1
|
Petriccone M, Laurent R, Caminade AM, Sebastián RM. Diverse Approaches for the Difunctionalization of PPH Dendrimers, Precise Versus Stochastic: How Does this Influence Catalytic Performance? ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:853-858. [PMID: 38917088 PMCID: PMC11256758 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Random difunctionalization of dendrimer surfaces, frequently employed in biological applications, provides the advantage of dual functional groups through a synthetic pathway that is simpler compared to precise difunctionalization. However, is the random difunctionalization as efficient as the precise difunctionalization on the surface of dendrimers? This question is unanswered to date because most dendrimer families face challenges in achieving precise functionalization. Polyphosphorhydrazone (PPH) dendrimers present a unique opportunity to obtain precise difunctionalization at each terminal branching point. The work concerning catalysis we report with PPH dendrimers, whether precisely or randomly functionalized, addresses this question. Across PPH dendrimers, from generations 1 to 3, precise functionalization consistently outperforms random functionalization in terms of efficiency. This finding introduces a novel concept in dendrimer science, emphasizing the superiority of precise over random functionalization methodologies. Introducing a groundbreaking concept in the field of dendrimers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Petriccone
- Department
of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Universitat
Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratoire
de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, CEDEX 4, France
- LCC−CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Régis Laurent
- Laboratoire
de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, CEDEX 4, France
- LCC−CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Marie Caminade
- Laboratoire
de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, CEDEX 4, France
- LCC−CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Rosa María Sebastián
- Department
of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Universitat
Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ren H, Hu Q, Sun Y, Zhou X, Zhu Y, Dong Q, Chen L, Tang J, Hu H, Shen Y, Zhou Z. Surface chemistry mediates the tumor entrance of nanoparticles probed using single-molecule dual-imaging nanodots. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:7051-7061. [PMID: 37665277 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01171b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The active transport of nanoparticles into solid tumors through transcytosis has been recognized as a promising way to enhance tumor accumulation and penetration, but the effect of the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles remains unclear. Herein, we develop a type of single-molecule dual imaging nanodot by divergent growth of perylenediimide (PDI)-dye-cored polylysine dendrimers and internal orthogonal conjugation of Gd(III)-based macrocyclic probes for fluorescence imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of surface chemistry-dependent tumor entrance. The MRI and fluorescence imaging show that sixth-generation nanodots with acetylated (G6-Ac) and oligo ethylene glycol (G6-OEG) surfaces exhibit similar high tumor accumulation but different intratumor distribution. Cellular uptake and transport experiments suggest that G6-Ac nanodots have lower lysosomal entrapment (61% vs. 83%) and a higher exocytotic rate (47% vs. 29%) than G6-OEG. Therefore, G6-Ac is more likely to undergo intercellular transport through cell transcytosis, and is able to reach a tumor area distant from blood vessels, while G6-OEG mainly enters the tumor through enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect-based passive transport, and is not able to deliver to distant tumor areas. This study suggests that it is possible to boost the tumor entrance of nanoparticles by engineering surface chemistry for active transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Ren
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Qiuhui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital (SRRSH) of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Yuji Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital (SRRSH) of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Yincong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Qiuyang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Linying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Jianbin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Hongjie Hu
