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Mohamed M, Klenke AK, Anokhin MV, Amadou H, Bothwell PJ, Conroy B, Nesterov EE, Nesterova IV. Zero-Background Small-Molecule Sensors for Near-IR Fluorescent Imaging of Biomacromolecular Targets in Cells. ACS Sens 2023; 8:1109-1118. [PMID: 36866808 PMCID: PMC10515643 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report a general approach to the design of a new generation of small-molecule sensors that produce a zero background but are brightly fluorescent in the near-IR spectral range upon selective interaction with a biomolecular target. We developed a fluorescence turn-on/-off mechanism based on the aggregation/deaggregation of phthalocyanine chromophores. As a proof of concept, we designed, prepared, and characterized sensors for in-cell visualization of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase. We established a structure/bioavailability correlation, determined conditions for the optimal sensor uptake and imaging, and demonstrated binding specificity and applications over a wide range of treatment options involving live and fixed cells. The new approach enables high-contrast imaging and requires no in-cell chemical assembly or postexposure manipulations (i.e., washes). The general design principles demonstrated in this work can be extended toward sensors and imaging agents for other biomolecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myar Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - Anastasia K. Klenke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - Maksim V. Anokhin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - Harouna Amadou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - Paige J. Bothwell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - Brigid Conroy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - Evgueni E. Nesterov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - Irina V. Nesterova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
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2
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Pontón I, Sánchez-García D. Preparation of porphyrin and phthalocyanine conjugates for biomedical applications. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424621300068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to offer a succinct overview of the main synthetic techniques used in the preparation of conjugates containing porphyrins, including chlorins and bacteriochlorins and phthalocyanines for biomedical applications and photodynamic therapy (PDT). To illustrate the conjugation techniques representative examples from the literature will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Pontón
- Grup d’Enginyeria de Materials (GEMAT), Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Sánchez-García
- Grup d’Enginyeria de Materials (GEMAT), Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Pathak P, Zarandi MA, Zhou X, Jayawickramarajah J. Synthesis and Applications of Porphyrin-Biomacromolecule Conjugates. Front Chem 2021; 9:764137. [PMID: 34820357 PMCID: PMC8606752 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.764137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
With potential applications in materials and especially in light-responsive biomedicine that targets cancer tissue selectively, much research has focused on developing covalent conjugation techniques to tether porphyrinoid units to various biomacromolecules. This review details the key synthetic approaches that have been employed in the recent decades to conjugate porphyrinoids with oligonucleotides and peptides/proteins. In addition, we provide succinct discussions on the subsequent applications of such hybrid systems and also give a brief overview of the rapidly progressing field of porphyrin-antibody conjugates. Since nucleic acid and peptide systems vary in structure, connectivity, functional group availability and placement, as well as stability and solubility, tailored synthetic approaches are needed for conjugating to each of these biomacromolecule types. In terms of tethering to ONs, porphyrins are typically attached by employing bioorthogonal chemistry (e.g., using phosphoramidites) that drive solid-phase ON synthesis or by conducting post-synthesis modifications and subsequent reactions (such as amide couplings, hydrazide-carbonyl reactions, and click chemistry). In contrast, peptides and proteins are typically conjugated to porphyrinoids using their native functional groups, especially the thiol and amine side chains. However, bioorthogonal reactions (e.g., Staudinger ligations, and copper or strain promoted alkyne-azide cycloadditions) that utilize de novo introduced functional groups onto peptides/proteins have seen vigorous development, especially for site-specific peptide-porphyrin tethering. While the ON-porphyrin conjugates have largely been explored for programmed nanostructure self-assembly and artificial light-harvesting applications, there are some reports of ON-porphyrin systems targeting clinically translational applications (e.g., antimicrobial biomaterials and site-specific nucleic acid cleavage). Conjugates of porphyrins with proteinaceous moieties, on the other hand, have been predominantly used for therapeutic and diagnostic applications (especially in photodynamic therapy, photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy, and photothermal therapy). The advancement of the field of porphyrinoid-bioconjugation chemistry from basic academic research to more clinically targeted applications require continuous fine-tuning in terms of synthetic strategies and hence there will continue to be much exciting work on porphyrinoid-biomacromolecule conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Pathak
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | | | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Janarthanan Jayawickramarajah
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
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4
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Rajapaksha I, Chang H, Xiong Y, Marder S, Gwaltney SR, Scott CN. New Design Strategy Toward NIR I Xanthene-Based Dyes. J Org Chem 2020; 85:12108-12116. [PMID: 32829632 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An effective design strategy with an efficient synthetic route to xanthene-based far-red to near-infrared dyes is reported. The dyes were prepared by the Suzuki cross-coupling of the electron-poor fluorescein ditriflate with the electron-rich boronic acid/ester-functionalized pyrrole (2C/3C) and indole (2D/3D) moieties. Upon treatment with trifluoroacetic acid, the closed nonfluorescent forms of the dyes (2C and 2D) ring-opened to their fluorescent forms (3C and 3D). The absorption maxima were 665 and 704 nm, while the emission maxima were 717 and 719 nm for 3C and 3D, respectively. The closed forms of the dyes were soluble in chloroform and acetonitrile. To test the efficacy of the dyes as probes, a turn-off fluoride ion probe was prepared from 3C, which consisted of a silyl ester receptor. The probe responded strongly to low concentrations of fluoride, carbonate, and acetate ions, weakly to phosphate ions, but not to the other halogens. Moreover, the probe can detect the minimum concentration of F- in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishanka Rajapaksha
