1
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Grigoletto A, Marotti V, Tedeschini T, Campara B, Marigo I, Ingangi V, Pasut G. Improving the Therapeutic Potential of G-CSF through Compact Circular PEGylation Based on Orthogonal Conjugations. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:4229-4239. [PMID: 37638739 PMCID: PMC10498445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a circular conjugate of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) was prepared by conjugating the two end-chains of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to two different sites of the protein. For the orthogonal conjugation, a heterobifunctional PEG chain was designed and synthesized, bearing the dipeptide ZGln-Gly (ZQG) at one end-chain, for transglutaminase (TGase) enzymatic selective conjugation at Lys41 of G-CSF, and an aldehyde group at the opposite end-chain, for N-terminal selective reductive alkylation of the protein. The cPEG-Nter/K41-G-CSF circular conjugate was characterized by physicochemical methods and compared with native G-CSF and the corresponding linear monoconjugates of G-CSF, PEG-Nter-G-CSF, and PEG-K41-G-CSF. The results demonstrated that the circular conjugate had improved physicochemical and thermal stability, prolonged pharmacokinetic interaction, and retained the biological activity of G-CSF. The PEGylation strategy employed in this study has potential applications in the design of novel protein-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Grigoletto
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Valentina Marotti
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Tommaso Tedeschini
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Benedetta Campara
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Ilaria Marigo
- Department
of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Istituto
Oncologico Veneto IOV − IRCCS, Via Gattamelata 64, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ingangi
- Istituto
Oncologico Veneto IOV − IRCCS, Via Gattamelata 64, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Pasut
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
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2
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Wang XD, Yu WJ, Liu JH, Du J, Chen KN, Hu QQ, Sun WL, Ying GQ. Preparation and Characterization of Site-Specific Fatty Chain-Modified Recombinant Human Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:923059. [PMID: 35677307 PMCID: PMC9168434 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.923059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical use of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) is limited by its short serum half-life. In this study, a long-acting strategy for site-specific modification of rhG-CSF with 1-pentadecyl-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (C15 fatty chain-maleimide, C15-MAL) was studied in mixed DMSO-aqueous solutions. The factors influencing the conjugation reaction were investigated and optimized, and a high yield of the desired product (C15-rhG-CSF) was achieved. Subsequently, C15-rhG-CSF product was efficiently purified using preparative liquid chromatography, and further characterized. Circular dichroism spectroscopy analysis showed that the secondary structure of C15-rhG-CSF had no significant difference from unmodified rhG-CSF. C15-rhG-CSF retained 87.2% of in vitro bioactivity of unmodified rhG-CSF. The pharmacokinetic study showed that the serum half-life of C15-rhG-CSF in mice was 2.08-fold longer than that of unmodified rhG-CSF. Furthermore, C15-rhG-CSF by single-dose subcutaneous administration showed better in vivo efficacy than those of both PEG10k-rhG-CSF by single-dose administration and rhG-CSF by multiple doses administration. This study demonstrated the potential of C15-rhG-CSF being developed into a novel drug candidate as well as an efficient process for the development of long-acting protein and peptide drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Dong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xu-Dong Wang, ; Wen-Long Sun, ; Guo-Qing Ying,
| | - Wei-Jia Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Hui Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Du
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kang-Nan Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qin-Qin Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Long Sun
- Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
- *Correspondence: Xu-Dong Wang, ; Wen-Long Sun, ; Guo-Qing Ying,
| | - Guo-Qing Ying
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xu-Dong Wang, ; Wen-Long Sun, ; Guo-Qing Ying,
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3
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Mohammadi Z, Alijanianzadeh M, Khalilzadeh R, Khodadadi S. Process Development for the Production and Purification of PEGylated
RhG-CSF Expressed in Escherichia coli. Protein Pept Lett 2022; 29:293-305. [DOI: 10.2174/0929866529666220126100559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background and objective:
Recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) and its PEGylated form (PEG-GCSF) are used in the cancer therapy. Thus the development of a more cost-effectively method for expressing rhG-CSF and the PEGylation optimization of rhG-CSF by reaction engineering and subsequent the purification strategy is necessary.
Methods:
RhG-CSF expression in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) was carried out by auto-induction batch fermentation and improved for maximizing rhG-CSF productivity. After that, purified rhG-CSF was PEGylated using methoxy polyethylene glycol propionaldehydes (mPEG20-ALD). The various conditions effect of extraction and purification of rhG-CSF and PEG-GCSF were assayed.
Results:
The assessment results revealed that auto-induction batch cultivation strategy had maximum productivity and rhG-CSF purity was more than 99%. The obtained Data of rhG-CSF PEGylation displayed that the optimized conditions of rhG-CSF PEGylation and purification enhanced hemogenisity PEG-GCSF and managed reaction toward optimal yield of PEG-GCSF (70%) and purity of 99.9%. Findings from FTIR, CD, and fluorescence spectroscopy and bioassay revealed that PEGylation was executed exactly in the rhG-CSF N-terminus, and products maintained their conformation properties.
Conclusion:
Overall, the developed approach expanded strategies for high yield rhG-CSF by simplified auto-induction batch fermentation system and rhG-CSF PEGylation, which are simple and time-saving, economical and high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Mohammadi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Malek-Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Alijanianzadeh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Malek-Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- Department of
Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rassoul Khalilzadeh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Malek-Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sirus Khodadadi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Malek-Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Tully M, Hauptstein N, Licha K, Meinel L, Lühmann T, Haag R. Linear Polyglycerol for N-terminal-selective Modification of Interleukin-4. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:1642-1651. [PMID: 34728175 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Polymer conjugation to biologics is of key interest to the pharmaceutical industry for the development of potent and long acting biotherapeutics, with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) being the gold standard. Within the last years, unwanted PEG-related side effects (immunological reactions, antibody formation) arose, therefore creating several attempts to establish alternative polymers with similar potential to PEG. In this article, we synthesized N-terminal bioconjugates of the potential therapeutic human interleukin-4 (hIL-4 WT) with linear polyglycerol (LPG) of 10 and 40 kDa and compared it with its PEG analogs of same nominal weights. Polyglycerol is a highly hydrophilic polymer with good biocompatibility and therefore represents an alternative polymer to PEG. Both polymer types resulted in similar conjugation yields, comparable hydrodynamic sizes and an unaltered secondary structure of the protein after modification. LPG- and PEG-bioconjugates remained stable in human plasma, whereas binding to human serum albumin (HSA) decreased after polymer modification. Furthermore, only minor differences in bioactivity were observed between LPG- and PEG-bioconjugates of same nominal weights. The presented findings are promising for future pharmacokinetic evaluation of hIL-4-polymer bioconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tully
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Niklas Hauptstein
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Kai Licha
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg Germany; Helmholtz Institute for RNA-Based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tessa Lühmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin Germany.
