AuNPs on a surface using Starch Hydrogels has been developed. Starch hydrogels confer a 400% increase in stability to the nanoparticles when exposed to changes in the environment while also allowing for macromolecules to interact with the AuNPs surface. Several starch derivatives were tested, including, dextrin, beta-cyclodextrin and maltodextrin, being dextrin the one that conferred the highest stability. As a proof-of-concept, a SlipChip microfluidic sensor scheme was developed to measure the concentration of DNA in a sample. The detection limit of our biosensor was found to be 25 ng/mL and 75 ng/mL for instrument and naked eye detection, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances L. Heredia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Mayagüez, PR 00680, USA;
| | - Pedro J. Resto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Mayagüez, PR 00680, USA;
| | - Elsie I. Parés-Matos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Mayagüez, PR 00680, USA;
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Gonçales VR, Lian J, Gautam S, Tilley RD, Gooding JJ. Functionalized Silicon Electrodes in Electrochemistry. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2020; 13:135-158. [PMID: 32289237 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091619-092506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Avoiding the growth of SiOx has been an enduring task for the use of silicon as an electrode material in dynamic electrochemistry. This is because electrochemical assays become unstable when the SiOx levels change during measurements. Moreover, the silicon electrode can be completely passivated for electron transfer if a thick layer of insulating SiOx grows on the surface. As such, the field of silicon electrochemistry was mainly developed by electron-transfer studies in nonaqueous electrolytes and by applications employing SiOx-passivated silicon-electrodes where no DC currents are required to cross the electrode/electrolyte interface. A solution to this challenge began by functionalizing Si-H electrodes with monolayers based on Si-O-Si linkages. These monolayers have proven very efficient to avoid SiOx formation but are not stable for a long-term operation in aqueous electrolytes due to hydrolysis. It was only with the development of self-assembled monolayers based on Si-C linkages that a reliable protection against SiOx formation was achieved, particularly with monolayers based on α,ω-dialkynes. This review discusses in detail how this surface chemistry achieves such protection, the electron-transfer behavior of these monolayer-modified silicon surfaces, and the new opportunities for electrochemical applications in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius R Gonçales
- School of Chemistry, Australia Centre for NanoMedicine, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; ,
| | - Jiaxin Lian
- School of Chemistry, Australia Centre for NanoMedicine, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; ,
| | - Shreedhar Gautam
- School of Chemistry, Australia Centre for NanoMedicine, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; ,
| | - Richard D Tilley
- School of Chemistry, Australia Centre for NanoMedicine, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; ,
| | - J Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry, Australia Centre for NanoMedicine, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; ,
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Herrera SE, Davia FG, Williams FJ, Calvo EJ. Metal Nanoparticle Enhancement of Electron Transfer to Tethered Redox Centers through Self-Assembled Molecular Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:6297-6303. [PMID: 31012590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Metal-nanoparticle-mediated electron transfer (ET) across an insulator thin film containing nanoparticles with attached redox centers was studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Specifically, a gold spherical microelectrode was modified with 16-amino-1-hexa-decanethiol, creating an insulator film. This was followed by the electrostatic adsorption of gold nanoparticles and the covalent attachment of Os2+ redox centers. A variation of the Creager-Wooster method was developed to get quantitative information regarding the ET kinetics of the system. The experimental data obtained from a single measurement was fitted with a model that decouples two or more ET processes with different time constants and considers a Gaussian distribution of tunneling distances. Two parallel ET mechanisms were observed: one in which the electrons flow by tunneling between the surface and the redox couples with a low kET0 = 1.3 s-1 and a second one in which an enhancement of the electron transfer is produced due to the presence of the gold nanoparticles with a kET0 = 7 × 104 s-1. In this study, we demonstrate that the gold nanoparticle electron transfer enhancement is present only in the local environment of the nanoparticle, showing that the nanoscale architecture is crucial to maximize the enhancement effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago E Herrera