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital (SRRSH) of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Zhuxian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Montiel L, Spada F, Crisp A, Serdjukow S, Carell T, Frischmuth T. Divergent Synthesis of Ultrabright and Dendritic Xanthenes for Enhanced Click-Chemistry-Based Bioimaging. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202633. [PMID: 36317813 PMCID: PMC10107433 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biorthogonal labelling with fluorescent small molecules is an indispensable tool for diagnostic and biomedical applications. In dye-based 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) cell proliferation assays, augmentation of the fluorescent signal entails an overall enhancement in the sensitivity and quality of the method. To this end, a rapid, divergent synthetic procedure that provides ready-to-click pH-insensitive rhodamine dyes exhibiting outstanding brightness was established. Compared to the shortest available synthesis of related high quantum-yielding rhodamines, two fewer synthetic steps are required. In a head-to-head imaging comparison involving copper(I)-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition reactions with in vitro administered EdU, our new 3,3-difluoroazetidine rhodamine azide outperformed the popular 5-TAMRA-azide, making it among the best available choices when it comes to fluorescent imaging of DNA. In a further exploration of the fluorescence properties of these dyes, a set of bis-MPA dendrons carrying multiple fluorescein or rhodamine units was prepared by branching click chemistry. Fluorescence self-quenching of fluorescein- and rhodamine-functionalized dendrons limited the suitability of the dyes as labels in EdU-based experiments but provided new insights into these effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Montiel
- Baseclick GmbH, Floriansbogen 2-4, 82061, Neuried (Munich), Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Institut für Chemische Epigenetik München (ICEM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabio Spada
- Baseclick GmbH, Floriansbogen 2-4, 82061, Neuried (Munich), Germany
| | - Antony Crisp
- Baseclick GmbH, Floriansbogen 2-4, 82061, Neuried (Munich), Germany
| | - Sascha Serdjukow
- Baseclick GmbH, Floriansbogen 2-4, 82061, Neuried (Munich), Germany
| | - Thomas Carell
- Department of Chemistry, Institut für Chemische Epigenetik München (ICEM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang J, Wang K, Zheng Y, Piao Y, Wang J, Tang J, Shen Y, Zhou Z. Molecularly Precise, Bright, Photostable, and Biocompatible Cyanine Nanodots as Alternatives to Quantum Dots for Biomedical Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202128. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Kaiqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Yihuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Ying Piao
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Jinqiang Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Jianbin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Zhuxian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang J, Wang K, Zheng Y, Piao Y, Wang J, Tang J, Shen Y, Zhou Z. Molecularly Precise, Bright, Photostable, and Biocompatible Cyanine Nanodots as Alternatives to Quantum Dots for Biomedical Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Yang
- Zhejiang University Chemical and Biological Engineering CHINA
| | - Kaiqi Wang
- Zhejiang University Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University, Yuquan Campus, the teaching's building No4 310027 Hangzhou CHINA
| | - Yihuan Zheng
- Zhejiang University Chemical and Biological Engineering CHINA
| | - Ying Piao
- Zhejiang University Chemical and Biological Engineering CHINA
| | - Jinqiang Wang
- Zhejiang University Chemical and Biological Engineering CHINA
| | - Jianbin Tang
- Zhejiang University Chemical and Biological Engineering CHINA
| | - Youqing Shen
- Zhejiang University Chemical and Biological Engineering CHINA
| | - Zhuxian Zhou
- Zhejiang Univeristy Zheda road 38, Hangzhou CHINA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cyanine-5-Driven Behaviours of Hyperbranched Polymers Designed for Therapeutic Delivery Are Cell-Type Specific and Correlated with Polar Lipid Distribution in Membranes. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11071745. [PMID: 34361131 PMCID: PMC8308131 DOI: 10.3390/nano11071745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability to predict the behaviour of polymeric nanomedicines can often be obfuscated by subtle modifications to the corona structure, such as incorporation of fluorophores or other entities. However, these interactions provide an intriguing insight into how selection of molecular components in multifunctional nanomedicines contributes to the overall biological fate of such materials. Here, we detail the internalisation behaviours of polymeric nanomedicines across a suite of cell types and extrapolate data for distinguishing the underlying mechanics of cyanine-5-driven interactions as they pertain to uptake and endosomal escape. By correlating the variance of rate kinetics with endosomal escape efficiency and endogenous lipid polarity, we identify that observed cell-type dependencies correspond with an underlying susceptibility to dye-mediated effects and nanomedicine accumulation within polar vesicles. Further, our results infer that the ability to translocate endosomal membranes may be improved in certain cell types, suggesting a potential role for diagnostic moieties in trafficking of drug-loaded nanocarriers.