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5
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Kumari M, Sahni G, Datta S. Development of Site-Specific PEGylated Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor With Prolonged Biological Activity. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:572077. [PMID: 33330413 PMCID: PMC7710547 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.572077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, amino-terminal PEGylated human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (huG-CSF) is used to prevent and treat neutropenia. Although huG-CSF has been used as a drug for more than 20 years, it has three significant drawbacks: (i) it relies on PEG aldehyde for PEGylation of the alpha-amino group of the first amino acid, and this leads to non-specific PEGylation of the epsilon amino group of lysine residues within the G-CSF; (ii) longer-acting G-CSF variants are desirable to reduce the risk of chemotherapy-associated neutropenia; and (iii) G-CSF cannot be administered on the day of chemotherapy. In an attempt to overcome the above drawbacks, we engineered cysteine variants of G-CSF to facilitate the maleimide PEG-based site-specific PEGylation that leads to a highly homogenous PEGylated product. Importantly, we have demonstrated that 20 kDa thiol-reactive PEG conjugated by maleimide chemistry to the Cys2 G-CSF variant exhibits leukocyte proliferative activity similar to that of the commercially available G-CSF conjugated with aldehyde PEG in a neutropenia mice model. Moreover, we have demonstrated that PEGylation of the cysteine variant of huG-CSF with higher molecular weight PEGs, such as 30 kDa PEG and 40 kDa PEG, leads to significantly prolonged leukocyte proliferation activity compared to the variant conjugated with 20 kDa PEG. Importantly, even a half-dose of the engineered variant conjugated with 40 kDa PEG exhibited significantly longer biological activity than the commercially available 20 kDa PEGylated huG-CSF. Finally, we have demonstrated that administration of the engineered variant conjugated with 40 kDa PEG on the day of administration of cyclophosphamide for inducing neutropenia in mice can alleviate neutropenia through leukocyte proliferation. In summary, this study provides the design of site-specific PEGylated huG-CSF variants with improved therapeutic potential. It opens the possibility of long-acting and same-day prophylactic administration of G-CSF after chemotherapy drug regimens. These results may pave the way for the development of potential G-CSF derivatives possessing longer half-lives and favorable clinical attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kumari
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Girish Sahni
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sonal Datta
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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6
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Swierczynski MJ, Ball ZT. One-Step Protein-Polymer Conjugates from Boronic-Acid-Functionalized Polymers. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:2494-2498. [PMID: 33078937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymer-protein conjugates are hybrid materials with interesting and useful properties. Methods to prepare diverse diblock materials of this sort often struggle to deal with the complexity and size of reagents, and so polymer-protein conjugation represents a stringent testing ground for nontraditional bioconjugation methods, such as metal-catalyzed arylation. This work demonstrates a simple Ni2+-promoted arylation of cysteine residues with end-functionalized polymer-boronic acid reagents, and explores some molecular and physical properties possible in these hybrid structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Swierczynski
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Bioscience Research Collaborative, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Zachary T Ball
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Bioscience Research Collaborative, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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7
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Hebbi V, Thakur G, Rathore AS. Process analytical technology application for protein PEGylation using near infrared spectroscopy: G-CSF as a case study. J Biotechnol 2020; 325:303-311. [PMID: 33039551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation of protein therapeutics with polymers like polyethylene glycol (PEG) has been shown to increase their therapeutic efficiency. However, manufacturing of PEGylated drugs requires an additional, carefully controlled reaction step after purifying the protein, followed by further purification of over- and under-PEGylated variants. In this work, we have used a combined spectroscopic and statistical approach for monitoring and control of the PEGylation reaction for G-CSF using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). An online NIRS probe deployed in the reaction vessel has been used to track conversion of G-CSF into monoPEGylated and multiPEGylated forms using calibrated partial least squares regression models on the NIRS spectra which are collected in real time every 3 s. A pH probe integrated with a peristaltic pump facilitates automated quenching of the reaction at the targeted time. The NIRS spectra have also been used to build a batch evolution model for the reaction from end-to-end, including the addition of the reactants to the reaction vessel, the progress of the reaction for 70 min, and the final quenching with Tris base. Online spectra are compared against the statistical process control charts of the batch evolution model in real time to detect deviations as soon as they occur. The system was demonstrated for four common deviations in the PEGylation process, namely: delayed quenching time, wrong concentration of reducing agent added, wrong PEG to G-CSF ratio, and wrong sequence of addition of reactants. The system was able to identify all four deviations in real time and alert the operator to take control actions. The PAT approach suggested here embraces the quality by design framework and can be generalized for manufacturing scale monitoring and control of different biotechnology reactions with spectroscopic signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwanath Hebbi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, 110016, Hauz Khas, India
| | - Garima Thakur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, 110016, Hauz Khas, India
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, 110016, Hauz Khas, India.