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Hand Lab 1115, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Hao Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Hand Lab 1115, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Yao Xiong
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Seth Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Steven R Gwaltney
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Hand Lab 1115, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Colleen N Scott
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Hand Lab 1115, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
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5
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Ducharme GT, LaCasse Z, Sheth T, Nesterova IV, Nesterov EE. Design of Turn‐On Near‐Infrared Fluorescent Probes for Highly Sensitive and Selective Monitoring of Biopolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard T. Ducharme
- Department of Chemistry Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| | - Zane LaCasse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Northern Illinois University DeKalb IL 60115 USA
| | - Tanya Sheth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Northern Illinois University DeKalb IL 60115 USA
| | - Irina V. Nesterova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Northern Illinois University DeKalb IL 60115 USA
| | - Evgueni E. Nesterov
- Department of Chemistry Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Northern Illinois University DeKalb IL 60115 USA
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6
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Ducharme GT, LaCasse Z, Sheth T, Nesterova IV, Nesterov EE. Design of Turn‐On Near‐Infrared Fluorescent Probes for Highly Sensitive and Selective Monitoring of Biopolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:8440-8444. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard T. Ducharme
- Department of Chemistry Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| | - Zane LaCasse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Northern Illinois University DeKalb IL 60115 USA
| | - Tanya Sheth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Northern Illinois University DeKalb IL 60115 USA
| | - Irina V. Nesterova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Northern Illinois University DeKalb IL 60115 USA
| | - Evgueni E. Nesterov
- Department of Chemistry Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Northern Illinois University DeKalb IL 60115 USA
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7
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Laxman K, Reddy BPK, Robinson A, Srivastava R, Ravikanth M. Synthesis and Studies of Glucosamine Conjugated BF
2
‐Oxasmaragdyrin. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201903986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kandala Laxman
- IITB-Monash Research Academy, IIT Bombay, Powai Mumbai
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Bombay, Powai Mumbai
- School of ChemistryMonash University, Clayton Melbourne
| | | | | | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Powai Mumbai
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8
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Demuth J, Miletin M, Kucera R, Ruzicka A, Havlinova Z, Libra A, Novakova V, Zimcik P. Self-assembly of azaphthalocyanine–oligodeoxynucleotide conjugates into J-dimers: towards biomolecular logic gates. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo01364d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Unique spatial self-assembly of azaphthalocyanine–oligonucleotide–fluorescein conjugates can be selectively dissociated by a complementary sequence or coordinating solvent and used for the development of biomolecular logic gates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Demuth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis
- Charles University
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové
- 500 05 Hradec Kralove
- Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Miletin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis
- Charles University
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové
- 500 05 Hradec Kralove
- Czech Republic
| | - Radim Kucera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis
- Charles University
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové
- 500 05 Hradec Kralove
- Czech Republic
| | - Ales Ruzicka
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical Technology
- University of Pardubice
- Pardubice
- Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Havlinova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis
- Charles University
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové
- 500 05 Hradec Kralove
- Czech Republic
| | | | - Veronika Novakova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis
- Charles University
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové
- 500 05 Hradec Kralove
- Czech Republic
| | - Petr Zimcik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis
- Charles University
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové
- 500 05 Hradec Kralove
- Czech Republic
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9
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Rathnamalala CSL, Gayton JN, Dorris AL, Autry SA, Meador W, Hammer NI, Delcamp JH, Scott CN. Donor-Acceptor-Donor NIR II Emissive Rhodindolizine Dye Synthesized by C-H Bond Functionalization. J Org Chem 2019; 84:13186-13193. [PMID: 31479270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A NIR II emissive dye was synthesized by the C-H bond functionalization of 1-methyl-2-phenylindolizine with 3,6-dibromoxanthene. The rhodindolizine (RhIndz) spirolactone product was nonfluorescent; however, upon opening of the lactone ring by the formation of the ethyl ester derivative, the fluorophore absorbs at 920 nm and emits at 1092 nm, which are both in the NIR II region. In addition, 4-cyanophenyl- (CNRhIndz) and 4-methoxyphenyl-substituted rhodindolizine (MeORhIndz) could also be prepared by the C-H activation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chathuranga S L Rathnamalala
