1
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Dorost P, García-Alvarez M, Martínez de Ilarduya A. Hydrophobic Modification of Poly(γ-glutamic acid) by Grafting 4-Phenyl-butyl Side Groups for the Encapsulation and Release of Doxorubicin. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051377. [PMID: 37242619 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The delivery of drugs is a great challenge, since most of active pharmaceutical ingredients developed today are hydrophobic and poorly water soluble. From this perspective, drug encapsulation on biodegradable and biocompatible polymers can surpass this problem. Poly(γ-glutamic acid) (PGGA), a bioedible and biocompatible polymer has been chosen for this purpose. Carboxylic side groups of PGGA have been partially esterified with 4-phenyl-butyl bromide, producing a series of aliphatic-aromatic ester derivatives with different hydrophilic-lipophilic balances. Using nanoprecipitation or emulsion/evaporation methods, these copolymers were self-assembled in a water solution, forming nanoparticles with average diameters between 89 and 374 nm and zeta potential values between -13.1 and -49.5 mV. The hydrophobic core containing 4-phenyl-butyl side groups was used for the encapsulation of an anticancer drug, such as Doxorubicin (DOX). The highest encapsulation efficiency was reached for a copolymer derived from PGGA, with a 46 mol% degree of esterification. Drug release studies carried out for 5 days at different pHs (4.2 and 7.4) indicated that DOX was released faster at pH 4.2, revealing the potential of these nanoparticles as chemotherapy agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Porochista Dorost
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, ETSEIB, Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat García-Alvarez
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, ETSEIB, Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antxon Martínez de Ilarduya
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, ETSEIB, Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Nano/micro-formulations of keratin in biocomposites, wound healing and drug delivery systems; recent advances in biomedical applications. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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3
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Zhang S, Jiao X, Heger M, Gao S, He M, Xu N, Zhang J, Zhang M, Yu Y, Ding B, Ding X. A tumor microenvironment-responsive micelle co-delivered radiosensitizer Dbait and doxorubicin for the collaborative chemo-radiotherapy of glioblastoma. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:2658-2670. [PMID: 35975300 PMCID: PMC9387324 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2108937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is rather recalcitrant to existing therapies and effective interventions are needed. Here we report a novel microenvironment-responsive micellar system (ch-K5(s-s)R8-An) for the co-delivery of the radiosensitizer Dbait and the chemotherapeutic doxorubicin (DOX) to glioblastoma. Accordingly, the ch-K5(s-s)R8-An/(Dbait-DOX) micelles plus radiotherapy (RT) treatment resulted in a high degree of apoptosis and DNA damage, which significantly reduced cell viability and proliferation capacity of U251 cells to 64.0% and 16.3%, respectively. The angiopep-2-modified micelles exhibited substantial accumulation in brain-localized U251 glioblastoma xenografts in mice compared to angiopep-2-lacking micelles. The ch-K5(s-s)R8-An/(Dbait-DOX) + RT treatment group exhibited the smallest tumor size and most profound tumor tissue injury in orthotopic U251 tumors, leading to an increase in median survival time of U251 tumor-bearing mice from 26 days to 56 days. The ch-K5(s-s)R8-An/(Dbait-DOX) micelles can be targeted to brain-localized U251 tumor xenografts and sensitize the tumor to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, thereby overcoming the inherent therapeutic challenges associated with malignant glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyue Zhang
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuxiu Jiao
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Michal Heger
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Shen Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei He
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Xu
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jigang Zhang
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingjian Zhang
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baoyue Ding
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Xueying Ding
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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4