Collapse
|
7
|
Reiber T, Zavoiura O, Dose C, Yushchenko DA. Fluorophore Multimerization as an Efficient Approach towards Bright Protein Labels. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thorge Reiber
- Department of Chemical Biology Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG Friedrich-Ebert Straße 68 51429 Bergisch Gladbach Germany
| | - Oleksandr Zavoiura
- Department of Chemical Biology Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG Friedrich-Ebert Straße 68 51429 Bergisch Gladbach Germany
| | - Christian Dose
- Department of Chemical Biology Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG Friedrich-Ebert Straße 68 51429 Bergisch Gladbach Germany
| | - Dmytro A. Yushchenko
- Department of Chemical Biology Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG Friedrich-Ebert Straße 68 51429 Bergisch Gladbach Germany
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo namesti 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Anson F, Liu B, Kanjilal P, Wu P, Hardy JA, Thayumanavan S. Evaluating Endosomal Escape of Caspase-3-Containing Nanomaterials Using Split GFP. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:1261-1272. [PMID: 33591168 PMCID: PMC8477791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The ability for biologics to access intracellular targets hinges on the translocation of active, unmodified proteins. This is often achieved using nanoscale formulations, which enter cells through endocytosis. This uptake mechanism often limits the therapeutic potential of the biologics, as the propensity of the nanocarrier to escape the endosome becomes the key determinant. To appropriately evaluate and compare competing delivery systems of disparate compositions, it is therefore critical to assess endosomal escape efficiencies. Unfortunately, quantitative tools to assess endosomal escape are lacking, and standard approaches often lead to an erroneous interpretation of cytosolic localization. In this study we use a split-complementation endosomal escape (SEE) assay to evaluate levels of cytosolic caspase-3 following delivery by polymer nanogels and mesoporous silica nanoparticles. In particular, we use SEE as a means to enable the systematic investigation of the effect of polymer composition, polymer architecture (random vs block), hydrophobicity, and surface functionality. Although polymer structure had little influence on endosomal escape, nanogel functionalization with cationic and pH-sensitive peptides significantly enhanced endosomal escape levels and, further, significantly increased the amount of nanogel per endosome. This work serves as a guide for developing an optimal caspase-3 delivery system, as this caspase-3 variant can be easily substituted for a therapeutic caspase-3 cargo in any system that results in cytosolic accumulation and cargo release. In addition, these data provide a framework that can be readily applied to a wide variety of protein cargos to assess the independent contributions of both uptake and endosomal escape of a wide range of protein delivery vehicles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jeanne A. Hardy
- Center for Bioactive Delivery at the Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - S. Thayumanavan
- Center for Bioactive Delivery at the Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Simpson JD, Monteiro PF, Ediriweera GR, Prior AR, Sonderegger SE, Bell CA, Fletcher NL, Alexander C, Thurecht KJ. Fluorophore Selection and Incorporation Contribute to Permeation and Distribution Behaviors of Hyperbranched Polymers in Multi-Cellular Tumor Spheroids and Xenograft Tumor Models. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:2675-2685. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Simpson
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology (CBNS), ARC Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology (CIBIT), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering & Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Patrícia F. Monteiro
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Gayathri R. Ediriweera
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology (CBNS), ARC Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology (CIBIT), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering & Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Amber R. Prior
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology (CBNS), ARC Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology (CIBIT), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering & Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Stefan E. Sonderegger
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering & Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Craig A. Bell
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology (CBNS), ARC Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology (CIBIT), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering & Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas L. Fletcher
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology (CBNS), ARC Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology (CIBIT), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering & Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Cameron Alexander
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Kristofer J. Thurecht