- Department of Chemistry, Hand Lab 1115 , Mississippi State University , Mississippi State , Mississippi 39762 , United States
| | - Jacqueline N Gayton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Coulter Hall , University of Mississippi , University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
| | - Austin L Dorris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Coulter Hall , University of Mississippi , University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
| | - Shane A Autry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Coulter Hall , University of Mississippi , University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
| | - William Meador
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Coulter Hall , University of Mississippi , University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
| | - Nathan I Hammer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Coulter Hall , University of Mississippi , University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
| | - Jared H Delcamp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Coulter Hall , University of Mississippi , University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
| | - Colleen N Scott
- Department of Chemistry, Hand Lab 1115 , Mississippi State University , Mississippi State , Mississippi 39762 , United States
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10
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Zeng K, Xu Q, Ouyang J, Han Y, Sheng J, Wen M, Chen W, Liu YN. Coordination Nanosheets of Phthalocyanine as Multifunctional Platform for Imaging-Guided Synergistic Therapy of Cancer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:6840-6849. [PMID: 30693749 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b22008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
"All-in-one" nanodrugs integrating various functionalities into one nanosystem are highly desired for cancer treatment. Coordination nanosheets as one type of two dimensional (2D) nanomaterials offer great opportunities, but there is lack of enough candidates. Here, a new kind of coordination nanosheets based on phthalocyanine are constructed. Manganese phthalocyanine (MnPc) tetracarboxylic acid is employed as photoactive ligand to form MnPc nanosheets; meanwhile, hyaluronic acid (HA) is coated on their surface. The obtained MnPc@HA nanosheets exhibit superior near-infrared (NIR) photothermal effect with photothermal conversion efficiency of 72.3%, much higher than those of the previously reported photothermal agents. Due to their 2D nanostructures, MnPc@HA nanosheets possess superhigh drug-loading capacity for chemotherapy drug curcumin. With HA as a targeting group, the nanosheets selectively accumulated in CD44 overexpressed tumors, followed by drug release under the control of NIR light. Moreover, MnPc@HA nanosheets with intrinsic paramagnetism can serve as T1 contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging. The synergistic effect of phototherapy and chemotherapy endows curcumin-loaded MnPc@HA nanosheets with superior tumor-eradicating efficacy. Besides, MnPc@HA nanosheets are biocompatible and safe for biomedical applications. This work provides novel insight for developing new multifunctional platforms based on 2D coordination nanosheets to synergistically combat cancer.
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11
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Demuth J, Kucera R, Kopecky K, Havlínová Z, Libra A, Novakova V, Miletin M, Zimcik P. Efficient Synthesis of a Wide-Range Absorbing Azaphthalocyanine Dark Quencher and Its Application to Dual-Labeled Oligonucleotide Probes for Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reactions. Chemistry 2018; 24:9658-9666. [PMID: 29683215 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Unsymmetrical dialkylamino-substituted zinc azaphthalocyanine (AzaPc) exhibits unique spectral and photophysical properties for dark quenchers of fluorescence in DNA hybridization probes. The panchromatic light absorption of AzaPc from 300 nm up to at least 700 nm and its lack of fluorescence make it an ideal candidate for a universal dark quencher. To prove this experimentally, oligodeoxyribonucleotide probes were labeled at the 3'-end by this AzaPc and at the 5'-end by a fluorophore used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-that is, fluorescein, CAL Fluor Red 610, and Cy5. AzaPc showed a significantly higher quenching efficiency compared to the commercially available dark quenchers (BHQ-1, BHQ-2, BBQ-650) in a developed model of TaqMan PCR assay. The AzaPc-labeled probe proved to also be useful in a practical PCR assay for the quantification of the SLCO2B1 transporter gene expression. The constructed calibration curves indicated linearity in the range from 102 to 107 of target copies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Demuth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Kucera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kopecky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Havlínová
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 500 05, Czech Republic.,Generi Biotech, Machkova 587, Hradec Kralove, 500 11, Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Libra
- Generi Biotech, Machkova 587, Hradec Kralove, 500 11, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Novakova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Miletin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Zimcik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 500 05, Czech Republic
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12
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Almeida-Marrero V, van de Winckel E, Anaya-Plaza E, Torres T, de la Escosura A. Porphyrinoid biohybrid materials as an emerging toolbox for biomedical light management. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:7369-7400. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00554g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present article reviews the most important developing strategies in light-induced nanomedicine, based on the combination of porphyrinoid photosensitizers with a wide variety of biomolecules and biomolecular assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eduardo Anaya-Plaza
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Cantoblanco 28049
- Spain
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Cantoblanco 28049
- Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemistry (IAdChem)
