1
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Hoffmann M, Snyder NL, Hartmann L. Polymers Inspired by Heparin and Heparan Sulfate for Viral Targeting. Macromolecules 2022; 55:7957-7973. [PMID: 36186574 PMCID: PMC9520969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Hoffmann
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicole L. Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina 28035, United States
| | - Laura Hartmann
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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2
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Hoffmann M, Snyder NL, Hartmann L. Glycosaminoglycan Mimetic Precision Glycomacromolecules with Sequence-Defined Sulfation and Rigidity Patterns. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:4004-4014. [PMID: 35959886 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) such as heparan sulfate (HS) are structurally diverse linear polysaccharides that are involved in many biological processes and have gained interest as antiviral compounds. Their recognition is driven by a complex orchestra of structural parameters that are still under intense investigation. One distinct characteristic is the incorporation of sulfation patterns including highly sulfated and non-sulfated sequences that provide variations in flexibility and conformation, which in turn impact the biological function of sGAGs. However, these distinct features have not yet been fully realized in the synthetic preparation of sGAG mimetics. Here, we present the synthesis of three groups of sulfated glycomacromolecules as sGAG mimetics: (i) globally sulfated glycooligomers, (ii) glycooligomers with sequence-defined sulfation patterns, and (iii) a globally sulfated glycooligomer-oligo-L-proline hybrid structure. The complete synthesis, including chemical sulfation, was conducted on solid support, enabled by the introduction of a commercially available photocleavable linker allowing for the preservation of sensitive sulfates during cleavage of the products. Structures were obtained in good purity and with high degrees of sulfation demonstrating the wide applicability of this methodology to prepare tailor-made sulfated glycomacromolecules and similar sGAG mimetics. Structures were tested for their anticoagulant properties showing activity similar to their natural HS counterpart and significantly lower than HP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Hoffmann
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicole L Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina 28035, United States
| | - Laura Hartmann
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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3
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Baek J, Lee KI, Ra HJ, Lotz MK, D'Lima DD. Collagen fibrous scaffolds for sustained delivery of growth factors for meniscal tissue engineering. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022; 17:77-93. [PMID: 34991339 PMCID: PMC8765117 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To mimic the ultrastructural morphology of the meniscus with nanofiber scaffolds coupled with controlled growth factor delivery to modulate cellular performance for tissue engineering of menisci. Methods: The authors functionalized collagen nanofibers by conjugating heparin to the following growth factors for sustained release: PDGF-BB, TGF-β1 and CTGF. Results: Incorporating growth factors increased human meniscal and synovial cell viability, proliferation and infiltration in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo; upregulated key genes involved in meniscal extracellular matrix synthesis and enhanced generation of meniscus-like tissue. Conclusion: The authors' results indicate that functionalizing collagen nanofibers can create a cell-favorable micro- and nanoenvironment and can serve as a system for sustained release of bioactive factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Baek
- Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic, 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, MS126, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, MB-102, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kwang Il Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, MB-102, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ho Jong Ra
- Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic, 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, MS126, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, MB-102, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Martin K Lotz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, MB-102, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Darryl D D'Lima
- Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic, 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, MS126, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, MB-102, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Author for correspondence: Tel.: +1 858 784 7816;
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4
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Grogan SP, Baek J, D'Lima DD. Meniscal tissue repair with nanofibers: future perspectives. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:2517-2538. [PMID: 32975146 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The knee menisci are critical to the long-term health of the knee joint. Because of the high incidence of injury and degeneration, replacing damaged or lost meniscal tissue is extremely clinically relevant. The multiscale architecture of the meniscus results in unique biomechanical properties. Nanofibrous scaffolds are extremely attractive to replicate the biochemical composition and ultrastructural features in engineered meniscus tissue. We review recent advances in electrospinning to generate nanofibrous scaffolds and the current state-of-the-art of electrospun materials for meniscal regeneration. We discuss the importance of cellular function for meniscal tissue engineering and the application of cells derived from multiple sources. We compare experimental models necessary for proof of concept and to support translation. Finally, we discuss future directions and potential for technological innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn P Grogan
- Shiley Center for Orthopedic Research & Education at Scripps Clinic 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, MS126, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, MB-102, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jihye Baek
- Shiley Center for Orthopedic Research & Education at Scripps Clinic 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, MS126, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, MB-102, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Darryl D D'Lima
- Shiley Center for Orthopedic Research & Education at Scripps Clinic 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, MS126, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, MB-102, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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5
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Yu F, Cheng S, Lei J, Hang Y, Liu Q, Wang H, Yuan L. Heparin mimics and fibroblast growth factor-2 fabricated nanogold composite in promoting neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2020; 31:1623-1647. [PMID: 32460635 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2020.1767375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The replacement therapy or transplantation using neural cells, which differentiated from stem cells, has emerged as a promising strategy for repairing damaged neural tissues and helping functional recovery in the treatment of neural system diseases. The challenge, however, is how to control embryonic stem cell fate so that neural differentiation can be efficiently directed to enrich a neuron cell population, and meanwhile to maintain their bioactivities. This is a key question and has a very significant impact in regenerative medicine. Here we proposed a new neural-differentiation inductive nanocomposite, containing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), poly(2-methacrylamido glucopyranose-co-3-sulfopropyl acrylate) (PMS), and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2), for the high efficient directional neural-specific differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). In this AuNP-PMS/FGF2 composite, PMS, playing as the high-active mimic of heparin/heparan sulfate (HS), is covalently anchored to AuNPs and bound with FGF2 on the surface of nanoparticles, forming a HS/FGF2 complex nanomimics to facilitate its binding to FGF receptor (FGFR) and promote high neural-inductive activity of mESCs. The stability, bioactivity and biocompatibility of the composite are investigated in this study. The results showed that the AuNP-PMS/FGF2 composite could maintain a long-term stability at room temperature for at least 8 days, and greatly promote the neural differentiation of mESCs. Compared with the other materials, the AuNP-PMS/FGF2 composite could significantly stimulate the expression of the specific neural differentiation markers (nestin and β3-tubulin), while obviously down-regulate the mRNA production of pluripotency marker Oct-4 in mESCs. Moreover, the promotion effect of the composite on neuronal maturation marker β3-tubulin expression achieved maximally at the low concentration of FGF2 (4 ng/mL), which suggested the high efficiency of AuNP-PMS/FGF2 composite in neural differentiation of mESCs. Meanwhile, both mESCs and L929 cells showed desirable growth during the incubation with AuNP-PMS/FGF2 composite. The AuNP-PMS/FGF2 system presents a new way to achieve HS/FGF2 complex nanomimics efficiently for the neural differentiation of mESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoyu Cheng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiehua Lei
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjie Hang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
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6
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Yang C, Gao L, Shao M, Cai C, Wang L, Chen Y, Li J, Fan F, Han Y, Liu M, Linhardt RJ, Yu G. End-functionalised glycopolymers as glycosaminoglycan mimetics inhibit HeLa cell proliferation. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00384k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel glycopeptide mimetic, prepared by end-functionalised conjugation of iRGD peptide on a glycopolymer, could effectively enter HeLa cells and inhibit signalling pathways involved in tumour cell proliferation.