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology (CBNS), ARC Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology (CIBIT), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering & Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Anson F, Kanjilal P, Thayumanavan S, Hardy JA. Tracking exogenous intracellular casp-3 using split GFP. Protein Sci 2021; 30:366-380. [PMID: 33165988 PMCID: PMC7784757 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic protein delivery promises diverse applications from therapeutics, to genetic modification and precision research tools. To achieve effective cellular and subcellular delivery, approaches that allow protein visualization and accurate localization with greater sensitivity are essential. Fluorescently tagging proteins allows detection, tracking and visualization in cellulo. However, undesired consequences from fluorophores or fluorescent protein tags, such as nonspecific interactions and high background or perturbation to native protein's size and structure, are frequently observed, or more troublingly, overlooked. Distinguishing cytosolically released molecules from those that are endosomally entrapped upon cellular uptake is particularly challenging and is often complicated by the inherent pH-sensitive and hydrophobic properties of the fluorophore. Monitoring localization is more complex in delivery of proteins with inherent protein-modifying activities like proteases, transacetylases, kinases, etc. Proteases are among the toughest cargos due to their inherent propensity for self-proteolysis. To implement a reliable, but functionally silent, tagging technology in a protease, we have developed a caspase-3 variant tagged with the 11th strand of GFP that retains both enzymatic activity and structural characteristics of wild-type caspase-3. Only in the presence of cytosolic GFP strands 1-10 will the tagged caspase-3 generate fluorescence to signal a non-endosomal location. This methodology facilitates easy screening of cytosolic vs. endosomally-entrapped proteins due to low probabilities for false positive results, and further, allows tracking of the resultant cargo's translocation. The development of this tagged casp-3 cytosolic reporter lays the foundation to probe caspase therapeutic properties, charge-property relationships governing successful escape, and the precise number of caspases required for apoptotic cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Anson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMassachusettsUSA
| | - Pintu Kanjilal
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMassachusettsUSA
| | - S. Thayumanavan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMassachusettsUSA
- The Center for Bioactive Delivery at the Institute for Applied Life SciencesUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jeanne A. Hardy
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMassachusettsUSA
- The Center for Bioactive Delivery at the Institute for Applied Life SciencesUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMassachusettsUSA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Camacho CS, Urgellés M, Tomás H, Lahoz F, Rodrigues J. New insights into the blue intrinsic fluorescence of oxidized PAMAM dendrimers considering their use as bionanomaterials. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:10314-10326. [PMID: 33146227 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01871f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Like other bionanomaterials, dendrimers are usually labelled with fluorescent compounds in order to be optically detected within cells. However, this process can interfere with their biological properties, so it is crucial to find other solutions for their traceability. Here, the blue intrinsic fluorescence of amine-terminated poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers was enhanced using oxidative treatment with ammonium persulfate (APS). The effects of dendrimer generation (G3, G4, and G5) and pH on the spectroscopic behavior of both pristine and APS-treated PAMAM dendrimers were studied in aqueous solution. Overall, the results pointed out that there are at least two types of emitting electron-rich hetero-atomic sub-luminophores (HASLs) confined within the dendrimer scaffold that have very close maximum emission wavelengths and whose emission properties strongly depend on pH. The APS treatment significantly enhanced the fluorescence intensity by leading to the protonation of the interior of the dendrimer. However, fluorescence intensity was not only dependent on the number of HASLs in the dendrimer scaffold (i.e., on dendrimer generation), but also on the rigidification suffered by the dendrimer due to the acidic environment (at low pH values, APS-treated G4 was indeed the most emissive species). Moreover, photoluminescence studies with lyophilized samples were also conducted, which confirmed the coexistence of more than one type of HASLs emitting in the dendrimer structure. The APS treatment affected these HASLs to a different extent. Time-resolved fluorescence experiments always showed higher average lifetimes of HASLs for APS-treated dendrimers than for pristine ones, in accordance with the fluorescence intensity results. On the other hand, the fraction and lifetimes of HASLs in APS-treated dendrimers were similar in solution and the lyophilized form. This behaviour was different for the pristine dendrimers that presented increased luminescence upon aggregation. Finally, the highly emissive oxidized dendrimers were shown not only to be much less cytotoxic and hemotoxic than pristine dendrimers but also to be detectable inside cells upon excitation with UV light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia S Camacho
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal.
| | - Marta Urgellés
- Departamento de Física, IUdEA, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Helena Tomás
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal.
| | - Fernando Lahoz
- Departamento de Física, IUdEA, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - João Rodrigues
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cong H, Wang K, Zhou Z, Yang J, Piao Y, Yu B, Shen Y, Zhou Z. Tuning the Brightness and Photostability of Organic Dots for Multivalent Targeted Cancer Imaging and Surgery. ACS NANO 2020; 14:5887-5900. [PMID: 32356972 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Specific labeling of biomarkers with bright and high photostable fluorophores is vital in fluorescent imaging applications. Here, we report a general strategy to develop single-molecule dendritic nanodots with finely tunable optical properties for in vivo fluorescent imaging. The well-defined nanodots are based on the divergent growth of biodegradable polylysine dendrimers with a fluorophore as the core. By tuning the size and surface chemistry, we obtained fluorescent nanodots with excellent brightness and photostability, favorable pharmacokinetics, and multivalent tumor-targeting capability. The nanodots provided robust, stable, long-lasting, and specific fluorescence enhancement in tumor tissue with an in situ tumor-to-normal ratio (TNR) of ∼3 and lasting over 5 days and an ex vivo TNR up to ∼17, holding considerable promise for cancer imaging and image-guided surgery. This strategy significantly improves the in vivo performance of fluorophores and can be applied to other modality imaging probes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Cong