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8
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Porfiryeva NN, Moustafine RI, Khutoryanskiy VV. PEGylated Systems in Pharmaceutics. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES C 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s181123822001004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Behi J, Hassiki R, Said NB, Bouhaouala-Zahar B, Benkhoud ML. Optimization of PEGylation reaction time and molar ratio of rhG-CSF toward increasing bioactive potency of monoPEGylated protein. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 109:888-895. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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10
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Wang Q, Zhang C, Guo F, Li Z, Liu Y, Su Z. Novel Bioconjugation Strategy Using Elevated Hydrostatic Pressure: A Case Study for the Site-Specific Attachment of Polyethylene Glycol (PEGylation) of Recombinant Human Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:2841-2848. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 North Second Street, Zhong-Guan
Village, Beijing 100190, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Chun Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 North Second Street, Zhong-Guan
Village, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Fangxia Guo
- State
Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 North Second Street, Zhong-Guan
Village, Beijing 100190, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Zenglan Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 North Second Street, Zhong-Guan
Village, Beijing 100190, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yongdong Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 North Second Street, Zhong-Guan
Village, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Zhiguo Su
- State
Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 North Second Street, Zhong-Guan
Village, Beijing 100190, PR China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing, 210023, PR China
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11
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Morys S, Urnauer S, Spitzweg C, Wagner E. EGFR Targeting and Shielding of pDNA Lipopolyplexes via Bivalent Attachment of a Sequence-Defined PEG Agent. Macromol Biosci 2017; 18. [PMID: 28877405 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201700203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
For successful nonviral gene delivery, cationic polymers are promising DNA carrier, which need to comprise several functionalities. The current work focuses on the postincorporation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) targeted PEGylation agents onto lipopolyplexes for pDNA delivery. T-shaped lipo-oligomers are previously found to be effective sequence-defined carriers for pDNA and siRNA. Here, the bis-oleoyl-oligoaminoethanamide 454 containing tyrosine trimer-cysteine ends is applied for complex formation with pDNA coding for luciferase or sodium iodide symporter (NIS). In a second step, the lipopolyplexes are modified via disulfide formation with sequence-defined monovalent or bivalent PEGylation agents containing one or two 3-nitro-2-pyridinesulfenyl (NPys)-activated cysteines, respectively. For targeting, the polyethylene glycol (PEG) agents comprise the EGFR targeting peptide GE11. In comparison of all transfection complexes, 454 lipopolyplexes modified with the bidentate PEG-GE11 agent show the best, EGFR-dependent uptake as well as luciferase and NIS gene expression into receptor-positive tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Morys
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-Based Drug Research and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Urnauer
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Spitzweg
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-Based Drug Research and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
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12
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Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) fused with Fc Domain produced from E. coli is less effective than Polyethylene Glycol-conjugated GCSF. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6480. [PMID: 28744022 PMCID: PMC5526978 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06726-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) is a well-known cytokine for neutropenia treatment. However, daily injections are required due to the short circulating half-life of the protein. To overcome this bottleneck, we fused GCSF with the Fc domain of IgG1 at the C terminus (GCSF-Fc) and with the maltose binding protein (MBP) tag at the N-terminus and expressed it as a soluble protein in the cytoplasm of E. coli. We also conjugated PEG aldehyde to GCSF to make PEG-GCSF. The bioactivities of GCSF-Fc and PEG-GCSF were similar to native GCSF using the mouse M-NFS-60 myelogenous leukemia cell line. The EC50 dose-response curves for GCSF, GCSF-Fc and PEG-GCSF were 37 ± 12 pM, 75 ± 13.5 pM and 46 ± 5.5 pM, respectively. When the proteins were injected into neutropenic rats, the group injected with PEG-GCSF showed the highest and fastest recovery of neutrophils, followed by GCSF-Fc and GCSF. ELISA assay revealed the PEG-GCSF had the longest plasma circulation (>72 h), followed by GCSF-Fc (>48 h) and GCSF (~24 h), which is consistent with the in vivo activities of the proteins. In summary, the GCSF-Fc purified from E. coli was not as efficient as PEG-GCSF in treating neutropenic rats.
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13
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Araman C, Thompson RE, Wang S, Hackl S, Payne RJ, Becker CFW. Semisynthetic prion protein (PrP) variants carrying glycan mimics at position 181 and 197 do not form fibrils. Chem Sci 2017; 8:6626-6632. [PMID: 28989689 PMCID: PMC5625290 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02719b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Semisynthesis and characterization of homogeneously mono- and di-PEGylated full length PrP variants to study the impact of PEGylation (as N-glycan mimics) on protein folding and aggregation.
The prion protein (PrP) is an N-glycosylated protein attached to the outer leaflet of eukaryotic cell membranes via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. Different prion strains have distinct glycosylation patterns and the extent of glycosylation of potentially pathogenic misfolded prion protein (PrPSc) has a major impact on several prion-related diseases (transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, TSEs). Based on these findings it is hypothesized that posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of PrP influence conversion of cellular prion protein (PrPC) into PrPSc and, as such, modified PrP variants are critical tools needed to investigate the impact of PTMs on the pathogenesis of TSEs. Here we report a semisynthetic approach to generate PrP variants modified with monodisperse polyethyleneglycol (PEG) units as mimics of N-glycans. Incorporating PEG at glycosylation sites 181 and 197 in PrP induced only small changes to the secondary structure when compared to unmodified, wildtype PrP. More importantly, in vitro aggregation was abrogated for all PEGylated PrP variants under conditions at which wildtype PrP aggregated. Furthermore, the addition of PEGylated PrP as low as 10 mol% to wildtype PrP completely blocked aggregation. A similar effect was observed for synthetic PEGylated PrP segments comprising amino acids 179–231 alone if these were added to wildtype PrP in aggregation assays. This behavior raises the question if large N-glycans interfere with aggregation in vivo and if PEGylated PrP peptides could serve as potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Araman
- Institute of Biological Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , University of Vienna , Waehringer Strasse 38 , 1090 , Vienna-AT , Austria .
| | - Robert E Thompson
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia
| | - Siyao Wang
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia
| | - Stefanie Hackl
- Institute of Biological Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , University of Vienna , Waehringer Strasse 38 , 1090 , Vienna-AT , Austria .
| | - Richard J Payne
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia
| | - Christian F W Becker
- Institute of Biological Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , University of Vienna , Waehringer Strasse 38 , 1090 , Vienna-AT , Austria .