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, INQUIMAE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2 , Buenos Aires C1428EHA , Argentina
| | - Federico G Davia
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, INQUIMAE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2 , Buenos Aires C1428EHA , Argentina
| | - Federico J Williams
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, INQUIMAE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2 , Buenos Aires C1428EHA , Argentina
| | - Ernesto J Calvo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, INQUIMAE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2 , Buenos Aires C1428EHA , Argentina
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Serafín V, Torrente-Rodríguez RM, González-Cortés A, García de Frutos P, Sabaté M, Campuzano S, Yáñez-Sedeño P, Pingarrón JM. An electrochemical immunosensor for brain natriuretic peptide prepared with screen-printed carbon electrodes nanostructured with gold nanoparticles grafted through aryl diazonium salt chemistry. Talanta 2017; 179:131-138. [PMID: 29310212 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive amperometric immunosensor has been prepared by immobilization of capture antibodies onto gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) grafted on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) through aryl diazonium salt chemistry using 4-aminothiophenol (AuNPs-S-Phe-SPCE). The immunosensor was designed for the accurate determination of clinically relevant levels of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in human serum samples. The nanostructured electrochemical platform resulted in an ordered layer of AuNPs onto SPCEs which combined the advantages of high conductivity and improved stability of immobilized biomolecules. The resulting disposable immunosensor used a sandwich type immunoassay involving a peroxidase-labeled detector antibody. The amperometric transduction was carried out at -0.20V (vs the Ag pseudo-reference electrode) upon the addition of hydroquinone (HQ) as electron transfer mediator and H2O2 as the enzyme substrate. The nanostructured immunosensors show a storage stability of at least 25 days, a linear range between 0.014 and 15ngmL-1, and a LOD of 4pgmL-1, which is 100 times lower than the established cut-off value for heart failure (HF) diagnosis. The performance of the immunosensor is advantageously compared with that provided with immunosensors prepared by grafting SPCE with p-phenylendiamine (H2N-Phe-SPCE) and attaching AuNPs by immersion into an AuNPs suspension or by electrochemical deposition, as well as with immunosensors constructed using commercial AuNPs-modified SPCEs. The developed immunosensor was applied to the successful analysis of human serum from heart failure (HF) patients upon just a 10-times dilution as sample treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Serafín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - R M Torrente-Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - A González-Cortés
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - P García de Frutos
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation IIBB-CSIC, and IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - M Sabaté
- Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi iSunyer (IDIBAPS) and The Cardiovascular Clinic Institute, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain.
| | - S Campuzano
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - P Yáñez-Sedeño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - J M Pingarrón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; IMDEA Nanoscience, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Kashi MB, Silva SM, Yang Y, Gonçales VR, Parker SG, Barfidokht A, Ciampi S, Gooding JJ. Light-activated electrochemistry without surface-bound redox species. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.08.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Young SL, Kellon JE, Hutchison JE. Small Gold Nanoparticles Interfaced to Electrodes through Molecular Linkers: A Platform to Enhance Electron Transfer and Increase Electrochemically Active Surface Area. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13975-13984. [PMID: 27681856 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b07674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For the smallest nanostructures (<5 nm), small changes in structure can lead to significant changes in properties and reactivity. In the case of nanoparticle (NP)-functionalized electrodes, NP structure and composition, and the nature of the NP-electrode interface have a strong influence upon electrochemical properties that are critical in applications such as amperometric sensing, photocatalysis and electrocatalysis. Existing methods to fabricate NP-functionalized electrodes do not allow for precise control over all these variables, especially the NP-electrode interface, making it difficult to understand and predict how structural changes influence