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Kaiqi Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhuha Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, East Qingchun Road 3, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiajia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ying Piao
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhuxian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Camacho CS, Urgellés M, Tomás H, Lahoz F, Rodrigues J. New insights into the blue intrinsic fluorescence of oxidized PAMAM dendrimers considering their use as bionanomaterials. J Mater Chem B 2020. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/d0tb01871f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The fluorescence intensity of oxidized PAMAM dendrimers is not only dependent on the number of HASLs in the dendrimer scaffold (i.e., on dendrimer generation), but also on the rigidification suffered by the dendrimer due to the acidic environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia S. Camacho
- CQM – Centro de Química da Madeira
- MMRG
- Universidade da Madeira
- 9000-390 Funchal
- Portugal
| | - Marta Urgellés
- Departamento de Física
- IUdEA
- Universidad de La Laguna
- Tenerife
- Spain
| | - Helena Tomás
- CQM – Centro de Química da Madeira
- MMRG
- Universidade da Madeira
- 9000-390 Funchal
- Portugal
| | - Fernando Lahoz
- Departamento de Física
- IUdEA
- Universidad de La Laguna
- Tenerife
- Spain
| | - João Rodrigues
- CQM – Centro de Química da Madeira
- MMRG
- Universidade da Madeira
- 9000-390 Funchal
- Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Camacho CS, Urgellés M, Tomás H, Lahoz F, Rodrigues J. New insights into the blue intrinsic fluorescence of oxidized PAMAM dendrimers considering their use as bionanomaterials. J Mater Chem B 2020. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1039/d0tb01871f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
The fluorescence intensity of oxidized PAMAM dendrimers is not only dependent on the number of HASLs in the dendrimer scaffold (i.e., on dendrimer generation), but also on the rigidification suffered by the dendrimer due to the acidic environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia S. Camacho
- CQM – Centro de Química da Madeira
- MMRG
- Universidade da Madeira
- 9000-390 Funchal
- Portugal
| | - Marta Urgellés
- Departamento de Física
- IUdEA
- Universidad de La Laguna
- Tenerife
- Spain
| | - Helena Tomás
- CQM – Centro de Química da Madeira
- MMRG
- Universidade da Madeira
- 9000-390 Funchal
- Portugal
| | - Fernando Lahoz
- Departamento de Física
- IUdEA
- Universidad de La Laguna
- Tenerife
- Spain
| | - João Rodrigues
- CQM – Centro de Química da Madeira
- MMRG
- Universidade da Madeira
- 9000-390 Funchal
- Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Simpson JD, Ediriweera GR, Howard CB, Fletcher NL, Bell CA, Thurecht KJ. Polymer design and component selection contribute to uptake, distribution & trafficking behaviours of polyethylene glycol hyperbranched polymers in live MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:4661-4674. [PMID: 31469127 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00957d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As polymeric nanomedicines grow increasingly complex in design, an effective therapeutic release is often inherently tied to localisation to specific intracellular compartments or microenvironments. The inclusion of environmentally-sensitive moieties links the functionality of such materials to the trafficking behaviours exhibited once materials have obtained access to the cellular milieu. In order to perform their designed function, such materials often need to encounter specific biological cues or stimuli. As such, there is an increased need to improve our understanding of how the physicochemical properties of nanomaterials influence post-internalisation behaviours. Amongst the unknown factors that may contribute to the trafficking behaviours and distribution of polymers within the cellular environment, is the influence of the components selected in the development of such materials. To examine whether composition and arrangement of components within small polymeric nanomaterials contribute to their ability to navigate the intracellular space, here we utilise fluorophores to model component selection, varying the fluorescent handle selected and its method of incorporation. We explore the intracellular behaviours of well-characterised hyperbranched polymers in live MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells in vitro. Changes in distribution as a function of both fluorophore selection and placement are reported, and our data suggest that the individual components used to produce potential nanomedicines are critical to their overall functioning and efficacy. Further to this, through the use of a novel non-conjugated targeting ligand, we demonstrate that there is inherent competition between component-directing factors and cellular influences on the ultimate fate of the polymers. The behaviours reported here suggest that not only does component selection contribute to intracellular processing, but these factors could potentially be harnessed when designing polymers to ensure improved functionality of future materials for therapeutic delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Simpson
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia. and Australian Institute for Bioengineering & Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia and ARC Centre of Excellence for Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Gayathri R Ediriweera