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7
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Liu X, Boron M, Zhao Y, Sun XL. End-point modification of recombinant thrombomodulin with enhanced stability and anticoagulant activity. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 139:105066. [PMID: 31513922 PMCID: PMC6767613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thrombomodulin (TM) is an endothelial cell membrane protein that plays essential roles in controlling vascular haemostatic balance. The 4, 5, 6 EGF-like domain of TM (TM456) has cofactor activity for thrombin binding and subsequently protein C activation. Therefore, recombinant TM456 is a promising anticoagulant candidate but has a very short half-life. Ligation of poly (ethylene glycol) to a bioactive protein (PEGylation) is a practical choice to improve stability, extend circulating life, and reduce immunogenicity of the protein. Site-specific PEGylation is preferred as it could avoid the loss of protein activity resulting from nonspecific modification. We report herein two site-specific PEGylation strategies, enzymatic ligation and copper-free click chemistry (CFCC), for rTM456 modification. Recombinant TM456 with a C-terminal LPETG tag (rTM456-LPETG) was expressed in Escherichia coli for its end-point modification with NH2-diglycine-PEG5000-OMe via Sortase A-mediated ligation (SML). Similarly, an azide functionality was easily introduced at the C-terminus of rTM456-LPETG via SML with NH2-diglycine-PEG3-azide, which facilitates a site-specific PEGylation of rTM456via CFCC. Both PEGylated rTM456 conjugates retained protein C activation activity as that of rTM456. Also, they were more stable than rTM456 in Trypsin digestion assay. Further, both PEGylated rTM456 conjugates showed a concentration-dependent prolongation of thrombin clotting time (TCT) compared to non-modified protein, which confirms the effectiveness of these two site-specific PEGylation schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA; Biology Teaching and Research Section, Key Laboratory of Tumor Prevention and Treatment of Heilongjiang Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province 157011, China
| | - Mallorie Boron
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Xue-Long Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA.
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8
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Abstract
This review describes several general chemical approaches for the preparation of glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-mimetic polymers based on different backbones and sidechains, and highlights the importance of these synthetic GAG-mimetic polymers in controlling key biofunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Gaojian Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Hong Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
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9
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Ren Y, Wang L, Cui X, Han L, Zhou Q, Song X. Synthesis and characterization of lactose grafted polycaprolactone-polysiloxane-polycaprolactone copolymers. POLYM INT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Ren
- School of Chemical Engineering; Changchun University of Technology; Changchun China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering; Changchun University of Technology; Changchun China
| | - Xinxiang Cui
- School of Chemical Engineering; Changchun University of Technology; Changchun China
| | - Libing Han
- School of Chemical Engineering; Changchun University of Technology; Changchun China
| | - Qifeng Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering; Changchun University of Technology; Changchun China
| | - Xiaofeng Song
- School of Chemical Engineering; Changchun University of Technology; Changchun China
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10
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Lee DJ, Rocker AJ, Bardill JR, Shandas R, Park D. A sulfonated reversible thermal gel for the spatiotemporal control of VEGF delivery to promote therapeutic angiogenesis. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106:3053-3064. [PMID: 30295997 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite medical and surgical advancements for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, mortality and morbidity remain high. Therapeutic angiogenesis has been one approach to address the major clinical need for a more effective treatment to restoring blood flow in ischemic organs and tissues, but current progress in angiogenic drug delivery is inadequate at providing sufficient bioavailability without causing safety concerns. An injectable sulfonated reversible thermal gel composed of a polyurea conjugated with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and sulfonate groups has been developed for the delivery of angiogenic factors. The thermal gel allowed for the spatiotemporal control of vascular endothelial growth factor release with a decreased initial burst release and reduced release rate in vitro. A subcutaneous injection mouse model was used to evaluate efficacious vascularization and assess the inflammatory response due to a foreign body. Thermal gel injections showed substantial vascularization properties by inducing vessel formation, recruitment and differentiation of vascular endothelial cells, and vessel stabilization by perivascular cells, while infiltrating macrophages due to the thermal gel injections decreased over time. These results demonstrated effective localization and delivery of angiogenic factors for therapeutic angiogenesis. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 3053-3064, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado, 80045
| | - Adam J Rocker
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado, 80045
| | - James R Bardill
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado, 80045
| | - Robin Shandas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado, 80045
| | - Daewon Park
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado, 80045
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11
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Rychter M, Baranowska-Korczyc A, Lulek J. Progress and perspectives in bioactive agent delivery via electrospun vascular grafts. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04735e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The review discusses the progress in the design and synthesis of bioactive agents incorporated into vascular grafts obtained by the electrospinning process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Rychter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences