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Leal BH, Velasco B, Cambón A, Pardo A, Fernandez-Vega J, Arellano L, Al-Modlej A, Mosquera VX, Bouzas A, Prieto G, Barbosa S, Taboada P. Combined Therapeutics for Atherosclerosis Treatment Using Polymeric Nanovectors. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020258. [PMID: 35213991 PMCID: PMC8879452 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an underlying risk factor in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The combination of drugs with microRNAs (miRNA) inside a single nanocarrier has emerged as a promising anti-atherosclerosis strategy to achieve the exploitation of their complementary mechanisms of action to achieve synergistic therapeutic effects while avoiding some of the drawbacks associated with current systemic statin therapies. We report the development of nanometer-sized polymeric PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) capable of simultaneously encapsulating and delivering miRNA-124a and the statin atorvastatin (ATOR). The polymeric NPs were functionalized with an antibody able to bind to the vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM1) overexpressed in the inflamed arterial endothelium. The dual-loaded NPs were non-toxic to cells in a large range of concentrations, successfully attached overexpressed VCAM receptors and released the cargoes in a sustainable manner inside cells. The combination of both ATOR and miRNA drastically reduced the levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α and of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in LPS-activated macrophages and vessel endothelial cells. In addition, dual-loaded NPs precluded the accumulation of low-density lipoproteins (LdL) inside macrophages as well as morphology changes to a greater extent than in single-loaded NPs. The reported findings validate the present NPs as suitable delivery vectors capable of simultaneously targeting inflamed cells in atherosclerosis and providing an efficient approach to combination nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baltazar Hiram Leal
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Department of Particle Physics, Faculty of Physics and Health Research Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (B.H.L.); (B.V.); (A.P.); (J.F.-V.); (L.A.)
| | - Brenda Velasco
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Department of Particle Physics, Faculty of Physics and Health Research Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (B.H.L.); (B.V.); (A.P.); (J.F.-V.); (L.A.)
- Institute of Materials, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Adriana Cambón
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Department of Particle Physics, Faculty of Physics and Health Research Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (B.H.L.); (B.V.); (A.P.); (J.F.-V.); (L.A.)
- Institute of Materials, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (S.B.); (P.T.); Tel.: +34-881814056 (A.C.); +34-881814115 (S.B.); +34-881814111 (P.T.)
| | - Alberto Pardo
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Department of Particle Physics, Faculty of Physics and Health Research Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (B.H.L.); (B.V.); (A.P.); (J.F.-V.); (L.A.)
- Institute of Materials, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Javier Fernandez-Vega
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Department of Particle Physics, Faculty of Physics and Health Research Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (B.H.L.); (B.V.); (A.P.); (J.F.-V.); (L.A.)
- Institute of Materials, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Lilia Arellano
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Department of Particle Physics, Faculty of Physics and Health Research Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (B.H.L.); (B.V.); (A.P.); (J.F.-V.); (L.A.)
- Institute of Materials, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Abeer Al-Modlej
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Víctor X. Mosquera
- Cardiac Surgery Department, University Hospital of A Coruña, Biomedical Research Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (V.X.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Alberto Bouzas
- Cardiac Surgery Department, University Hospital of A Coruña, Biomedical Research Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (V.X.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Gerardo Prieto
- Institute of Materials, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Biophysics and Interfaces Group, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Physics, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Silvia Barbosa
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Department of Particle Physics, Faculty of Physics and Health Research Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (B.H.L.); (B.V.); (A.P.); (J.F.-V.); (L.A.)
- Institute of Materials, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (S.B.); (P.T.); Tel.: +34-881814056 (A.C.); +34-881814115 (S.B.); +34-881814111 (P.T.)
| | - Pablo Taboada
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Department of Particle Physics, Faculty of Physics and Health Research Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (B.H.L.); (B.V.); (A.P.); (J.F.-V.); (L.A.)
- Institute of Materials, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (S.B.); (P.T.); Tel.: +34-881814056 (A.C.); +34-881814115 (S.B.); +34-881814111 (P.T.)