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14
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Turecek PL, Bossard MJ, Schoetens F, Ivens IA. PEGylation of Biopharmaceuticals: A Review of Chemistry and Nonclinical Safety Information of Approved Drugs. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:460-475. [PMID: 26869412 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Modification of biopharmaceutical molecules by covalent conjugation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules is known to enhance pharmacologic and pharmaceutical properties of proteins and other large molecules and has been used successfully in 12 approved drugs. Both linear and branched-chain PEG reagents with molecular sizes of up to 40 kDa have been used with a variety of different PEG derivatives with different linker chemistries. This review describes the properties of PEG itself, the history and evolution of PEGylation chemistry, and provides examples of PEGylated drugs with an established medical history. A trend toward the use of complex PEG architectures and larger PEG polymers, but with very pure and well-characterized PEG reagents is described. Nonclinical toxicology findings related to PEG in approved PEGylated biopharmaceuticals are summarized. The effect attributed to the PEG part of the molecules as observed in 5 of the 12 marketed products was cellular vacuolation seen microscopically mainly in phagocytic cells which is likely related to their biological function to absorb and remove particles and macromolecules from blood and tissues. Experience with marketed PEGylated products indicates that adverse effects in toxicology studies are usually related to the active part of the drug but not to the PEG moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary J Bossard
- Nektar Therapeutics, Department of Polymer Chemistry, Huntsville, Alabama 35801-5914
| | | | - Inge A Ivens
- Bayer, Toxicology, San Francisco, California 94158
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15
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Hu QY, Berti F, Adamo R. Towards the next generation of biomedicines by site-selective conjugation. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:1691-719. [PMID: 26796469 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00388h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bioconjugates represent an emerging class of medicines, which offer therapeutic opportunities overtaking those of the individual components. Many novel bioconjugates have been explored in order to address various emerging medical needs. The last decade has witnessed the exponential growth of new site-selective bioconjugation techniques, however very few methods have made the way into human clinical trials. Here we discuss various applications of site-selective conjugation in biomedicines, including half-life extension, antibody-drug conjugates, conjugate vaccines, bispecific antibodies and cell therapy. The review is intended to highlight both the progress and challenges, and identify a potential roadmap to address the gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Ying Hu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Francesco Berti
- GSK Vaccines (former Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Roberto Adamo
- GSK Vaccines (former Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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16
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Ginn C, Choi JW, Brocchini S. Disulfide-bridging PEGylation during refolding for the more efficient production of modified proteins. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:1088-99. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ji-won Choi
- PolyTherics Ltd; Babraham Research Campus, Babraham; Cambridge UK
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Sawhney P, Katare K, Sahni G. PEGylation of Truncated Streptokinase Leads to Formulation of a Useful Drug with Ameliorated Attributes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155831. [PMID: 27192220 PMCID: PMC4871584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptokinase (SK) remains a favored thrombolytic agent in the developing world as compared to the nearly 10-fold more expensive human tissue-plasminogen activator (tPA) for the dissolution of pathological fibrin clots in myocardial infarction. However, unlike the latter, SK induces systemic activation of plasmin which results in a greater risk of hemorrhage. Being of bacterial origin, it elicits generation of unwanted antibody and has a relatively short half-life in vivo that needs to be addressed to make it more efficacious clinically. In order to address these lacunae, in the present study we have incorporated cysteine residues specifically at the N- and C-termini of partially truncated SK and these were then PEGylated successfully. Some of the obtained derivatives displayed enhanced plasmin resistance, longer half-life (upto several hours), improved fibrin clot-specificity and reduced immune-reactivity as compared to the native SK (nSK). This paves the way for devising next-generation SK-based thrombolytic agent/s that besides being fibrin clot-specific are endowed with an improved efficacy by virtue of an extended in vivo half-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Sawhney
- Department of Molecular Biology and Protein Science and Engineering, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh, India
| | - Keya Katare
- Department of Molecular Biology and Protein Science and Engineering, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh, India
| | - Girish Sahni
- Department of Molecular Biology and Protein Science and Engineering, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh, India
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Pfister D, Morbidelli M. Integrated process for high conversion and high yield protein PEGylation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:1711-8. [PMID: 26757029 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, PEGylation has become a powerful technique to increase the in vivo circulation half-life of therapeutic proteins while maintaining their activity. The development of new therapeutic proteins is likely to require further improvement of the PEGylation methods to reach even better selectivity and yield for reduced costs. The intensification of the PEGylation process was investigated through the integration of a chromatographic step in order to increase yield and conversion for the production of mono-PEGylated protein. Lysozyme was used as a model protein to demonstrate the feasibility of such approach. In the integrated reaction/separation process, chromatography was used as fractionation technique in order to isolate and recycle the unreacted protein from the PEGylated products. This allows operating the reactor with short reaction times so as to minimize the production of multi-PEGylated proteins (i.e., conjugated to more than one polymer). That is, the reaction is stopped before the desired product (i.e., the mono-PEGylated protein) can further react, thus leading to limited conversion but high yield. The recycling of the unreacted protein was then considered to drive the protein overall conversion to completion. This approach has great potential to improve processes whose yield is limited by the further reaction of the product leading to undesirable by-products. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1711-1718. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pfister
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Morbidelli
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland.
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20
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Mero A, Grigoletto A, Maso K, Yoshioka H, Rosato A, Pasut G. Site-selective enzymatic chemistry for polymer conjugation to protein lysine residues: PEGylation of G-CSF at lysine-41. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01616b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microbial transglutaminase (mTGase) is an enzyme that catalyzes site-specific protein derivatization at specific glutamines and lysines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Mero
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Padua
- 35131 Padua
- Italy
| | - A. Grigoletto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Padua
- 35131 Padua
- Italy
| | - K. Maso
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Padua
- 35131 Padua
- Italy
| | | | - A. Rosato
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV – IRCCS
- Padua
- Italy
| | - G. Pasut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Padua
- 35131 Padua
- Italy
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV – IRCCS
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21
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Herzberger J, Niederer K, Pohlit H, Seiwert J, Worm M, Wurm FR, Frey H. Polymerization of Ethylene Oxide, Propylene Oxide, and Other Alkylene Oxides: Synthesis, Novel Polymer Architectures, and Bioconjugation. Chem Rev 2015; 116:2170-243. [PMID: 26713458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The review summarizes current trends and developments in the polymerization of alkylene oxides in the last two decades since 1995, with a particular focus on the most important epoxide monomers ethylene oxide (EO), propylene oxide (PO), and butylene oxide (BO). Classical synthetic pathways, i.e., anionic polymerization, coordination polymerization, and cationic polymerization of epoxides (oxiranes), are briefly reviewed. The main focus of the review lies on more recent and in some cases metal-free methods for epoxide polymerization, i.e., the activated monomer strategy, the use of organocatalysts, such as N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and N-heterocyclic olefins (NHOs) as well as phosphazene bases. In addition, the commercially relevant double-metal cyanide (DMC) catalyst systems are discussed. Besides the synthetic progress, new types of multifunctional linear PEG (mf-PEG) and PPO structures accessible by copolymerization of EO or PO with functional epoxide comonomers are presented as well as complex branched, hyperbranched, and dendrimer like polyethers. Amphiphilic block copolymers based on PEO and PPO (Poloxamers and Pluronics) and advances in the area of PEGylation as the most important bioconjugation strategy are also summarized. With the ever growing toolbox for epoxide polymerization, a "polyether universe" may be envisaged that in its structural diversity parallels the immense variety of structural options available for polymers based on vinyl monomers with a purely carbon-based backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Herzberger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.,Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz , Staudingerweg 9, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kerstin Niederer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hannah Pohlit
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.,Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz , Staudingerweg 9, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.,Max Planck Graduate Center , Staudingerweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center , Langenbeckstraße 1, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Seiwert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Worm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.,Max Planck Graduate Center , Staudingerweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Max Planck Graduate Center , Staudingerweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Holger Frey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.,Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz , Staudingerweg 9, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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Liu Y, Li J, Lu Y. Enzyme therapeutics for systemic detoxification. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 90:24-39. [PMID: 25980935 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Life relies on numerous biochemical processes working synergistically and correctly. Certain substances disrupt these processes, inducing living organism into an abnormal state termed intoxication. Managing intoxication usually requires interventions, which is referred as detoxification. Decades of development on detoxification reveals the potential of enzymes as ideal therapeutics and antidotes, because their high substrate specificity and catalytic efficiency are essential for clearing intoxicating substances without adverse effects. However, intrinsic shortcomings of enzymes including low stability and high immunogenicity are major hurdles, which could be overcome by delivering enzymes with specially designed nanocarriers. Extensive investigations on protein delivery indicate three types of enzyme-nanocarrier architectures that show more promise than others for systemic detoxification, including liposome-wrapped enzymes, polymer-enzyme conjugates, and polymer-encapsulated enzymes. This review highlights recent advances in these nano-architectures and discusses their applications in systemic detoxifications. Therapeutic potential of various enzymes as well as associated challenges in achieving effective delivery of therapeutic enzymes will also be discussed.