- 60-780 Poznan
- Poland
| | | | - Janina Lulek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences
- 60-780 Poznan
- Poland
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12
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Paluck S, Nguyen TH, Maynard HD. Heparin-Mimicking Polymers: Synthesis and Biological Applications. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:3417-3440. [PMID: 27739666 PMCID: PMC5111123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heparin is a naturally occurring, highly sulfated polysaccharide that plays a critical role in a range of different biological processes. Therapeutically, it is mostly commonly used as an injectable solution as an anticoagulant for a variety of indications, although it has also been employed in other forms such as coatings on various biomedical devices. Due to the diverse functions of this polysaccharide in the body, including anticoagulation, tissue regeneration, anti-inflammation, and protein stabilization, and drawbacks of its use, analogous heparin-mimicking materials are also widely studied for therapeutic applications. This review focuses on one type of these materials, namely, synthetic heparin-mimicking polymers. Utilization of these polymers provides significant benefits compared to heparin, including enhancing therapeutic efficacy and reducing side effects as a result of fine-tuning heparin-binding motifs and other molecular characteristics. The major types of the various polymers are summarized, as well as their applications. Because development of a broader range of heparin-mimicking materials would further expand the impact of these polymers in the treatment of various diseases, future directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha
J. Paluck
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and the California NanoSystems Institute, University of California−Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Dr East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Thi H. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and the California NanoSystems Institute, University of California−Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Dr East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Heather D. Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and the California NanoSystems Institute, University of California−Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Dr East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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13
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Huang Y, Chai Q, Warmin MR, Ayres N. Lactose‐containing hydrogels for enzyme stabilization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongshun Huang
- Department of Chemistrythe University of CincinnatiP.O. Box 210172Cincinnati Ohio45221
| | - Qinyuan Chai
- Department of Chemistrythe University of CincinnatiP.O. Box 210172Cincinnati Ohio45221
| | - Mary R. Warmin
- Department of Chemistrythe University of CincinnatiP.O. Box 210172Cincinnati Ohio45221
| | - Neil Ayres
- Department of Chemistrythe University of CincinnatiP.O. Box 210172Cincinnati Ohio45221
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14
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Albertin L. Protecting-Group-Free Synthesis of Well-Defined Glycopolymers Featuring Negatively Charged Oligosaccharides. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1367:13-28. [PMID: 26537461 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3130-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Control of the macromolecular architecture is essential to enable sophisticated functions for glycopolymers and to allow a precise correlation between these functions and the polymer structure. A number of biologically important ligands are negatively charged oligosaccharides that are difficult to manipulate in organic solvent and that are hardly amenable to protection/deprotection strategies. RAFT polymerization is a simple and robust technique that enables the synthesis of well-defined glycopolymers directly in aqueous solution and starting from unprotected vinyl glycomonomers. Here I describe how RAFT polymerization can be combined with reductive amination to transform negatively charged oligosaccharides having 5-20 monosaccharide units into well-defined glycopolymers directly in water and without the need to resort to protecting-group chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Albertin
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, UMR 5249-Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble, France.
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15
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Huang Y, Shaw MA, Warmin MR, Mullins ES, Ayres N. Blood compatibility of heparin-inspired, lactose containing, polyureas depends on the chemistry of the polymer backbone. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py00616g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sulfated glycopolymers were synthesized from diisocyanates and lactose containing diamines. Blood compatibility assays indicated highly sulfated glycopolymers with methylene bis(4-cyclohexyl isocyanate) backbones result in prolonged clotting times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Huang
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Cincinnati
- Cincinnati
- USA
| | - M. A. Shaw
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
- Cincinnati
- USA
| | - M. R. Warmin
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Cincinnati
- Cincinnati
- USA
| | - E. S. Mullins
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
- Cincinnati
- USA
| | - N. Ayres
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Cincinnati
- Cincinnati
- USA
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16
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Guarino V, Cirillo V, Ambrosio L. Bicomponent electrospun scaffolds to design extracellular matrix tissue analogs. Expert Rev Med Devices 2015; 13:83-102. [PMID: 26619260 DOI: 10.1586/17434440.2016.1126505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, bicomponent fibers have been proposed to fabricate bio-inspired systems for tissue repair, regenerative medicine, medical healthcare and clinical applications. In comparison with monocomponent fibers, key advantage concerns their ability of self-adapting to the physiological conditions through an extended pattern of signals--morphological, chemical and physical ones--confined at the single fiber level. Hydrophobic/hydrophilic phases may be variously organized by tuneable processing modes (i.e., blending, core/shell, interweaving) thus offering different benefits in terms of biological activity, fluid sorption and molecular transport properties (first generation). The possibility to efficiently graft cell-adhesive proteins and peptide sequences onto the fiber surface mediated by spacers or impregnating hydrogels allows to trigger cell late activities by a controlled and sustained release in vitro of specific biomolecules (i.e., morphogens, growth factors). Here, we introduce an overview of current approaches based on bicomponent fiber use as extra cellular matrix analogs with cell-instructive functions and hierarchal organization of living tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Guarino