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia. and Australian Institute for Bioengineering & Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia and ARC Centre of Excellence for Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Christopher B Howard
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia. and Australian Institute for Bioengineering & Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia and ARC Centre of Excellence for Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas L Fletcher
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia. and Australian Institute for Bioengineering & Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia and ARC Centre of Excellence for Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Craig A Bell
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia. and Australian Institute for Bioengineering & Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia and ARC Centre of Excellence for Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Kristofer J Thurecht
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia. and Australian Institute for Bioengineering & Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia and ARC Centre of Excellence for Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Non-traditional intrinsic luminescence: inexplicable blue fluorescence observed for dendrimers, macromolecules and small molecular structures lacking traditional/conventional luminophores. Prog Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
17
|
Abd-El-Aziz AS, Abdelghani AA, Wagner BD, Bissessur R. Advances in Light-Emitting Dendrimers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 40:e1800711. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alaa S. Abd-El-Aziz
- Department of Chemistry; University of Prince Edward Island; 550 University Avenue Charlottetown Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3 Canada
| | - Amani A. Abdelghani
- Department of Chemistry; University of Prince Edward Island; 550 University Avenue Charlottetown Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3 Canada
| | - Brian D. Wagner
- Department of Chemistry; University of Prince Edward Island; 550 University Avenue Charlottetown Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3 Canada
| | - Rabin Bissessur
- Department of Chemistry; University of Prince Edward Island; 550 University Avenue Charlottetown Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Florendo M, Figacz A, Srinageshwar B, Sharma A, Swanson D, Dunbar GL, Rossignol J. Use of Polyamidoamine Dendrimers in Brain Diseases. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092238. [PMID: 30177605 PMCID: PMC6225146 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers are one of the smallest and most precise nanomolecules available today, which have promising applications for the treatment of brain diseases. Each aspect of the dendrimer (core, size or generation, size of cavities, and surface functional groups) can be precisely modulated to yield a variety of nanocarriers for delivery of drugs and genes to brain cells in vitro or in vivo. Two of the most important criteria to consider when using PAMAM dendrimers for neuroscience applications is their safety profile and their potential to be prepared in a reproducible manner. Based on these criteria, features of PAMAM dendrimers are described to help the neuroscience researcher to judiciously choose the right type of dendrimer and the appropriate method for loading the drug to form a safe and effective delivery system to the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Florendo
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Alexander Figacz
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Bhairavi Srinageshwar
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Ajit Sharma
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Douglas Swanson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Gary L Dunbar
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Field Neurosciences Institute, St. Mary's of Michigan, Saginaw, MI 48604, USA.
| | - Julien Rossignol
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Martín-Serrano Ortiz Á, Stenström P, Mesa Antunez P, Andrén OCJ, Torres MJ, Montañez MI, Malkoch M. Design of multivalent fluorescent dendritic probes for site-specific labeling of biomolecules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Martín-Serrano Ortiz
- Research Laboratory and Allergy Unit; IBIMA-Regional University Hospital of Malaga-UMA, Hospital Civil, Plaza del Hospital Civil; Malaga 29009 Spain
- BIONAND-Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía; Malaga 29590 Spain
| | - Patrik Stenström
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Teknikringen 56-58; KTH Royal Institute of Technology; Stockholm 100 44 Sweden
| | - Pablo Mesa Antunez
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Teknikringen 56-58; KTH Royal Institute of Technology; Stockholm 100 44 Sweden
| | - Oliver C. J. Andrén
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Teknikringen 56-58; KTH Royal Institute of Technology; Stockholm 100 44 Sweden
| | - Maria J. Torres
- Research Laboratory and Allergy Unit; IBIMA-Regional University Hospital of Malaga-UMA, Hospital Civil, Plaza del Hospital Civil; Malaga 29009 Spain
- BIONAND-Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía; Malaga 29590 Spain
| | - Maria I. Montañez
- Research Laboratory and Allergy Unit; IBIMA-Regional University Hospital of Malaga-UMA, Hospital Civil, Plaza del Hospital Civil; Malaga 29009 Spain
- BIONAND-Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía; Malaga 29590 Spain
| | - Michael Malkoch