| | - Andrés de la Escosura
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Cantoblanco 28049
- Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemistry (IAdChem)
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandala Laxman
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay; 400076 Powai, Mumbai India
- IIT Bombay; IITB-Monash Research Academy; 400076 Powai, Mumbai India
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14
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Carrión EN, Santiago J, Sabatino D, Gorun SM. Synthesis and Photophysical and Photocatalytic Properties of a Highly Fluorinated and Durable Phthalocyanine–Peptide Bioconjugate for Potential Theranostic Applications. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:7210-7216. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik N. Carrión
- Center for Functional
Materials, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, New Jersey 07079, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South
Orange Avenue, South Orange, New Jersey 07079, United States
| | - Jenyffer Santiago
- Center for Functional
Materials, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, New Jersey 07079, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South
Orange Avenue, South Orange, New Jersey 07079, United States
| | - David Sabatino
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South
Orange Avenue, South Orange, New Jersey 07079, United States
| | - Sergiu M. Gorun
- Center for Functional
Materials, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, New Jersey 07079, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South
Orange Avenue, South Orange, New Jersey 07079, United States
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15
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Wang J, Lv Y, Wan W, Wang X, Li ADQ, Tian Z. Photoswitching Near-Infrared Fluorescence from Polymer Nanoparticles Catapults Signals over the Region of Noises and Interferences for Enhanced Sensitivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:4399-4406. [PMID: 26859429 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b10837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As a very sensitive technique, photoswitchable fluorescence not only gains ultrasensitivity but also imparts many novel and unexpected applications. Applications of near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence have demonstrated low background noises, high tissue-penetrating ability, and an ability to reduce photodamage to live cells. Because of these desired features, NIR-fluorescent dyes have been the premium among fluorescent dyes, and probes with photoswitchable NIR fluorescence are even more desirable for enhanced signal quality in the emerging optical imaging modalities but rarely used because they are extremely challenging to design and construct. Using a spiropyran derivative functioning as both a photoswitch and a fluorophore to launch its periodically modulated red fluorescence excitation energy into a NIR acceptor, we fabricated core-shell polymer nanoparticles exhibiting a photoswitchable fluorescence signal within the biological window (∼700-1000 nm) with a peak maximum of 776 nm. Live cells constantly synthesize new molecules, including fluorescent molecules, and also endocytose exogenous particles, including fluorescent particles. Upon excitation at different wavelengths, these fluorescent species bring about background noises and interferences covering nearly the whole visible region and therefore render many intracellular targets unaddressable. The oscillating NIR fluorescence signal with an on/off ratio of up to 67 that the polymer nanoparticles display is beyond the typical background noises and interferences, thus producing superior sharpness, reliability, and signal-to-noise ratios in cellular imaging. Taking these salient features, we anticipate that these types of nanoparticles will be useful for in vivo imaging of biological tissue and other complex specimens, where two-photon activation and excitation are used in combination with NIR-fluorescence photoswitching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yanlin Lv
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Materials Research, Washington State University Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Xuefei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Alexander D Q Li
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Materials Research, Washington State University Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Zhiyuan Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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16
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Dinçer H, Mert H, Çalışkan E, Atmaca GY, Erdoğmuş A. Synthesis and photophysicochemical studies of poly(ethylene glycol) conjugated symmetrical and asymmetrical zinc phthalocyanines. J Mol Struct 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2015.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Zheng J, Yang R, Shi M, Wu C, Fang X, Li Y, Li J, Tan W. Rationally designed molecular beacons for bioanalytical and biomedical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:3036-55. [PMID: 25777303 PMCID: PMC4431697 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00020c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acids hold promise as biomolecules for future applications in biomedicine and biotechnology. Their well-defined structures and compositions afford unique chemical properties and biological functions. Moreover, the specificity of hydrogen-bonded Watson-Crick interactions allows the construction of nucleic acid sequences with multiple functions. In particular, the development of nucleic acid probes as essential molecular engineering tools will make a significant contribution to advancements in biosensing, bioimaging and therapy. The molecular beacon (MB), first conceptualized by Tyagi and Kramer in 1996, is an excellent example of a double-stranded nucleic acid (dsDNA) probe. Although inactive in the absence of a target, dsDNA probes can report the presence of a specific target through hybridization or a specific recognition-triggered change in conformation. MB probes are typically fluorescently labeled oligonucleotides that range from 25 to 35 nucleotides (nt) in length, and their structure can be divided into three components: stem, loop and reporter. The intrinsic merit of MBs depends on predictable design, reproducibility of synthesis, simplicity of modification, and built-in signal transduction. Using resonance energy transfer (RET) for signal transduction, MBs are further endowed with increased sensitivity, rapid response and universality, making them ideal for chemical sensing, environmental monitoring and biological imaging, in contrast to other nucleic acid probes. Furthermore, integrating MBs with targeting ligands or molecular drugs can substantially support their in vivo applications in theranositics. In this review, we survey advances in bioanalytical and biomedical applications of rationally designed MBs, as they have evolved through the collaborative efforts of many researchers. We first discuss improvements to the three components of MBs: stem, loop and reporter. The current applications of MBs in biosensing, bioimaging and therapy will then be described. In particular, we emphasize recent progress in constructing MB-based biosensors in homogeneous solution or on solid surfaces. We expect that such rationally designed and functionalized MBs will open up new and exciting avenues for biological and medical research and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zheng