- a Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, Department of Chemical Sciences & Materials Technology , National Research Council of Italy , 80125 Naples , Italy
| | - Valentina Cirillo
- a Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, Department of Chemical Sciences & Materials Technology , National Research Council of Italy , 80125 Naples , Italy
| | - Luigi Ambrosio
- a Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, Department of Chemical Sciences & Materials Technology , National Research Council of Italy , 80125 Naples , Italy
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17
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Nguyen TH, Paluck SJ, McGahran AJ, Maynard HD. Poly(vinyl sulfonate) Facilitates bFGF-Induced Cell Proliferation. Biomacromolecules 2015. [PMID: 26212474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Heparin is a highly sulfated polysaccharide and is useful because of its diverse biological functions. However, because of batch-to-batch variability and other factors, there is significant interest in preparing biomimetics of heparin. To identify polymeric heparin mimetics, a cell-based screening assay was developed in cells that express fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) but not heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Various sulfated and sulfonated polymers were screened, and poly(vinyl sulfonate) (pVS) was identified as the strongest heparin-mimicking polymer in its ability to enhance binding of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) to FGFR. The results were confirmed by an ELISA-based receptor-binding assay. Different molecular weights of pVS polymer were synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The polymers were able to facilitate dimerization of FGFRs leading to cell proliferation in FGFR-expressing cells, and no size dependence was observed. The data showed that pVS is comparable to heparin in these assays. In addition, pVS was not cytotoxic to fibroblast cells up to at least 1 mg/mL. Together this data indicates that pVS should be explored further as a replacement for heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi H Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569 United States
| | - Samantha J Paluck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569 United States
| | - Andrew J McGahran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569 United States
| | - Heather D Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569 United States
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Park JH, Hong JM, Ju YM, Jung JW, Kang HW, Lee SJ, Yoo JJ, Kim SW, Kim SH, Cho DW. A novel tissue-engineered trachea with a mechanical behavior similar to native trachea. Biomaterials 2015; 62:106-15. [PMID: 26041482 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A novel tissue-engineered trachea was developed with appropriate mechanical behavior and substantial regeneration of tracheal cartilage. We designed hollow bellows scaffold as a framework of a tissue-engineered trachea and demonstrated a reliable method for three-dimensional (3D) printing of monolithic bellows scaffold. We also functionalized gelatin sponge to allow sustained release of TGF-β1 for stimulating tracheal cartilage regeneration and confirmed that functionalized gelatin sponge induces cartilaginous tissue formation in vitro. A tissue-engineered trachea was then created by assembling chondrocytes-seeded functionalized gelatin sponges into the grooves of bellows scaffold and it showed very similar mechanical behavior to that of native trachea along with substantial regeneration of tracheal cartilage in vivo. The tissue-engineered trachea developed here represents a novel concept of tracheal substitute with appropriate mechanical behavior similar to native trachea for use in reconstruction of tracheal stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hun Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, South Korea
| | - Jung Min Hong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, South Korea
| | - Young Min Ju
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Jin Woo Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Wook Kang
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Sang Jin Lee
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - James J Yoo
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Sung Won Kim
- Division of Otolaryngology and HNS, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Kim
- Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-791, South Korea
| | - Dong-Woo Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, South Korea.
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19
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Enhanced vascularization in hybrid PCL/gelatin fibrous scaffolds with sustained release of VEGF. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:865076. [PMID: 25883978 PMCID: PMC4390103 DOI: 10.1155/2015/865076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Creating a long-lasting and functional vasculature represents one of the most fundamental challenges in tissue engineering. VEGF has been widely accepted as a potent angiogenic factor involved in the early stages of blood vessel formation. In this study, fibrous scaffolds that consist of PCL and gelatin fibers were fabricated. The gelatin fibers were further functionalized by heparin immobilization, which provides binding sites for VEGF and thus enables the sustained release of VEGF. In vitro release test confirms the sustained releasing profile of VEGF, and stable release was observed over a time period of 25 days. In vitro cell assay indicates that VEGF release significantly promoted the proliferation of endothelial cells. More importantly, in vivo subcutaneous implantation reflects that vascularization has been effectively enhanced in the PCL/gelatin scaffolds compared with the PCL counterpart due to the sustained release of VEGF. Therefore, the heparinized PCL/gelatin scaffolds developed in this study may be a promising candidate for regeneration of complex tissues with sufficient vascularization.