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Teknikringen 56-58; KTH Royal Institute of Technology; Stockholm 100 44 Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Merzel R, Orr BG, Banaszak Holl MM. Distributions: The Importance of the Chemist's Molecular View for Biological Materials. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:1469-1484. [PMID: 29663809 PMCID: PMC5954352 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of materials with biological applications and assessment of physiological effects of therapeutic interventions are critical for translating research to the clinic and preventing adverse reactions. Analytical techniques typically used to characterize targeted nanomaterials and tissues rely on bulk measurement. Therefore, the resulting data represent an average structure of the sample, masking stochastic (randomly generated) distributions that are commonly present. In this Perspective, we examine almost 20 years of work our group has done in different fields to characterize and control distributions. We discuss the analytical techniques and statistical methods we use and illustrate how we leverage them in tandem with other bulk techniques. We also discuss the challenges and time investment associated with taking such a detailed view of distributions as well as the risks of not fully appreciating the extent of heterogeneity present in many systems. Through three case studies showcasing our research on conjugated polymers for drug delivery, collagen in bone, and endogenous protein nanoparticles, we discuss how identification and characterization of distributions, i.e., a molecular view of the system, was critical for understanding the observed biological effects. In all three cases, data would have been misinterpreted and insights missed if we had only relied upon spatially averaged data. Finally, we discuss how new techniques are starting to bridge the gap between bulk and molecular level analysis, bringing more opportunity and capacity to the research community to address the challenges of distributions and their roles in biology, chemistry, and the translation of science and engineering to societal challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel
L. Merzel
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Bradford G. Orr
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Arbeloa EM, Previtali CM, Bertolotti SG. A Comparative Study on the Photophysics and Photochemistry of Xanthene Dyes in the Presence of Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) Dendrimers. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:934-942. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Maximiliano Arbeloa
- Grupo de Fotoquímica; Departmento de Química; Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); 5800 Río Cuarto Córdoba Argentina
| | - Carlos Mario Previtali
- Grupo de Fotoquímica; Departmento de Química; Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); 5800 Río Cuarto Córdoba Argentina
| | - Sonia Graciela Bertolotti
- Grupo de Fotoquímica; Departmento de Química; Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); 5800 Río Cuarto Córdoba Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Vaidyanathan S, Kaushik M, Dougherty C, Rattan R, Goonewardena SN, Banaszak Holl MM, Monano J, DiMaggio S. Increase in Dye:Dendrimer Ratio Decreases Cellular Uptake of Neutral Dendrimers in RAW Cells. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:1540-1545. [PMID: 28286863 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Neutral generation 3 poly(amidoamine) dendrimers were labeled with Oregon Green 488 (G3-OGn) to obtain materials with controlled fluorophore:dendrimer ratios (n = 1-2), a mixture containing mostly 3 dyes per dendrimer, a mixture containing primarily 4 or more dyes per dendrimer (n = 4+), and a stochastic mixture (n = 4avg). The UV absorbance of the dye conjugates increased linearly as n increased and the fluorescence emission decreased linearly as n increased. Cellular uptake was studied in RAW cells and HEK 293A cells as a function of the fluorophore:dendrimer ratio (n). The cellular uptake of G3-OG n (n = 3, 4+, 4avg) into RAW cells was significantly lower than G3-OG n (n = 1, 2). The uptake of G3-OG n (n = 3, 4+, 4avg) into HEK 293A cells was not significantly different from G3-OG1. Thus, the fluorophore:dendrimer ratio was observed to change the extent of uptake in the macrophage uptake mechanism but not in the HEK 293A cell. This difference in endocytosis indicates the presence of a pathway in the macrophage that is sensitive to hydrophobicity of the particle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Vaidyanathan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1107 Carl A Gerstacker Building, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Milan Kaushik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Casey Dougherty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Rahul Rattan
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan, 9220 MSRB III, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, SPC 5648, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Sascha N Goonewardena
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan, 9220 MSRB III, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, SPC 5648, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States; Veterans Affairs Health System, 2215 Fuller Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
| | - Mark M Banaszak Holl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1107 Carl A Gerstacker Building, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States; Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, 3062C H.H. Dow Building, 2300 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Janet Monano
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
| | - Stassi DiMaggio
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Manono J, Dougherty CA, Jones K, DeMuth J, Holl MMB, DiMaggio S. Generation 3 PAMAM dendrimer TAMRA conjugates containing precise dye/dendrimer ratios. MATERIALS TODAY (KIDLINGTON, ENGLAND) 2015; 4:86-92. [PMID: 26549978 PMCID: PMC4631223 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, isolation, and characterization of generation 3 poly(amidoamine) (G3 PAMAM) dendrimer containing precise ratios of 5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine succinimidyl ester (TAMRA) dye (n = 1-3) per polymer particle are reported. Stochastic conjugation of TAMRA dye to the dendrimer was followed by separation into precise dye-polymer ratios using rp-HPLC. The isolated materials were characterized by rp-UPLC, MALDI-TOF-MS, and 1H NMR spectroscopy, UV-vis, and fluorescence spectroscopies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet Manono
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans LA 70125, USA