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Collaborative Research Center of Molecular Engineering for Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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Wu IC, Yu J, Ye F, Rong Y, Gallina M, Fujimoto BS, Zhang Y, Chan YH, Sun W, Zhou XH, Wu C, Chiu DT. Squaraine-based polymer dots with narrow, bright near-infrared fluorescence for biological applications. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:173-8. [PMID: 25494172 PMCID: PMC4304448 DOI: 10.1021/ja5123045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the design and development of squaraine-based semiconducting polymer dots (Pdots) that show large Stokes shifts and narrow-band emissions in the near-infrared (NIR) region. Fluorescent copolymers containing fluorene and squaraine units were synthesized and used as precursors for preparing the Pdots, where exciton diffusion and likely through-bond energy transfer led to highly bright and narrow-band NIR emissions. The resulting Pdots exhibit the emission full width at half-maximum of ∼36 nm, which is ∼2 times narrower than those of inorganic quantum dots in the same wavelength region (∼66 nm for Qdot705). The squaraine-based Pdots show a high fluorescence quantum yield (QY) of 0.30 and a large Stokes shift of ∼340 nm. Single-particle analysis indicates that the average per-particle brightness of the Pdots is ∼6 times higher than that of Qdot705. We demonstrate bioconjugation of the squaraine Pdots and employ the Pdot bioconjugates in flow cytometry and cellular imaging applications. Our results suggest that the narrow bandwidth, high QY, and large Stokes shift are promising for multiplexed biological detections.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Che Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jiangbo Yu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Fangmao Ye
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Yu Rong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Maria
Elena Gallina
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Bryant S. Fujimoto
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Yang-Hsiang Chan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Wei Sun
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Xing-Hua Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Changfeng Wu
- State
Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic
Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Daniel T. Chiu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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19
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Ptaszek M. Rational design of fluorophores for in vivo applications. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 113:59-108. [PMID: 23244789 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386932-6.00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Several classes of small organic molecules exhibit properties that make them suitable for fluorescence in vivo imaging. The most promising candidates are cyanines, squaraines, boron dipyrromethenes, porphyrin derivatives, hydroporphyrins, and phthalocyanines. The recent designing and synthetic efforts have been dedicated to improving their optical properties (shift the absorption and emission maxima toward longer wavelengths and increase the brightness) as well as increasing their stability and water solubility. The most notable advances include development of encapsulated cyanine dyes with increased stability and water solubility, squaraine rotaxanes with increased stability, long-wavelength-absorbing boron dipyrromethenes, long-wavelength-absorbing porphyrin and hydroporphyrin derivatives, and water-soluble phthalocyanines. Recent advances in luminescence and bioluminescence have made self-illuminating fluorophores available for in vivo applications. Development of new types of hydroporphyrin energy-transfer dyads gives the promise for further advances in in vivo multicolor imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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20
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Novakova V, Kopecky K, Miletin M, Ivincova J, Zimcik P. Photodynamically active phthalocyanine building blocks for click chemistry. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424611003987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical zinc phthalocyanines from two different precursors 4,5-bis(tert-butylsulfanyl)phthalonitrile (A) and N-(3-azidopropyl)-2,3-dicyanoquinoxaline-6-carboxamide (B) is described. Congeners of AAAA, AAAB, ABAB and AABB type were isolated by a chromatographic technique, however, the congener of BBBB type had to be prepared in a separate reaction. The adjacent and opposite isomers were also separated and fully characterized. Isolated phthalocyanines contained different number of azide groups, a substrate for highly efficient Cu(I) -catalyzed azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition ("click chemistry"). All phthalocyanines absorbed strongly (ε over 150 000 M-1.cm-1) over 700 nm. Their singlet oxygen quantum yields were determined in DMF and ranged from 0.63 to 0.79, fluorescence quantum yields in DMF were considerably lower in the range 0.03–0.06. All these properties make them suitable building blocks for a simple modification and a synthesis of phthalocyanines with better tuned properties for photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Novakova
- Department of Biophysics and Physical Chemistry, Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kopecky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Miletin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Ivincova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Zimcik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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21