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Shiraishi Y, Muramoto T, Nagatomo K, Shinmi D, Honma E, Masuda K, Yamasaki M. Identification of Highly Reactive Cysteine Residues at Less Exposed Positions in the Fab Constant Region for Site-Specific Conjugation. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:1032-40. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhisa Shiraishi
- Innovative Technology Laboratories, Research Functions Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo 194-8533, Japan
| | - Takashige Muramoto
- Innovative Technology Laboratories, Research Functions Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo 194-8533, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Nagatomo
- Innovative Technology Laboratories, Research Functions Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo 194-8533, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shinmi
- Innovative Technology Laboratories, Research Functions Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo 194-8533, Japan
| | - Emiko Honma
- Innovative Technology Laboratories, Research Functions Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo 194-8533, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Masuda
- Innovative Technology Laboratories, Research Functions Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo 194-8533, Japan
| | - Motoo Yamasaki
- Innovative Technology Laboratories, Research Functions Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo 194-8533, Japan
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24
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Wang D, Ni K, Ren Y, Wei D. Site-directed modification of genetically engineered Proteus sp. lipase K107 variants with a polyethylene glycol derivative. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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25
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Wadhwa M, Bird C, Dougall T, Rigsby P, Bristow A, Thorpe R. Establishment of the first international standard for PEGylated granulocyte colony stimulating factor (PEG-G-CSF): report of an international collaborative study. J Immunol Methods 2014; 416:17-28. [PMID: 25450254 PMCID: PMC4334095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the feasibility of developing a suitable international reference standard for determination of in vitro biological activity of human sequence recombinant PEG-G-CSF products with a 20kD linear PEG linked to the N-terminal methionyl residue of G-CSF (INN Filgrastim), produced using a conjugation process and coupling chemistry similar to that employed for the lead PEGfilgrastim product. Based on initial data which showed that the current WHO 2nd international standard, IS for G-CSF (09/136) or alternatively, a PEG-G-CSF standard with a unitage traceable to the G-CSF IS may potentially serve as the IS for PEG-G-CSF products, two candidate preparations of PEG-G-CSF were formulated and lyophilized at NIBSC. These preparations were tested by 23 laboratories using in vitro bioassays in a multi-centre collaborative study. Results indicated that on the basis of parallelism, the current WHO 2nd IS for G-CSF or any of the PEG-G-CSF samples could be used as the international standard for PEG-G-CSF preparations. However, because of the variability in potency estimates seen when PEG-G-CSF preparations were compared with the current WHO 2nd IS for G-CSF, a candidate PEG-G-CSF was suitable as the WHO IS. The preparation 12/188 was judged suitable to serve as the WHO IS based on in vitro biological activity data. Therefore, the preparation coded 12/188 was established by the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization (ECBS) in 2013 as the WHO 1st IS for human PEGylated G-CSF with an assigned in vitro bioactivity of 10,000IU per ampoule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Wadhwa
- Biotherapeutics Group, NIBSC, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Chris Bird
- Biotherapeutics Group, NIBSC, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Thomas Dougall
- Technology Development and Infrastructure, NIBSC, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Peter Rigsby
- Technology Development and Infrastructure, NIBSC, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Adrian Bristow
- Biotherapeutics Group, NIBSC, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK; Technology Development and Infrastructure, NIBSC, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Robin Thorpe
- Biotherapeutics Group, NIBSC, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
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26
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Wang X, Hu J, Pan D, Teng H, Xiu Z. PEGylation kinetics of recombinant hirudin and its application for the production of PEGylated HV2 species. Biochem Eng J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Pfister D, Morbidelli M. Process for protein PEGylation. J Control Release 2014; 180:134-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Peng F, Liu Y, Li X, Sun L, Zhao D, Wang Q, Ma G, Su Z. PEGylation of G-CSF in organic solvent markedly increase the efficacy and reactivity through protein unfolding, hydrolysis inhibition and solvent effect. J Biotechnol 2014; 170:42-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Rubinstein MP, Salem ML, Doedens AL, Moore CJ, Chiuzan C, Rivell GL, Cole DJ, Goldrath AW. G-CSF/anti-G-CSF antibody complexes drive the potent recovery and expansion of CD11b+Gr-1+ myeloid cells without compromising CD8+ T cell immune responses. J Hematol Oncol 2013; 6:75. [PMID: 24279871 PMCID: PMC3850648 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-6-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Administration of recombinant G-CSF following cytoreductive therapy enhances the recovery of myeloid cells, minimizing the risk of opportunistic infection. Free G-CSF, however, is expensive, exhibits a short half-life, and has poor biological activity in vivo. METHODS We evaluated whether the biological activity of G-CSF could be improved by pre-association with anti-G-CSF mAb prior to injection into mice. RESULTS We find that the efficacy of G-CSF therapy can be enhanced more than 100-fold by pre-association of G-CSF with an anti-G-CSF monoclonal antibody (mAb). Compared with G-CSF alone, administration of G-CSF/anti-G-CSF mAb complexes induced the potent expansion of CD11b+Gr-1+ myeloid cells in mice with or without concomitant cytoreductive treatment including radiation or chemotherapy. Despite driving the dramatic expansion of myeloid cells, in vivo antigen-specific CD8+ T cell immune responses were not compromised. Furthermore, injection of G-CSF/anti-G-CSF mAb complexes heightened protective immunity to bacterial infection. As a measure of clinical value, we also found that antibody complexes improved G-CSF biological activity much more significantly than pegylation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide the first evidence that antibody cytokine complexes can effectively expand myeloid cells, and furthermore, that G-CSF/anti-G-CSF mAb complexes may provide an improved method for the administration of recombinant G-CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Rubinstein
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, HO506, SC 29403, USA
| | - Mohamed L Salem
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, USA
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Andrew L Doedens
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Caitlin J Moore
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, USA
| | - Cody Chiuzan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Guillermo L Rivell
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, USA
| | - David J Cole
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, USA
| | - Ananda W Goldrath