| | - Casey A. Dougherty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kirsten Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans LA 70125, USA
| | - Joshua DeMuth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Stassi DiMaggio
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans LA 70125, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Vaidyanathan S, Anderson KB, Merzel RL, Jacobovitz B, Kaushik MP, Kelly CN, van Dongen MA, Dougherty CA, Orr BG, Banaszak Holl MM. Quantitative Measurement of Cationic Polymer Vector and Polymer-pDNA Polyplex Intercalation into the Cell Plasma Membrane. ACS NANO 2015; 9:6097-6109. [PMID: 25952271 PMCID: PMC4771022 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cationic gene delivery agents (vectors) are important for delivering nucleotides, but are also responsible for cytotoxicity. Cationic polymers (L-PEI, jetPEI, and G5 PAMAM) at 1× to 100× the concentrations required for translational activity (protein expression) induced the same increase in plasma membrane current of HEK 293A cells (30-50 nA) as measured by whole cell patch-clamp. This indicates saturation of the cell membrane by the cationic polymers. The increased currents induced by the polymers are not reversible for over 15 min. Irreversibility on this time scale is consistent with a polymer-supported pore or carpet model and indicates that the cell is unable to clear the polymer from the membrane. For polyplexes, although the charge concentration was the same (at N/P ratio of 10:1), G5 PAMAM and jetPEI polyplexes induced a much larger current increase (40-50 nA) than L-PEI polyplexes (<20 nA). Both free cationic lipid and lipid polyplexes induced a lower increase in current than cationic polymers (<20 nA). To quantify the membrane bound material, partition constants were measured for both free vectors and polyplexes into the HEK 293A cell membrane using a dye influx assay. The partition constants of free vectors increased with charge density of the vectors. Polyplex partition constants did not show such a trend. The long lasting cell plasma permeability induced by exposure to the polymer vectors or the polyplexes provides a plausible mechanism for the toxicity and inflammatory response induced by exposure to these materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Vaidyanathan
- †Departments of Biomedical Engineering, ‡Chemistry, and §Physics, and ∥the Programs in Applied Physics and ⊥Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kevin B Anderson
- †Departments of Biomedical Engineering, ‡Chemistry, and §Physics, and ∥the Programs in Applied Physics and ⊥Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Rachel L Merzel
- †Departments of Biomedical Engineering, ‡Chemistry, and §Physics, and ∥the Programs in Applied Physics and ⊥Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Binyamin Jacobovitz
- †Departments of Biomedical Engineering, ‡Chemistry, and §Physics, and ∥the Programs in Applied Physics and ⊥Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Milan P Kaushik
- †Departments of Biomedical Engineering, ‡Chemistry, and §Physics, and ∥the Programs in Applied Physics and ⊥Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Christina N Kelly
- †Departments of Biomedical Engineering, ‡Chemistry, and §Physics, and ∥the Programs in Applied Physics and ⊥Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Mallory A van Dongen
- †Departments of Biomedical Engineering, ‡Chemistry, and §Physics, and ∥the Programs in Applied Physics and ⊥Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Casey A Dougherty
- †Departments of Biomedical Engineering, ‡Chemistry, and §Physics, and ∥the Programs in Applied Physics and ⊥Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Bradford G Orr
- †Departments of Biomedical Engineering, ‡Chemistry, and §Physics, and ∥the Programs in Applied Physics and ⊥Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Mark M Banaszak Holl
- †Departments of Biomedical Engineering, ‡Chemistry, and §Physics, and ∥the Programs in Applied Physics and ⊥Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Visualization of biological processes and pathologic conditions at the cellular and tissue levels largely relies on the use of fluorescence intensity signals from fluorophores or their bioconjugates. To overcome the concentration dependency of intensity measurements, evaluate subtle molecular interactions, and determine biochemical status of intracellular or extracellular microenvironments, fluorescence lifetime (FLT) imaging has emerged as a reliable imaging method complementary to intensity measurements. Driven by a wide variety of dyes exhibiting stable or environment-responsive FLTs, information multiplexing can be readily accomplished without the need for ratiometric spectral imaging. With knowledge of the fluorescent states of the molecules, it is entirely possible to predict the functional status of biomolecules or microevironment of cells. Whereas the use of FLT spectroscopy and microscopy in biological studies is now well-established, in vivo imaging of biological processes based on FLT imaging techniques is still evolving. This review summarizes recent advances in the application of the FLT of molecular probes for imaging cells and small animal models of human diseases. It also highlights some challenges that continue to limit the full realization of the potential of using FLT molecular probes to address diverse biological problems and outlines areas of potential high impact in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pinaki Sarder
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4525 Scott Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Dolonchampa Maji
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4525 Scott Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, 4525 Scott Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Samuel Achilefu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4525 Scott Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, 4525 Scott Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4525 Scott Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| |
Collapse
|