NP activity. We investigated the electrochemical properties of small (dcore < 2.5 nm) gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on boron doped diamond electrodes using three different electrode fabrication techniques with varying degrees of nanoparticle-electrode interface definition. Two methods to attach AuNPs to the electrode through a covalently bound molecular linker were developed and compared to NP-functionalized electrodes fabricated using solution deposition methods (drop-casting and physiadsorption of a monolayer). In each case, a ferrocene redox probe was tethered to the AuNP surface to evaluate electron transfer through the AuNPs. The AuNPs that were molecularly interfaced with the electrode exhibited nearly ideal, reproducible electrochemical behavior with narrow redox peaks and small peak separations, whereas the solution deposited NPs had broader redox peaks with large peak separations. These data suggest that the molecular tether facilitates AuNP-mediated electron transfer. Interestingly, the molecularly tethered NPs also had significantly more electrochemically active surface area than the solution deposited NPs. The enhanced electrochemical behavior of the molecularly interfaced NPs demonstrates the significant influence of the interface on NP-mediated electron transfer and suggests that similar modified electrodes can serve as versatile platforms for studies and applications of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Young
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, 1253 University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - Jaclyn E Kellon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, 1253 University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - James E Hutchison
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, 1253 University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
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Taufik S, Barfidokht A, Alam MT, Jiang C, Parker SG, Gooding JJ. An antifouling electrode based on electrode–organic layer–nanoparticle constructs: Electrodeposited organic layers versus self-assembled monolayers. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kashi MB, Wu Y, Gonçales VR, Choudhury MH, Ciampi S, Gooding JJ. Silicon–SAM–AuNP electrodes: Electrochemical “switching” and stability. Electrochem commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Radi S, Attayibat A, El-Massaoudi M, Bacquet M, Jodeh S, Warad I, Al-Showiman SS, Mabkhot YN. C,N-bipyrazole receptor grafted onto a porous silica surface as a novel adsorbent based polymer hybrid. Talanta 2015; 143:1-6. [PMID: 26078121 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A simple heterogeneous synthesis of pure adsorbent based polymer hybrid made by condensing a functionalized C,N-bipyrazole with a 3-glycidoxypropyl-trimethoxysilane silylant agent, previously anchored on a silica surface was developed. The formed material (SG2P) was characterized through elemental analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, (13)C NMR of solid state, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and was studied and evaluated by determination of the surface area using the BET equation, the adsorption and desorption capability using the isotherm of nitrogen and B.J.H. pore sizes. The new material exhibits good thermal stability determined by thermogravimetry curves and good chemical stability was examined in various acidic and buffer solutions (pH 1-7). The binding and adsorption abilities of SG2P were investigated for Hg(2+), Cd(2+), Pb(2+), Zn(2+), K(+), Na(+) and Li(+) cations and compared to the results of classical liquid-liquid extraction with the unbound C,N-bipyrazole compound. The grafting at the surface of silica does not affect complexing properties of the ligand and the SG2P exhibits a high selectivity toward Hg(2+) ion with no complexation being observed towards zinc and alkali metals. The extracted and the complexing cation percentages were determined by atomic absorption measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smaail Radi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée et Environnement (LCAE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohamed I, 60 000 Oujda, Morocco; Centre de l'Oriental des Sciences et Technologies de l'Eau (COSTE), Université Med I, 60 000 Oujda, Morocco.
| | - Ahmed Attayibat
- Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée et Environnement (LCAE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohamed I, 60 000 Oujda, Morocco
| | - Mohamed El-Massaoudi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée et Environnement (LCAE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohamed I, 60 000 Oujda, Morocco
| | - Maryse Bacquet
- Unité Matériaux et Transformations UMR8207 (UMET), Equipe Ingénierie des Systèmes Polymères, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Bâtiment C6 salle, 119-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Shehdeh Jodeh
- Department of Chemistry, An-Najah National University, P.O. Box 7, Nablus, Palestine.