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20
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Huang Y, Shaw MA, Mullins ES, Kirley TL, Ayres N. Synthesis and anticoagulant activity of polyureas containing sulfated carbohydrates. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:4455-66. [PMID: 25329742 PMCID: PMC4261991 DOI: 10.1021/bm501245v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
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Polyurea-based synthetic glycopolymers
containing sulfated glucose,
mannose, glucosamine, or lactose as pendant groups have been synthesized
by step-growth polymerization of hexamethylene diisocyanate and corresponding
secondary diamines. The obtained polymers were characterized by gel
permeation chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,
and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The nonsulfated polymers
showed similar results to the commercially available biomaterial polyurethane
TECOFLEX in a platelet adhesion assay. The average degree of sulfation
after reaction with SO3 was calculated from elemental analysis
and found to be between three and four −OSO3 groups
per saccharide. The blood-compatibility of the synthetic polymers
was measured using activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin
time, thrombin time, anti-IIa, and anti-Xa assays. Activated partial
thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, and thrombin time results indicated
that the mannose and lactose based polymers had the highest anticoagulant
activities among all the sulfated polymers. The mechanism of action
of the polymers appears to be mediated via an anti-IIa pathway rather
than an anti-Xa pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshun Huang
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Materials Science and Engineering Program, The University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
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21
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Peña B, Shandas R, Park D. A heparin-mimicking reverse thermal gel for controlled delivery of positively charged proteins. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:2102-8. [PMID: 25294242 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Positively charged therapeutic proteins have been used extensively for biomedical applications. However, the safety and efficacy of proteins are mostly limited by their physical and chemical instability and short half-lives in physiological conditions. To this end, we created a heparin-mimicking sulfonated reverse thermal gel as a novel protein delivery system by sulfonation of a graft copolymer, poly(serinol hexamethylene urea)-co-poly(N-isopropylacylamide), or PSHU-NIPAAm. The net charge of the sulfonated PSHU-NIPAAm was negative due to the presence of sulfonate groups. The sulfonated PSHU-NIPAAm showed a typical temperature-dependent sol-gel phase transition, where polymer solutions turned to a physical gel at around 32°C and maintained gel status at body temperature. Both in vitro cytotoxicity tests using C2C12 myoblast cells and in vivo cytotoxicity tests by subcutaneous injections demonstrated excellent biocompatibility. In vitro release tests using bovine serum albumin revealed that the release from the sulfonated PSHU-NIPAAm was more sustained than that from the plain PSHU-NIPAAm. Furthermore, this sulfonated PSHU-NIPAAm system did not affect protein structure after 70-day observation periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brisa Peña
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045
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22
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Zhang J, Li G, Gao S, Yao Y, Pang L, Li Y, Wang W, Zhao Q, Kong D, Li C. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 released from polycaprolactone/chitosan hybrid membrane to promote angiogenesis in vivo. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911514554146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We have fabricated a hybrid membrane composed of polycaprolactone and a natural polysaccharide, chitosan. The incorporation of chitosan enabled heparinization of the material via electrostatic interaction between heparin and chitosan. More importantly, since multiple cytokines have exhibited binding affinity towards heparin, heparinization of the polycaprolactone/chitosan compound also facilitated immobilization of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, which is a well-reported pro-angiogenic chemokine. Results demonstrated that the heparinized polycaprolactone/chitosan membrane with monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 immobilization was able to release monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in a controlled and sustained manner. Bioactivity of the released monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 was uncompromised as shown by a chemotaxis chamber assay using isolated rat peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Enhanced local angiogenesis was subsequently observed in vivo after subcutaneous implantation of the heparinized polycaprolactone/chitosan membrane with monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-releasing property and the mechanisms underlying the angiogenic role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 were also investigated. We propose that the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-induced local capillary formation is attributable to increased recruitment of macrophages, particularly the alternatively activated M2 macrophages, which have been implicated in wound healing. Moreover, a direct effect of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 on angiogenesis was also observed, mainly via monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-stimulated vascular endothelial growth factor expression and activity. In summary, we report here a feasible way to fabricate a polycaprolactone/chitosan hybrid material that could be functionalized with angiogenic signalling agents, such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Implantation of this material promoted angiogenesis and may therefore be developed into scaffold or dressing materials in treating local ischemia injuries or cutaneous wound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Guoping Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Shan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yao Yao
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Liyun Pang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuejie Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Deling Kong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chen Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
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23
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Zhao W, Liu W, Li J, Lin X, Wang Y. Preparation of animal polysaccharides nanofibers by electrospinning and their potential biomedical applications. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:807-18. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology; School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology; School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaojiao Li
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology; School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology; School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology; School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
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24
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Sunasee R, Adokoh CK, Darkwa J, Narain R. Therapeutic potential of carbohydrate-based polymeric and nanoparticle systems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:867-84. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.902048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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25
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Synthesis of Glycopolymer Architectures by Reversible-Deactivation Radical Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/polym5020431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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26
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Nguyen TH, Kim SH, Decker CG, Wong DY, Loo JA, Maynard HD. A heparin-mimicking polymer conjugate stabilizes basic fibroblast growth factor. Nat Chem 2013; 5:221-7. [PMID: 23422564 PMCID: PMC3579505 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a protein that plays a crucial role in diverse cellular functions, from wound healing to bone regeneration. However, a major obstacle to the widespread application of bFGF is its inherent instability during storage and delivery. Here, we describe the stabilization of bFGF by covalent conjugation with a heparin-mimicking polymer, a copolymer consisting of styrene sulfonate units and methyl methacrylate units bearing poly(ethylene glycol) side chains. The bFGF conjugate of this polymer retained bioactivity after synthesis and was stable to a variety of environmentally and therapeutically relevant stressors--such as heat, mild and harsh acidic conditions, storage and proteolytic degradation--unlike native bFGF. Following the application of stress, the conjugate was also significantly more active than the control conjugate system in which the styrene sulfonate units were omitted from the polymer structure. This research has important implications for the clinical use of bFGF and for the stabilization of heparin-binding growth factors in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi H. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sung-Hye Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Caitlin G. Decker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Darice Y. Wong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Joseph A. Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Heather D. Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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27
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Cronje L, Warren R, Klumperman B. pH-dependent adhesion of mycobacteria to surface-modified polymer nanofibers. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:6608-6618. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21393e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Vázquez-Dorbatt V, Lee J, Lin EW, Maynard HD. Synthesis of Glycopolymers by Controlled Radical Polymerization Techniques and Their Applications. Chembiochem 2012; 13:2478-87. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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29
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Godula K, Bertozzi CR. Density variant glycan microarray for evaluating cross-linking of mucin-like glycoconjugates by lectins. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:15732-42. [PMID: 22967056 PMCID: PMC3458438 DOI: 10.1021/ja302193u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Interactions of mucin glycoproteins with cognate receptors
are
dictated by the structures and spatial organization of glycans that
decorate the mucin polypeptide backbone. The glycan-binding proteins,
or lectins, that interact with mucins are often oligomeric receptors
with multiple ligand binding domains. In this work, we employed a
microarray platform comprising synthetic glycopolymers that emulate
natural mucins arrayed at different surface densities to evaluate
how glycan valency and spatial separation affect the preferential
binding mode of a particular lectin. We evaluated a panel of four
lectins (Soybean agglutinin (SBA), Wisteria floribunda lectin (WFL), Vicia villosa-B-4 agglutinin (VVA),
and Helix pomatia agglutin (HPA)) with specificity
for α-N-acetylgalactosamine (α-GalNAc),
an epitope displayed on mucins overexpressed in many adenocarcinomas.