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Zimcik P, Novakova V, Kopecky K, Miletin M, Uslu Kobak RZ, Svandrlikova E, Váchová L, Lang K. Magnesium Azaphthalocyanines: An Emerging Family of Excellent Red-Emitting Fluorophores. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:4215-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ic2027016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Zimcik
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005,
Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Novakova
- Department of Biophysics and
Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005,
Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kopecky
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005,
Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Miletin
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005,
Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rabia Zeynep Uslu Kobak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty
of Arts and Sciences, Technical University of Istanbul, TR34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Eva Svandrlikova
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005,
Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Váchová
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005,
Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Lang
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i.,
Husinec-Řež 1001, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
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22
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Mudyiwa M, Ndinguri MW, Soper SA, Hammer RP. Microwave assisted solid-phase synthesis of substituted tetraazaporphyrins and a phthalocyanine-peptide conjugate. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424610002744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Various asymmetrically substituted phthalocyanines (Pcs) and porphyrazines (Pzs) have been synthesized in good yields using a solid-phase synthesis method with a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) resin attached to an indole linker as the solid support. These compounds are formed by cross condensation of maleonitrile or phthalonitrile with another phthalonitrile covalently bonded to the solid support with an amino linking group. The polymer bound Pc or Pz is separated by filtration, and washing the symmetrical Pc or Pz by-product. The amine Pc -appended to polyethylene glycol resin is further reacted to yield azide whilst still on the solid support. Cleavage of the Pc or Pz off the solid support results in 3:1 asymmetric Pz or Pz with high degree of purity, requiring minimal further purification. The use of hydrophilic PEG-based resin allows the symmetrical compound to be removed completely by washing whereas the acid labile indole linker makes it easier to cleave the product under mild conditions. The conjugation abilities of these compounds have been demonstrated by the successful conjugation of one of the azide Pcs with a peptide elaborated with an alkyne function. Use of microwave for the synthesis of these compounds results in shorter reaction times, higher yields and higher degree of purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercy Mudyiwa
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1803, USA
| | - Margaret W. Ndinguri
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1803, USA
| | - Steven A. Soper
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1803, USA
| | - Robert P. Hammer
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1803, USA
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23
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Sekkat N, van den Bergh H, Nyokong T, Lange N. Like a bolt from the blue: phthalocyanines in biomedical optics. Molecules 2011; 17:98-144. [PMID: 22198535 PMCID: PMC6269082 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to compile preclinical and clinical results on phthalocyanines (Pcs) as photosensitizers (PS) for Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) and contrast agents for fluorescence imaging. Indeed, Pcs are excellent candidates in these fields due to their strong absorbance in the NIR region and high chemical and photo-stability. In particular, this is mostly relevant for their in vivo activation in deeper tissular regions. However, most Pcs present two major limitations, i.e., a strong tendency to aggregate and a low water-solubility. In order to overcome these issues, both chemical tuning and pharmaceutical formulation combined with tumor targeting strategies were applied. These aspects will be developed in this review for the most extensively studied Pcs during the last 25 years, i.e., aluminium-, zinc- and silicon-based Pcs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal Sekkat
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Lausanne/Geneva, Geneva, 30, quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Hubert van den Bergh
- Laboratory of Photomedicine, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Norbert Lange
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Lausanne/Geneva, Geneva, 30, quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.:+41-22-379-3335; Fax: +41-22-379-6567
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24
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Abstract
The syntheses and spectroscopic properties of a series of pegylated zinc(II)-phthalocyanines (Zn-Pcs) containing one, two or eight tri(ethylene glycol) chains are described. The single molecular structure of a phthalonitrile precursor containing one hydroxyl and one PEG group, and its unique intermolecular hydrogen bonding are presented. The pegylated Pcs are highly soluble in polar organic solvents and have fluorescence quantum yields in the range 0.08-0.28.
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25
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Kopecky K, Novakova V, Miletin M, Kučera R, Zimcik P. Synthesis of new azaphthalocyanine dark quencher and evaluation of its quenching efficiency with different fluorophores. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Yin M, Feng C, Shen J, Yu Y, Xu Z, Yang W, Knoll W, Müllen K. Dual-responsive interaction to detect DNA on template-based fluorescent nanotubes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:1629-1634. [PMID: 21574249 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201100187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meizhen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China.