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Challenges for PEGylated Proteins and Alternative Half-Life Extension Technologies Based on Biodegradable Polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2013-1135.ch013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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Mo J, Tymiak AA, Chen G. Characterization of disulfide linkages in recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:940-946. [PMID: 23592195 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Recombinant human G granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) produced in Escherichia coli is a non-glycosylated polypeptide containing five cysteine residues. The reported major disulfide (S-S) linkages in mature human G-CSF are C36 -C42 and C64 -C74 , leaving C17 as a free cysteine, which could potentially result in S-S scrambling. The purpose of this work is to illustrate different mass spectrometry (MS) approaches for characterization of S-S linkages in therapeutic proteins including S-S scrambling using rhG-CSF as a model protein. METHODS Peptide mapping analysis of both non-reduced and reduced digests of rhG-CSF was performed to demonstrate the presence of S-S linked peptides and their corresponding reduced peptides. High mass accuracy measurements of these peptides provided the initial identifications of S-S linkages. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) and electron transfer dissociation (ETD) were used to fragment these peptides in order to obtain further sequence information and identify S-S linkages. RESULTS S-S linked peptides and their corresponding reduced peptides correlating with major S-S linkages were observed. Peptides that correlated with other S-S linkages as a result of S-S scrambling were also observed. CONCLUSIONS Presence of the reported major S-S linkages in rhG-CSF was confirmed. S-S scrambling was also observed in which C18 was involved in S-S linkages and C37 , C65 or C75 were present as free cysteines. This study demonstrates the practical utility of combining different MS methods for characterization of S-S linkages in therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjie Mo
- Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
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Kunstelj M, Fidler K, Škrajnar Š, Kenig M, Smilović V, Kusterle M, Caserman S, Zore I, Porekar VG, Jevševar S. Cysteine-Specific PEGylation of rhG-CSF via Selenylsulfide Bond. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:889-96. [DOI: 10.1021/bc3005232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Menči Kunstelj
- Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals, Mengeš, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, SI-1234 Mengeš,
Slovenia
| | - Katarina Fidler
- Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals, Mengeš, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, SI-1234 Mengeš,
Slovenia
| | - Špela Škrajnar
- Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals, Mengeš, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, SI-1234 Mengeš,
Slovenia
| | - Maja Kenig
- Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals, Mengeš, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, SI-1234 Mengeš,
Slovenia
| | - Vanja Smilović
- Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals, Mengeš, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, SI-1234 Mengeš,
Slovenia
| | - Mateja Kusterle
- Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals, Mengeš, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, SI-1234 Mengeš,
Slovenia
| | - Simon Caserman
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Zore
- Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals, Mengeš, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, SI-1234 Mengeš,
Slovenia
| | | | - Simona Jevševar
- Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals, Mengeš, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, SI-1234 Mengeš,
Slovenia
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35
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Gao M, Tong Y, Gao X, Yao W. PEGylation-aided refolding of globular adiponectin. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 29:1525-30. [PMID: 23512209 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1312-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Globular adiponectin (GAD) as the active domain of adiponectin is a promising candidate for anti-diabetic drug development. The recombinant production of GAD in Escherichia coli, however, is difficult because it is mainly expressed as inclusion bodies which need to be refolded to regain function. In this study we developed a novel method for refolding of GAD with a high efficiency by using polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugation. An artificially designed DNA sequence encoding for GAD was synthesized and inserted into the pET28a vector to construct an expression plasmid which was thereafter transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3) host cells for heterologous expression. After bacterial cell culture employing auto-induction medium, the inclusion bodies were collected, washed and dissolved in guanidine hydrochloride before PEG conjugation. Then the PEG-conjugated GAD was refolded by dialysis and purified by two steps of chromatography. The refolded conjugate showed a marked glucose-lowering activity in mice, demonstrating that it had been successfully refolded. As a convenient method, PEGylation-aided refolding could also be tested on other proteins to explore its suitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing 210009, China
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da Silva Freitas D, Mero A, Pasut G. Chemical and Enzymatic Site Specific PEGylation of hGH. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:456-63. [DOI: 10.1021/bc300594y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Débora da Silva Freitas
- Research Fellow
of the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, SHIS QI 1 Conjunto B - Bloco B, Edifício
Santos Dumont,
Lago Sul, CEP 71605-170 Brasília - DF- Brazil
| | - Anna Mero
- Department of Pharmaceutical
and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Pasut
- Department of Pharmaceutical
and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padua, Italy
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Xue X, Li D, Yu J, Ma G, Su Z, Hu T. Phenyl Linker-Induced Dense PEG Conformation Improves the Efficacy of C-Terminally MonoPEGylated Staphylokinase. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:331-41. [DOI: 10.1021/bm301511w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Xue
- National Key Laboratory
of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dongxia Li
- National Key Laboratory
of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jingkai Yu
- National Key Laboratory
of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- National Key Laboratory
of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhiguo Su
- National Key Laboratory
of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Tao Hu
- National Key Laboratory
of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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38
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Conjugation of hyaluronan to proteins. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 92:2163-70. [PMID: 23399272 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.11.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Polymer conjugation has been widely exploited to prolong half-life and reduce immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins. Here, the potentials of hyaluronic acid (HA) have been investigated by studying the conjugates with two model enzymes, trypsin and RNase A, and with insulin. As the direct coupling of proteins to the HA's carboxylic groups can cause cross-linking problems, a hyaluronan-aldehyde derivative has been synthesized for N-terminal site-selective conjugation. HA conjugation, termed HAylation, preserved the activities of enzymes and their thermal stabilities. Insulin HAylation was studied by preparing two conjugates with different peptide loadings (32% and 17%, w/w). Noticeably, the conjugate with the lower loading showed the greater effect on blood glucose level. The 17% HA-insulin conjugate showed a lowering effect on blood glucose level for up to 6h, while free insulin exhausted its action after 1h. This study highlights the potentials of hyaluronan-aldehyde for protein delivery.