While these lectins possess the ability to agglutinate A1-blood cells carrying the α-GalNAc epitope and cross-link low
valency glycoconjugates, only SBA showed a tendency to form intermolecular
cross-links among the arrayed polyvalent mucin mimetics. These results
suggest that glycopolymer microarrays can reveal discrete higher-order
binding preferences beyond the recognition of individual glycan epitopes.
Our findings indicate that glycan valency can set thresholds for cross-linking
by lectins. More broadly, well-defined synthetic glycopolymers enable
the integration of glycoconjugate structural and spatial diversity
in a single microarray screening platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Godula
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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30
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The effect of controlled release of PDGF-BB from heparin-conjugated electrospun PCL/gelatin scaffolds on cellular bioactivity and infiltration. Biomaterials 2012; 33:6709-20. [PMID: 22770570 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Heparin-conjugated electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)/gelatin scaffolds were developed to provide controlled release of platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) and allow prolonged bioactivity of this molecule. A mixture of PCL and gelatin was electrospun into three different morphologies. Next, heparin molecules were conjugated to the reactive surface of the scaffolds. This heparin-conjugated scaffold allowed the immobilization of PDGF-BB via electrostatic interaction. In vitro PDGF-BB release profiles indicated that passive physical adsorption of PDGF-BB to non-heparinized scaffolds resulted in an initial burst release of PDGF-BB within 5 days, which then leveled off. However, electrostatic interaction between PDGF-BB and the heparin-conjugated scaffolds gave rise to a sustained release of PDGF-BB over the course of 20 days without an initial burst. Moreover, PDGF-BB that was strongly bound to the heparin-conjugated scaffolds enhanced smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation. In addition, scaffolds composed of 3.0 μm diameter fibers that were immobilized with PDGF-BB accelerated SMC infiltration into the scaffold when compared to scaffolds composed of smaller diameter fibers or scaffolds that did not release PDGF-BB. We concluded that the combination of the large pore structure in the scaffolds and the heparin-mediated delivery of PDGF-BB provided the most effective cellular interactions through synergistic physical and chemical cues.
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31
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Controlled heparin conjugation on electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone)/gelatin fibers for morphology-dependent protein delivery and enhanced cellular affinity. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:2549-58. [PMID: 22465575 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Electrospun fibrous scaffolds have now been shown to possess great potential for tissue engineering applications, owing to their unique mimicry of natural extracellular matrix structure. In this study, poly(ε-caprolactone) and gelatin were electrospun to fabricate tissue-engineered scaffolds with three different fiber morphologies (1.0 μm, 3.0 μm and co-electrospun containing both 1.0 and 3.0 μm diameter fibers). Subsequently, these scaffolds were conjugated with heparin to immobilize a bioactive molecule by electrostatic interactions. This study determined the quantity of heparin conjugation on the scaffolds and that the crosslinking time and the fiber morphologies govern the extent of heparin conjugation on the fibers. In order to evaluate the release capacity of the heparin-conjugated scaffolds, lysozyme was used as a model protein for conjugation. The heparin-conjugated scaffolds provided high loading efficiency and cumulative release of lysozyme with a relatively linear relationship. In addition, the release kinetics was significantly dependent on heparin conjugation and fiber morphology. This fundamental investigation into how fiber morphology and crosslinking protocols can affect the heparin binding ability of electrospun fibers is crucial for predicting the delivery of many different types of bioactive molecules from an electrospun scaffold for tissue engineering applications.
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32
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33
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Spain SG, Cameron NR. A spoonful of sugar: the application of glycopolymers in therapeutics. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0py00149j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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34
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Rose K, Gast RE, Seeger A, Krieglstein J, Klumpp S. ATP-dependent stabilization and protection of fibroblast growth factor 2. J Biotechnol 2010; 145:54-9. [PMID: 19836424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Revised: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) plays a pivotal role in cell proliferation, angiogenesis and neuroprotection. Several clinical trials using this growth factor in bone regeneration, wound healing and cardioprotection are initiated but the inadequate stability of FGF2 after application is one major problem. Binding of ATP to FGF2 and other growth factors has been demonstrated recently. Here we report that ATP, other nucleoside triphosphates and sodium triphosphate protect FGF2 from trypsin, plasmin and neutrophile elastase digestion in vitro. A molar ratio of 2:1 (ligand/FGF2) is sufficient for these protective effects. ADP shows only little, AMP no stabilizing effect on FGF2 indicating that the number of phosphate residues is important. Protection of FGF2 by ATP can be abolished by the addition of alkaline phosphatase hydrolyzing free and FGF2-bound ATP. The mutant FGF2 (K128A/R129A/K134A/K144A) with strongly reduced ATP-binding capacity revealed no detectable protease resistance after incubation with ATP. Furthermore, a stabilizing effect of ATP on FGF2 could also be demonstrated in cell culture experiments. ATP bound to FGF2 increased FGF2-dependent human umbilical vein endothelial cells proliferation when the growth factor was treated with neutrophile elastase or heat. For the first time these data demonstrate protection of FGF2 by bound ATP, other nucleoside triphosphates or sodium triphosphate from rapid protease digestion. Our data provide new evidence that nucleoside triphosphates are capable of protecting FGF2 and favours such stabilization for various, especially medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Rose
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany.