| | - Ismail Warad
- Department of Chemistry, An-Najah National University, P.O. Box 7, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Salim S Al-Showiman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahia N Mabkhot
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Sarangi NK, Patnaik A. Bio-inspired Janus gold nanoclusters with lipid and amino acid functional capping ligands: micro-voltammetry and in situ electron transfer in a biogenic environment. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01869a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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12
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Kleijn SEF, Lai SCS, Koper MTM, Unwin PR. Electrochemistry of Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:3558-86. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Liu F, Khan K, Liang JH, Yan JW, Wu DY, Mao BW, Jensen PS, Zhang J, Ulstrup J. On the hopping efficiency of nanoparticles in the electron transfer across self-assembled monolayers. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:952-7. [PMID: 23401384 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Redox reactions of solvated molecular species at gold-electrode surfaces modified by electrochemically inactive self-assembled molecular monolayers (SAMs) are found to be activated by introducing Au nanoparticles (NPs) covalently bound to the SAM to form a reactive Au-alkanedithiol-NP-molecule hybrid entity. The NP appears to relay long-range electron transfer (ET) so that the rate of the redox reaction may be as efficient as directly on a bare Au electrode, even though the ET distance is increased by several nanometers. In this study, we have employed a fast redox reaction of surface-confined 6-(ferrocenyl) hexanethiol molecules and NPs of Au, Pt and Pd to address the dependence of the rate of ET through the hybrid on the particular NP metal. Cyclic voltammograms show an increasing difference in the peak-to-peak separation for NPs in the order Au<Pt<Pd, especially when the length of the alkanedithiol increases from octanedithiol to decanedithiol. The corresponding apparent rate constants, kapp , for decanedithiol are 1170, 360 and 14 s(-1) for NPs of Au, Pt and Pd, respectively, indicating that the efficiency of NP mediation of the ET clearly depends on the nature of the NP. Based on a preliminary analysis rooted in interfacial electrochemical ET theory, combined with a simplified two-step view of the NP coupling to the electrode and the molecule, this observation is referred to the density of electronic states of the NPs, reflected in a broadening of the molecular electron/NP bridge group levels and energy-gap differences between the Fermi levels of the different metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
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Barfidokht A, Ciampi S, Luais E, Darwish N, Gooding JJ. Distance-Dependent Electron Transfer at Passivated Electrodes Decorated by Gold Nanoparticles. Anal Chem 2012; 85:1073-80. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3029486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Barfidokht
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Simone Ciampi
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Erwann Luais
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Nadim Darwish
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - J. Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
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Liu G, Iyengar SG, Gooding JJ. An Electrochemical Impedance Immunosensor Based on Gold Nanoparticle-Modified Electrodes for the Detection of HbA1c in Human Blood. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Gobbo P, Ghiassian S, Hesari M, Stamplecoskie KG, Kazemi-Zanjani N, Lagugné-Labarthet F, Workentin MS. Electrochemistry of robust gold nanoparticle–glassy carbon hybrids generated using a patternable photochemical approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm34984a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Gooding JJ, Darwish N. The rise of self-assembled monolayers for fabricating electrochemical biosensors-an interfacial perspective. CHEM REC 2011; 12:92-105. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Claussen JC, Wickner MM, Fisher TS, Porterfield DM. Transforming the fabrication and biofunctionalization of gold nanoelectrode arrays into versatile electrochemical glucose biosensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2011; 3:1765-70. [PMID: 21517070 DOI: 10.1021/am200299h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
High-density arrays of conducting nanoelectrodes (i.e., nanoelectrode arrays [NEAs]) have been developed on the surface of a single electrode for numerous electrochemical sensing paradigms. However, a scalable fabrication technique and robust biofunctionalization protocol are oftentimes lacking and thus many NEA designs have limited efficacy and overall commercial viability in biosensing applications. In this report, we develop a lithography-free nanofabrication protocol to create large arrays of Au nanoelectrodes on a silicon wafer via a porous anodic alumina template. To demonstrate their effectiveness as electrochemical glucose biosensors, alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are used to covalently attach the enzyme glucose oxidase to the Au NEA surface for subsequent glucose sensing. The sensitivity and linear sensing range of the biosensor is controlled by introducing higher concentrations of long-chain SAMs (11-mercaptoundecanoic acid: MUA) with short-chain SAMs (3-mercaptopropionic acid: MPA) into the enzyme immobilization scheme. This facile NEA fabrication protocol (that is well-suited for integration into electronic devices) and biosensor performance controllability (via the mixed-length enzyme-conjugated SAMs) transforms the Au NEAs into versatile glucose biosensors. Thus these Au NEAs could potentially be used in important real-word applications such as in health-care and bioenergy where biosensors with very distinct sensing capabilities are needed.