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Nairn NW, Shanebeck KD, Wang A, Graddis TJ, VanBrunt MP, Thornton KC, Grabstein K. Development of copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition for increased in vivo efficacy of interferon β-1b by site-specific PEGylation. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:2087-97. [PMID: 22988919 DOI: 10.1021/bc300295x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of protein conjugate therapeutics requires control over the site of modification to allow for reproducible generation of a product with the desired potency, pharmacokinetic, and safety profile. Placement of a single nonnatural amino acid at the desired modification site of a recombinant protein, followed by a bioorthogonal reaction, can provide complete control. To this end, we describe the development of copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC, a click chemistry reaction) for site-specific PEGylation of interferon β-1b (IFNb) containing azidohomoalanine (Aha) at the N-terminus. Reaction conditions were optimized using various propargyl-activated PEGs, tris(benzyltriazolylmethyl)amine (TBTA), copper sulfate, and dithiothreitol (DTT) in the presence of SDS. The requirement for air in order to advance the redox potential of the reaction was investigated. The addition of unreactive PEG diol reduced the required molar ratio to 2:1 PEG-alkyne to IFNb. The resultant method produced high conversion of Aha-containing IFNb to the single desired product. PEG-IFNbs with 10, 20, 30, and 40 kDa linear or 40 kDa branched PEGs were produced with these methods and compared. Increasing PEG size yielded decreasing in vitro antiviral activities along with concomitant increases in elimination half-life, AUC, and bioavailability when administered in rats or monkeys. A Daudi tumor xenograft model provided comparative evaluation of these combined effects, wherein a 40 kDa branched PEG-IFNb was much more effective than conjugates with smaller PEGs or unPEGylated IFNb at preventing tumor growth in spite of dosing with fewer units and lesser frequency. The results demonstrate the capability of site-specific nonnatural amino acid incorporation to generate novel biomolecule conjugates with increased in vivo efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie W Nairn
- Allozyne, 1600 Fairview Avenue E, Suite 300, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
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40
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Natalello A, Ami D, Collini M, D’Alfonso L, Chirico G, Tonon G, Scaramuzza S, Schrepfer R, Doglia SM. Biophysical characterization of Met-G-CSF: effects of different site-specific mono-pegylations on protein stability and aggregation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42511. [PMID: 22905140 PMCID: PMC3414461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited stability of proteins in vitro and in vivo reduces their conversion into effective biopharmaceuticals. To overcome this problem several strategies can be exploited, as the conjugation of the protein of interest with polyethylene glycol, in most cases, improves its stability and pharmacokinetics. In this work, we report a biophysical characterization of the non-pegylated and of two different site-specific mono-pegylated forms of recombinant human methionyl-granulocyte colony stimulating factor (Met-G-CSF), a protein used in chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation. In particular, we found that the two mono-pegylations of Met-G-CSF at the N-terminal methionine and at glutamine 135 increase the protein thermal stability, reduce the aggregation propensity, preventing also protein precipitation, as revealed by circular dichroism (CD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopies and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Interestingly, the two pegylation strategies were found to drastically reduce the polydispersity of Met-G-CSF, when incubated under conditions favouring protein aggregation, as indicated by DLS measurements. Our in vitro results are in agreement with preclinical studies, underlining that preliminary biophysical analyses, performed in the early stages of the development of new biopharmaceutical variants, might offer a useful tool for the identification of protein variants with improved therapeutic values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Natalello
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze Fisiche della Materia (CNISM), UdR Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Diletta Ami
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze Fisiche della Materia (CNISM), UdR Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Laura D’Alfonso
- Department of Physics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Chirico
- Department of Physics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Scaramuzza
- Bio-Ker srl c/o Sardinia Scientific and Technological Park, Pula, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Schrepfer
- Bio-Ker srl c/o Sardinia Scientific and Technological Park, Pula, Italy
| | - Silvia Maria Doglia
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze Fisiche della Materia (CNISM), UdR Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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41
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Unterweger B, Stoisser T, Leitgeb S, Birner-Grünberger R, Nidetzky B. Engineering of Aerococcus viridans L-lactate oxidase for site-specific PEGylation: characterization and selective bioorthogonal modification of a S218C mutant. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1406-14. [PMID: 22646749 DOI: 10.1021/bc2006847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A defined bioconjugate of Aerococcus viridans L-lactate oxidase and poly(ethylene glycol) 5000 was prepared and characterized in its structural and functional properties in comparison to the unmodified enzyme. Because the L-lactate oxidase in the native form does not contain cysteines, we introduced a new site for chemical modification via thiol chemistry by substituting the presumably surface-exposed serine-218, a nonconserved residue in the amino acid sequence, with cysteine. The resulting S218C mutant was isolated from Escherichia coli and shown in kinetic assays to be similarly (i.e., about half as) active as the native enzyme, thus validating the structure-guided design of the mutation. Using maleimide-activated methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) 5000 in about 10-fold molar excess over protein, the S218C mutant was converted in high yield (94%) into PEGylated derivative, while the native enzyme was totally unreactive under equivalent conditions. PEGylation caused only a relatively small decrease (30%) in the specific activity of the S218C mutant, and it did not change the protein stability. PEGylation went along with enhancement of the apparent size of the homotetrameric L-lactate oxidase in gel permeation chromatography, from 170 kDa to 250 kDa. The protein hydrodynamic diameter determined by dynamic light scattering increased from 11.9 nm in unmodified S218C mutant to 16.4 nm in the PEGylated form. Site-selective PEGylation of the mutated L-lactate oxidase, using orthogonal maleimide-thiol coupling, could therefore facilitate incorporation of the enzyme into biosensors currently employed for determination of blood L-lactate levels, and it could also support different applications of the enzyme in applied biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Unterweger
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering, and Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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42
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Mero A, Fang Z, Pasut G, Veronese FM, Viegas TX. Selective conjugation of poly(2-ethyl 2-oxazoline) to granulocyte colony stimulating factor. J Control Release 2012; 159:353-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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43
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Roessl U, Wiesbauer J, Leitgeb S, Birner-Gruenberger R, Nidetzky B. Non-native aggregation of recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor under simulated process stress conditions. Biotechnol J 2012; 7:1014-24. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201100436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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44
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Pasut G, Veronese FM. State of the art in PEGylation: the great versatility achieved after forty years of research. J Control Release 2011; 161:461-72. [PMID: 22094104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the recent years, protein PEGylation has become an established and highly refined technology by moving forward from initial simple random coupling approaches based on conjugation at the level of lysine ε-amino group. Nevertheless, amino PEGylation is still yielding important conjugates, currently in clinical practice, where the degree of homogeneity was improved by optimizing the reaction conditions and implementing the purification processes. However, the current research is mainly focused on methods of site-selective PEGylation that allow the obtainment of a single isomer, thus highly increasing the degree of homogeneity and the preservation of bioactivity. Protein N-terminus and free cysteines were the first sites exploited for selective PEGylation but currently further positions can be addressed thanks to approaches like bridging PEGylation (disulphide bridges), enzymatic PEGylation (glutamines and C-terminus) and glycoPEGylation (sites of O- and N-glycosylation or the glycans of a glycoprotein). Furthermore, by combining the tools of genetic engineering with specific PEGylation approaches, the polymer can be basically coupled at any position on the protein surface, owing to the substitution of a properly chosen amino acid in the sequence with a natural or unnatural amino acid bearing an orthogonal reactive group. On the other hand, PEGylation has not achieved the same success in the delivery of small drugs, despite the large interest and several studies in this field. Targeted conjugates and PEGs for combination therapy might represent the promising answers for the so far unmet needs of PEG as carrier of small drugs. This review presents a thorough panorama of recent advances in the field of PEGylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Pasut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padua, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padua, Italy.