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35
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Vázquez-Dorbatt V, Tolstyka ZP, Chang CW, Maynard HD. Synthesis of a pyridyl disulfide end-functionalized glycopolymer for conjugation to biomolecules and patterning on gold surfaces. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:2207-12. [PMID: 19606855 DOI: 10.1021/bm900395h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A pyridyl disulfide end-functionalized polymer with N-acetyl-d-glucosamine pendant side-chains was synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The glycopolymer was prepared from a pyridyl disulfide initiator catalyzed by a Cu(I)/Cu(II)/2,2'-bipyridine system in a mixture of methanol and water at 30 degrees C. The final polymer had a number-average molecular weight (M(n)) of 13.0 kDa determined by (1)H NMR spectroscopy and a narrow polydispersity index (1.12) determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The pyridyl disulfide end-group was then utilized to conjugate the glycopolymer to a double-stranded short interfering RNA (siRNA). Characterization of the glycopolymer-siRNA by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) showed 97% conjugation. The activated disulfide polymer was also patterned on gold via microcontact printing. The pyridyl disulfide allowed for ready immobilization of the glycopolymer into 200 microm sized features on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimary Vázquez-Dorbatt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California Nanosystems Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
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36
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Godula K, Rabuka D, Nam KT, Bertozzi CR. Synthesis and microcontact printing of dual end-functionalized mucin-like glycopolymers for microarray applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:4973-6. [PMID: 19479916 PMCID: PMC2735190 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200805756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Click to view: Glycopolymers can be used to display glycans on microarrays in native-like architectures. The structurally uniform alkyne-terminated mucin mimetic glycopolymers (see picture; TR = fluorophore) were printed on azide-functionalized chips by microcontact printing in the presence of a copper catalyst. The surface-bound glycopolymers bind lectins in a ligand-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Godula
- Department of Chemistry, University of California and The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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37
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Godula K, Rabuka D, Nam K, Bertozzi C. Synthesis and Microcontact Printing of Dual End-Functionalized Mucin-like Glycopolymers for Microarray Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200805756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Christman KL, Vázquez-Dorbatt V, Schopf E, Kolodziej CM, Li RC, Broyer RM, Chen Y, Maynard HD. Nanoscale growth factor patterns by immobilization on a heparin-mimicking polymer. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:16585-91. [PMID: 19554729 PMCID: PMC3110987 DOI: 10.1021/ja803676r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, electrostatic interactions between sulfonate groups of an immobilized polymer and the heparin binding domains of growth factors important in cell signaling were exploited to nanopattern the proteins. Poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate-co-poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate) (pSS-co-pPEGMA) was synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization using ethyl S-thiobenzoyl-2-thiopropionate as a chain transfer agent and 2,2'-azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as the initiator. The resulting polymer (1) was characterized by 1H NMR, GPC, FT-IR, and UV-vis and had a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 24,000 and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 1.17. The dithioester end group of 1 was reduced to the thiol, and the polymer was subsequently immobilized on a gold substrate. Binding of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to the polymer via the heparin binding domains was then confirmed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The interactions were stable at physiological salt concentrations. Polymer 1 was cross-linked onto silicon wafers using an electron beam writer forming micro- and nanopatterns. Resolutions of 100 nm and arbitrary nanoscale features such as concentric circles and contiguous squares and triangles were achieved. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed that bFGF and VEGF were subsequently immobilized to the polymer micro- and nanopatterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L. Christman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
| | - Vimary Vázquez-Dorbatt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
| | - Eric Schopf
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
| | - Christopher M. Kolodziej
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
| | - Ronald C. Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
| | - Rebecca M. Broyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
| | - Yong Chen
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
| | - Heather D. Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
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Geng J, Mantovani G, Tao L, Nicolas J, Chen G, Wallis R, Mitchell DA, Johnson BRG, Evans SD, Haddleton DM. Site-Directed Conjugation of “Clicked” Glycopolymers To Form Glycoprotein Mimics: Binding to Mammalian Lectin and Induction of Immunological Function. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:15156-63. [DOI: 10.1021/ja072999x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Geng
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL, Coventry, United Kingdom; Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, CV2 2DX, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Mantovani
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL, Coventry, United Kingdom; Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, CV2 2DX, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Lei Tao
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL, Coventry, United Kingdom; Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, CV2 2DX, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Julien Nicolas
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL, Coventry, United Kingdom; Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, CV2 2DX, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Gaojian Chen
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL, Coventry, United Kingdom; Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, CV2 2DX, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Russell Wallis
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL, Coventry, United Kingdom; Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, CV2 2DX, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel A. Mitchell
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL, Coventry, United Kingdom; Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, CV2 2DX, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin R. G. Johnson
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL, Coventry, United Kingdom; Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, CV2 2DX, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D. Evans
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL, Coventry, United Kingdom; Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, CV2 2DX, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - David M. Haddleton