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27
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Jin Y, Ye F, Zeigler M, Wu C, Chiu DT. Near-infrared fluorescent dye-doped semiconducting polymer dots. ACS NANO 2011; 5:1468-75. [PMID: 21280613 PMCID: PMC3043135 DOI: 10.1021/nn103304m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence sensing is desirable for in vivo biological measurements, but the method is currently limited by the availability of NIR fluorescent markers as well as by their poor performance, such as self-aggregation and dim fluorescence, in a physiological environment. To address this issue, this paper describes a NIR fluorescent polymer dot (Pdot) that emits at 777 nm. This Pdot was comparable in size to a water-soluble NIR quantum dot that emits at 800 nm (ITK Qdot800) but was about four times brighter and with a narrower emission peak. We formed the NIR Pdot by doping the NIR dye, silicon 2,3-naphthalocyanine bis(trihexylsilyloxide) (NIR775), into the matrix of poly (9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-benzothiadiazole) (PFBT) as the Pdot formed using a nanoscale precipitation technique. Free molecules of NIR775 aggregate in aqueous solution, but encapsulating them into the hydrophobic Pdot matrix effectively introduced them into aqueous solution for use in biological studies. Most importantly, the brightness of NIR775 was dramatically enhanced because of the excellent light-harvesting ability of PFBT and the very efficient energy transfer from PFBT to NIR775. We anticipate this bright NIR Pdot will be useful in biological measurements and cellular imaging where strong NIR emission is beneficial.
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28
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Kopecky K, Novakova V, Miletin M, Kucera R, Zimcik P. Solid-phase synthesis of azaphthalocyanine-oligonucleotide conjugates and their evaluation as new dark quenchers of fluorescence. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 21:1872-9. [PMID: 20853840 DOI: 10.1021/bc100226x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobic nonaggregating metal-free azaphthalocyanines (AzaPc) of the tetrapyrazinoporphyrazine type were synthesized, characterized, and used for oligonucleotide labeling. Both 3'-end and 5'-end labeling methods using solid phase synthesis suitable for automatic processes in the DNA/RNA synthesizer were developed. The hydrophobic character of AzaPc enabled the anchoring of the conjugates on reverse phase of the oligonucleotide purification cartridge, thus enabling their simple purification. AzaPc did not show any fluorescence and extremely low singlet oxygen quantum yields (Φ(Δ) = 0.015-0.018 in DMF) in a monomeric state due to ultrafast intramolecular charge transfer. That is why they were investigated as a new dark quencher structural type. They profit particularly from absorption in a wide range of wavelengths (300-740 nm) that covers all fluorophores used in hybridization assays nowadays. As an example, quenching efficiency was evaluated in a simple hybridization assay using monolabeled probes. AzaPc-based probes efficiently quenched both fluorescein and Cy5 fluorescence by both resonance energy transfer and contact quenching. The results were compared with three established dark quenchers, and the AzaPc exerted better (BHQ-1 and BHQ-2) or comparable (BBQ-650) quenching efficiencies for both fluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Kopecky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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29
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Nesterova IV, Bennett CA, Erdem SS, Hammer RP, Deininger PL, Soper SA. Near-IR single fluorophore quenching system based on phthalocyanine (Pc) aggregation and its application for monitoring inhibitor/activator action on a therapeutic target: L1-EN. Analyst 2011; 136:1103-5. [PMID: 21221467 DOI: 10.1039/c0an00782j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Controlled H-aggregation of single Pc-labeled oligonucleotides is utilized as a fluorescence quenching system to discern changes in enzyme activity for the discovery of inhibitors for Long Interspersed Element 1 endonuclease (L1-EN), which is involved in genome instability and implicated in many different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Nesterova
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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30
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Yaraşir MN, Kandaz M, Koca A. Amido functional phthalocyanines as metal ion sensor; synthesis, characterization, spectroscopy, electrochemistry, in-situ spectroelectrochemistry. Inorganica Chim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2010.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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31
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Erdem SS, Nesterova IV, Soper SA, Hammer RP. Mono-amine functionalized phthalocyanines: microwave-assisted solid-phase synthesis and bioconjugation strategies. J Org Chem 2010; 74:9280-6. [PMID: 19911767 DOI: 10.1021/jo901424v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phthalocyanines (Pcs) are excellent candidates for use as fluors for near-infrared (near-IR) fluorescent tagging of biomolecules for a wide variety of bioanalytical applications. Monofunctionalized Pcs, having two different types of peripheral substitutents, one for covalent conjugation of the Pc to biomolecules and others to improve the solubility of the macrocycle, are ideally suited for the desired applications. To date, difficulties faced during the purification of monofunctionalized Pcs limited their usage in various types of applications. Herein are reported a new synthetic method for rapid synthesis of the target Pcs and bioconjugation techniques for labeling of the oligonucleotides with the near-IR fluors. A novel synthetic route was developed utilizing a hydrophilic, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based support with an acid-labile Rink Amide linker. The Pcs were functionalized with an amine group for covalent conjugation purposes and were decorated with short PEG chains, serving as solubilizing groups. Microwave-assisted solid-phase synthetic method was successfully applied to obtain pure asymmetrically substituted monoamine functionalized Pcs in a short period of time. Three different bioconjugation techniques, reductive amination, amidation, and Huisgen cycloaddition, were employed for covalent conjugation of Pcs to oligonucleotides. The described microwave-assisted bioconjugation methods give an opportunity to synthesize and isolate the Pc-oligonucleotide conjugate in a few hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sibel Erdem