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Liu G, Luais E, Gooding JJ. The fabrication of stable gold nanoparticle-modified interfaces for electrochemistry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:4176-83. [PMID: 21348487 DOI: 10.1021/la104373v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Forming stable gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-modified surface is important for a number of applications including sensing and electrocatalysis. Herein, tethering AuNPs to glassy carbon (GC) surfaces using surface bound diazonium salts is investigated as a strategy to produce stable AuNP surfaces. GC electrodes are first modified with 4-aminophenyl (GC-Ph-NH(2)), and then the terminal amine groups are converted to diazonium groups by incubating the GC-Ph-NH(2) interface in NaNO(2) and HCl solution to form a 4-phenyl diazonium chloride-modified interface (GC-Ph-N(2)(+)Cl(-)). Subsequently AuNPs are immobilized on the interface by electrochemical reduction to give a 4-phenyl AuNP-modified interface (GC-Ph-AuNP). For comparison, 4-aminophenyl AuNP- and 4-thiophenol AuNP-modified GC interfaces (GC-Ph-S-AuNP and GC-Ph-NH-AuNP), in which AuNPs are tethered to the surfaces by forming S-Au and NH-Au bond, respectively, were also prepared. Cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy are used to characterize these fabricated interfaces. The AuNP on GC-Ph-AuNP surfaces demonstrate good stability under sonication in Milli-Q water, during electrochemical treatment in 0.05 M H(2)SO(4) solution, and over several weeks. By contrast, the GC-Ph-NH-AuNP and GC-Ph-S-AuNP surfaces showed significant particle losses under equivalent conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhen Liu
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
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Soria FA, Patrito EM, Paredes-Olivera P. On the mechanism of silicon activation by halogen atoms. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:2613-2624. [PMID: 21338085 DOI: 10.1021/la104701g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of chlorinated silicon as the starting point for further functionalization reactions, the high reactivity of this surface toward a simple polar molecule such as ammonia still remains unclear. We therefore undertook a comprehensive investigation of the factors that govern the reactivity of halogenated silicon surfaces. The reaction of NH3 was investigated comparatively on the Cl-Si(100)-2 × 1, Br-Si(100)-2 × 1, H-Si(100)-2 × 1, and Si(100)-2 × 1 surfaces using density functional theory. The halogenated surfaces show considerable activation with respect to the hydrogenated surface. The reaction on the halogenated surfaces proceeds via the formation of a stable datively bonded complex in which a silicon atom is pentacoordinated. The activation of the halogenated Si(100)-2 × 1 surfaces toward ammonia arises from the large redistribution of charge in the transition state that precedes the breakage of the Si-X bond and the formation of the Si-NH2 bond. This transition state has an ionic nature of the form Si-NH3(+)X(-). Steric effects also play an important role in surface reactivity, making brominated surfaces less reactive than chlorinated surfaces. The overall activation-energy barriers on the Cl-Si(100)-2 × 1 and Br-Si(100)-2 × 1 surfaces are 12.3 and 19.9 kcal/mol, respectively, whereas on the hydrogenated Si(100)-2 × 1 surface the energy barrier is 38.3 kcal/mol. The reaction of ammonia on the chlorinated surface is even more activated than on the bare Si(100)-2 × 1 surface, for which the activation barrier is 21.3 kcal/mol. Coadsorption effects in partially aminated surfaces and in the presence of reaction products increase activation-energy barriers and have a blocking effect for further reactions of NH3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico A Soria
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica and ‡Departamento de Matemática y Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas and Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba (INFIQC), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Córdoba, Argentina
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Kissling GP, Miles DO, Fermín DJ. Electrochemical charge transfer mediated by metal nanoparticles and quantum dots. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:21175-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21996k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Chazalviel JN, Allongue P. On the Origin of the Efficient Nanoparticle Mediated Electron Transfer across a Self-Assembled Monolayer. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 133:762-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ja109295x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Noël Chazalviel
- Physique de la Matière Condensée, École Polytechnique, CNRS, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Philippe Allongue
- Physique de la Matière Condensée, École Polytechnique, CNRS, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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Kissling GP, Bünzli C, Fermín DJ. Tuning Electrochemical Rectification via Quantum Dot Assemblies. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:16855-61. [DOI: 10.1021/ja106149g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela P. Kissling
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Christa Bünzli
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Fermín
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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Dyne J, Lin YS, Lai LMH, Ginges JZ, Luais E, Peterson JR, Goon IY, Amal R, Gooding JJ. Some More Observations on the Unique Electrochemical Properties of Electrode-Monolayer-Nanoparticle Constructs. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:2807-13. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ciampi S, Harper JB, Gooding JJ. Wet chemical routes to the assembly of organic monolayers on silicon surfaces via the formation of Si–C bonds: surface preparation, passivation and functionalization. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:2158-83. [DOI: 10.1039/b923890p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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