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL, Coventry, United Kingdom; Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, CV2 2DX, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Spain SG, Gibson MI, Cameron NR. Recent advances in the synthesis of well-defined glycopolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Vázquez-Dorbatt V, Maynard HD. Biotinylated glycopolymers synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization. Biomacromolecules 2006; 7:2297-302. [PMID: 16903674 DOI: 10.1021/bm060105f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Biotinylated glycopolymers that bind to the protein streptavidin were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Poly(methacrylate)s with pendent N-acetyl-d-glucosamines were prepared by polymerizing the protected monomer, followed by deprotection. Alternatively, the unprotected monomer was directly polymerized. Both paths provided well-defined glycopolymers with narrow molecular weight distributions (PDI = 1.07-1.23). The number-average molecular weights determined by gel permeation chromatography increased with increasing initial monomer-to-initiator ratios. The polymers were synthesized using a biotin-functionalized initiator for ATRP. Confirmation of the end group and binding to the protein streptavidin was achieved by (1)H NMR and surface plamon resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimary Vázquez-Dorbatt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
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Gama CI, Hsieh-Wilson LC. Chemical approaches to deciphering the glycosaminoglycan code. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2005; 9:609-19. [PMID: 16242378 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans are sulfated biopolymers with rich chemical diversity and complex functions in vivo, contributing to processes ranging from cell growth and neuronal development to viral invasion and neurodegenerative disease. Recent studies suggest that glycosaminoglycans may encode information in the form of a 'sulfation code,' whereby discrete modifications to the polysaccharide backbone may direct the location or activities of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristal I Gama
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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Casper CL, Yamaguchi N, Kiick KL, Rabolt JF. Functionalizing electrospun fibers with biologically relevant macromolecules. Biomacromolecules 2005; 6:1998-2007. [PMID: 16004438 PMCID: PMC2744094 DOI: 10.1021/bm050007e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of functionalized polymers that can elicit specific biological responses is of great interest in the biomedical community, as well as the development of methods to fabricate these biologically functionalized polymers. For example, the generation of fibrous matrices with biological properties and fiber diameters commensurate with those of the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) may permit the development of novel materials for use in wound healing or tissue engineering. The goal of this work is, therefore, to create a biologically active functionalized electrospun matrix to permit immobilization and long-term delivery of growth factors. In this work, poly(ethylene glycol) functionalized with low molecular weight heparin (PEG-LMWH) was fabricated into fibers for possible use in drug delivery, tissue engineering, or wound repair applications. Electrospinning was chosen to process the LMWH into fiber form due to the small fiber diameters and high degree of porosity that can be obtained relatively quickly and using small amounts of starting material. Both free LMWH and PEG-LMWH were investigated for their ability to be incorporated into electrospun fibers. Each of the samples were mixed with a carrier polymer consisting of either a 10 wt % poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) or 45 wt % poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA). Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), UV-vis spectroscopy, and multiphoton microscopy were used to characterize the electrospun matrices. The incorporation of heparin into the electrospun PEO and PLGA fibers did not affect the surface morphology or fiber diameters. The fibers produced had diameters ranging from approximately 100 to 400 nm. Toluidine blue assays of heparin suggest that it can be incorporated into an electrospun matrix at concentrations ranging from 3.5 to 85 mug per milligram of electrospun fibers. Multiphoton microscopy confirmed that incorporation of PEG-LMWH into the matrix permits retention of the heparin for at least 14 days. Improvements in the binding of basic fibroblast growth factor to the electrospun fibers were also observed for fibers functionalized with PEG-LMWH over those functionalized with LMWH alone. The combination of these results suggests the utility for producing electrospun fibers that are appropriately functionalized for use in biomaterials applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L. Casper
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, and Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 15 Innovation Way, Newark, Delaware 19711
| | - Nori Yamaguchi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, and Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 15 Innovation Way, Newark, Delaware 19711
| | - Kristi L. Kiick
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, and Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 15 Innovation Way, Newark, Delaware 19711
| | - John F. Rabolt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, and Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 15 Innovation Way, Newark, Delaware 19711
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Maynard HD, Hubbell JA. Discovery of a sulfated tetrapeptide that binds to vascular endothelial growth factor. Acta Biomater 2005; 1:451-9. [PMID: 16701826 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2005] [Revised: 04/05/2005] [Accepted: 04/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecules that mimic the sulfated glycosaminoglycan heparin and bind to heparin-binding growth factors would serve as important building blocks for synthetic biomaterials, e.g. to create a growth factor reservoir within a matrix. Peptide-based heparin mimetics would be particularly attractive, given the ease of peptide synthesis and modification. A sulfated tetrapeptide that fits this description and binds to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was discovered using a rationally-designed combinatorial approach. A approximately 6600 member library of tetrapeptides, designed to include heparin functionality, was synthesized by solid-phase Fmoc chemistry. The library was analyzed on-resin for VEGF binding using a fluorescence assay that employed a 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin-modified VEGF(165). The beads were ranked according to fluorescent signal and SY(SO(3))DY(SO(3)) was identified as the top binder. The binding affinity of the peptide for VEGF(165) was ascertained by surface plasmon resonance and compared with the heparin mimic suramin; the peptide binds to VEGF(165) 100-fold stronger than the sulfonated compound. These results suggest that the identified peptide may be useful in biomaterial applications where binding of VEGF is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather D Maynard
- Department of Materials Science and Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and University of Zurich, Switzerland
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Dong CM, Faucher KM, Chaikof EL. Synthesis and properties of biomimetic poly(L-glutamate)-b-poly(2-acryloyloxyethyllactoside)-b-poly(L-glutamate) triblock copolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.20421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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