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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32
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Escobedo JO, Rusin O, Lim S, Strongin RM. NIR dyes for bioimaging applications. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2010; 14:64-70. [PMID: 19926332 PMCID: PMC2819555 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent dyes based on small organic molecules that function in the near infrared (NIR) region are of great current interest in chemical biology. They allow for imaging with minimal autofluorescence from biological samples, reduced light scattering, and high tissue penetration. Herein, examples of ongoing NIR fluorophore design strategies as well as their properties and anticipated applications relevant to the bioimaging are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge O Escobedo
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA
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33
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Nesterova IV, Erdem SS, Pakhomov S, Hammer RP, Soper SA. Phthalocyanine dimerization-based molecular beacons using near-IR fluorescence. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:2432-3. [PMID: 19191492 PMCID: PMC2684671 DOI: 10.1021/ja8088247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein we demonstrate the use of a novel dimerization-based molecular beacon (MB) probe consisting of two metallo-phthalocyanine (Pc) fluorophores that use near-IR fluorescence, appropriate for highly specific and sensitive in vivo and/or in vitro DNA/RNA detection. Pc's possess a propensity to form nonfluorescent H-dimers that is utilized as the molecular "off" switch in the closed MB conformation. The "on" switch, which is generated when the solution target binds to the loop of the MB forming the open form, also provides two fluorophores for transduction resulting in a doubling of the extinction coefficient and improving the resulting fluorescence yield compared to a classical single-fluorophore/quencher MB system. In addition, the Pc-based MBs possess high thermal, photo, and chemical stabilities that are essential for many highly sensitive applications, such as molecular imaging. The dimer-based MBs were obtained using a simple single-step synthesis procedure and demonstrated excellent quenching efficiencies (98%) as well as a high signal-to-background ratio (approximately 60) exceeding the performance characteristics of many conventionally available MB probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V. Nesterova
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| | - S. Sibel Erdem
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| | - Serhii Pakhomov
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| | - Robert P. Hammer
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| | - Steven A. Soper
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
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34
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Erdem SS, Nesterova IV, Soper SA, Hammer RP. Solid-phase synthesis of asymmetrically substituted "AB3-type" phthalocyanines. J Org Chem 2008; 73:5003-7. [PMID: 18510363 PMCID: PMC2525812 DOI: 10.1021/jo800536v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of phthalocyanines with asymmetrical substitution on the periphery is often difficult due the problems in purification of the phthalocyanine mixtures obtained. Using a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based support with a Wang-type linker, we have developed the synthesis of monohydroxylated, oligoethylene glycol substituted phthalocyanines utilizing an amidine-base-promoted phthalonitrile tetramerization reaction. The use of a hydrophilic support allows symmetrical phthalocyanine product formed in solution to be readily and completely removed by washing while leaving the "AB3" product on the support. Acid cleavage with 10% trifluoroacetic acid provides the pure unsymmetrically substituted Pc. This method was applied to several metallo Pcs. Additionally, methods to avoid premature reactions on-resin that give A2B2 products are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Sibel Erdem
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Irina V. Nesterova
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Steven A. Soper
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Robert P. Hammer
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
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Amiot CL, Xu S, Liang S, Pan L, Zhao JX. Near-Infrared Fluorescent Materials for Sensing of Biological Targets. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2008; 8:3082-3105. [PMID: 27879867 PMCID: PMC3675533 DOI: 10.3390/s8053082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) materials are promising labeling reagents for sensitive determination and imaging of biological targets. In the near-infrared region biological samples have low background fluorescence signals, providing high signal to noise ratio. Meanwhile, near-infrared radiation can penetrate into sample matrices deeply due to low light scattering. Thus, in vivo and in vitro imaging of biological samples can be achieved by employing the NIRF probes. To take full advantage of NIRF materials in the biological and biomedical field, one of the key issues is to develop intense and biocompatible NIRF probes. In this review, a number of NIRF materials are discussed including traditional NIRF dye molecules, newly developed NIRF quantum dots and single-walled carbon nanotubes, as well as rare earth metal compounds. The use of some NIRF materials in various nanostructures is illustrated. The enhancement of NIRF using metal nanostructures is covered as well. The fluorescence mechanism and bioapplications of each type of the NIRF materials are discussed in details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie L Amiot
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Shuping Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Song Liang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Lingyun Pan
- Coherent Light and Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Laboratory, College of Physics, Jilin University Changchun, Jilin, 130031 China
| | - Julia Xiaojun Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA.
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