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45
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Mero A, Clementi C, Veronese FM, Pasut G. Covalent conjugation of poly(ethylene glycol) to proteins and peptides: strategies and methods. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 751:95-129. [PMID: 21674328 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-151-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
PEGylation, the covalent linking of PEG chains, has become the leading drug delivery approach for proteins. This technique initiated its first steps almost 40 years ago, and since then, a variety of methods and strategies for protein-polymer coupling have been devised. PEGylation can give a number of relevant advantages to the conjugated protein, such as an important in vivo half-life prolongation, a reduction or an abolishment of immunogenicity, and a reduction of aggregation. Furthermore, the technique has demonstrated a great degree of versatility and efficacy--not only PEG-protein conjugates have reached the commercial marketplace (with nine types of derivatives), but a PEG-aptamer and PEGylated liposomes are now also available. Most of this success is due to the development of several PEGylation strategies and to the large selection of PEGylating agents presently at hand for researchers. Nevertheless, this technique still requires a certain level of familiarity and knowledge in order to achieve a positive outcome for a PEGylation project. To draw general guidelines for conducting PEGylation studies is not always easy or even possible because such experiments often require case-by-case optimization. On the other hand, several common methods can be used as starting examples for the development of tailor-made coupling conditions. Therefore, this chapter aims to provide a basic introduction to a wide range of PEGylation procedures for those researchers who may not be familiar with this field.
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46
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Huang Z, Lu M, Zhu G, Gao H, Xie L, Zhang X, Ye C, Wang Y, Sun C, Li X. Acceleration of diabetic-wound healing with PEGylated rhaFGF in healing-impaired streptozocin diabetic rats. Wound Repair Regen 2011; 19:633-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2011.00722.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Meifei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province; Wenzhou Medical College; Wenzhou; China
| | - Guanghui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province; Wenzhou Medical College; Wenzhou; China
| | - Hongchang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province; Wenzhou Medical College; Wenzhou; China
| | - Liyun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province; Wenzhou Medical College; Wenzhou; China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province; Wenzhou Medical College; Wenzhou; China
| | - Chaohui Ye
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province; Wenzhou Medical College; Wenzhou; China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province; Wenzhou Medical College; Wenzhou; China
| | - Chuanchuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province; Wenzhou Medical College; Wenzhou; China
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47
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Hu J, Sebald W. N-terminal specificity of PEGylation of human bone morphogenetic protein-2 at acidic pH. Int J Pharm 2011; 413:140-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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48
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A better anti-diabetic recombinant human fibroblast growth factor 21 (rhFGF21) modified with polyethylene glycol. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20669. [PMID: 21673953 PMCID: PMC3108960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family members, FGF21 has been extensively investigated for its potential as a drug candidate to combat metabolic diseases. In the present study, recombinant human FGF21 (rhFGF21) was modified with polyethylene glycol (PEGylation) in order to increase its in vivo biostabilities and therapeutic potency. At N-terminal residue rhFGF21 was site-selectively PEGylated with mPEG20 kDa-butyraldehyde. The PEGylated rhFGF21 was purified to near homogeneity by Q Sepharose anion-exchange chromatography. The general structural and biochemical features as well as anti-diabetic effects of PEGylated rhFGF21 in a type 2 diabetic rat model were evaluated. By N-terminal sequencing and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, we confirmed that PEG molecule was conjugated only to the N-terminus of rhFGF21. The mono-PEGylated rhFGF21 retained the secondary structure, consistent with the native rhFGF21, but its biostabilities, including the resistance to physiological temperature and trypsinization, were significantly enhanced. The in vivo immunogenicity of PEGylated rhFGF21 was significantly decreased, and in vivo half-life time was significantly elongated. Compared to the native form, the PEGylated rhFGF21 had a similar capacity of stimulating glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 cells in vitro, but afforded a significantly long effect on reducing blood glucose and triglyceride levels in the type 2 diabetic animals. These results suggest that the PEGylated rhFGF21 is a better and more effective anti-diabetic drug candidate than the native rhFGF21 currently available. Therefore, the PEGylated rhFGF21 may be potentially applied in clinics to improve the metabolic syndrome for type 2 diabetic patients.
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49
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Top A, Roberts CJ, Kiick KL. Conformational and aggregation properties of a PEGylated alanine-rich polypeptide. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:2184-92. [PMID: 21553871 DOI: 10.1021/bm200272w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The conformational and aggregation behavior of PEG conjugates of an alanine-rich polypeptide (PEG-c17H6) were investigated and compared to that of the polypeptide equipped with a deca-histidine tag (17H6). These polypeptides serve as simple and stimuli-responsive models for the aggregation behavior of helix-rich proteins, as our previous studies have shown that the helical 17H6 self-associates at acidic pH and converts to β-sheet structures at elevated temperature under acidic conditions. In the work here, we show that PEG-c17H6 also adopts a helical structure at ambient/subambient temperatures, at both neutral and acidic pH. The thermal denaturation behavior of 17H6 and PEG-c17H6 is similar at neutral pH, where the alanine-rich domain has no self-association tendency. At acidic pH and elevated temperature, however, PEGylation slows β-sheet formation of c17H6, and reduces the apparent cooperativity of thermally induced unfolding. Transmission electron microscopy of PEG-c17H6 conjugates incubated at elevated temperatures showed fibrils with widths of ∼20-30 nm, wider than those observed for fibrils of 17H6. These results suggest that PEGylation reduces β-sheet aggregation in these polypeptides by interfering, only after unfolding of the native helical structure, with interprotein conformational changes needed to form β-sheet aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayben Top
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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50
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Biedermann F, Rauwald U, Zayed JM, Scherman OA. A supramolecular route for reversible protein-polymer conjugation. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00435a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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