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5
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Bayram NN, Ulu GT, Topuzoğulları M, Baran Y, Dinçer İşoğlu S. HER2-Targeted, Degradable Core Cross-Linked Micelles for Specific and Dual pH-Sensitive DOX Release. Macromol Biosci 2021; 22:e2100375. [PMID: 34708562 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Here, a targeted, dual-pH responsive, and stable micelle nanocarrier is designed, which specifically selects an HER2 receptor on breast cancer cells. Intracellularly degradable and stabilized micelles are prepared by core cross-linking via reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization with an acid-sensitive cross-linker followed by the conjugation of maleimide-doxorubicin to the pyridyl disulfide-modified micelles. Multifunctional nanocarriers are obtained by coupling HER2-specific peptide. Formation of micelles, addition of peptide and doxorubicin (DOX) are confirmed structurally by spectroscopical techniques. Size and morphological characterization are performed by Zetasizer and transmission electron microscope (TEM). For the physicochemical verification of the synergistic acid-triggered degradation induced by acetal and hydrazone bond degradation, Infrared spectroscopy and particle size measurements are used. Drug release studies show that DOX release is accelerated at acidic pH. DOX-conjugated HER2-specific peptide-carrying nanocarriers significantly enhance cytotoxicity toward SKBR-3 cells. More importantly, no selectivity toward MCF-10A cells is observed compared to HER2(+) SKBR-3 cells. Formulations cause apoptosis depending on Bax and Caspase-3 and cell cycle arrest in G2 phase. This study shows a novel system for HER2-targeted therapy of breast cancer with a multifunctional nanocarrier, which has higher stability, dual pH-sensitivity, selectivity, and it can be an efficient way of targeted anticancer drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazende Nur Bayram
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, Abdullah Gül University, Kayseri, 38080, Turkey
| | - Gizem Tuğçe Ulu
- Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, İzmir Institute of Technology, İzmir, 35430, Turkey
| | - Murat Topuzoğulları
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, İstanbul, 34210, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Baran
- Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, İzmir Institute of Technology, İzmir, 35430, Turkey
| | - Sevil Dinçer İşoğlu
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, Abdullah Gül University, Kayseri, 38080, Turkey
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6
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Zhuo S, Zhang F, Yu J, Zhang X, Yang G, Liu X. pH-Sensitive Biomaterials for Drug Delivery. Molecules 2020; 25:E5649. [PMID: 33266162 PMCID: PMC7730929 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of precise and personalized medicine requires novel formulation strategies to deliver the therapeutic payloads to the pathological tissues, producing enhanced therapeutic outcome and reduced side effects. As many diseased tissues are feathered with acidic characteristics microenvironment, pH-sensitive biomaterials for drug delivery present great promise for the purpose, which could protect the therapeutic payloads from metabolism and degradation during in vivo circulation and exhibit responsive release of the therapeutics triggered by the acidic pathological tissues, especially for cancer treatment. In the past decades, many methodologies, such as acidic cleavage linkage, have been applied for fabrication of pH-responsive materials for both in vitro and in vivo applications. In this review, we will summarize some pH-sensitive drug delivery system for medical application, mainly focusing on the pH-sensitive linkage bonds and pH-sensitive biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Zhuo
- Clinical Translational Center for Targeted Drug, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (S.Z.); (F.Z.); (J.Y.)
| | - Feng Zhang
- Clinical Translational Center for Targeted Drug, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (S.Z.); (F.Z.); (J.Y.)
| | - Junyu Yu
- Clinical Translational Center for Targeted Drug, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (S.Z.); (F.Z.); (J.Y.)
| | - Xican Zhang
- Clinical Translational Center for Targeted Drug, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (S.Z.); (F.Z.); (J.Y.)
| | - Guangbao Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China;
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Clinical Translational Center for Targeted Drug, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (S.Z.); (F.Z.); (J.Y.)
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7
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Priyadarshini E, Rajamani P. Acid-Liable Cleavage of Doxorubicin@Plunoric-Carbon Dots in Multiplexed Bioimaging and Drug Delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:322. [PMID: 33200276 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01871-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports the generation of novel, aqueous-dispersible plunoric-CD nanoconjugates encapsulating doxorubicin (Dox). The fluorescent CD were conjugated with plunoric F127 to form biocompatible delivery matrix and were further loaded with fluorescent Dox molecule. The resulting particles were analyzed for multiplexed bioimaging and targeted drug delivery. Physicochemical and optical characterization demonstrated discrete fluorescence from CD (blue emission) and Dox (orange emission) counterparts. In vitro drug release profile signifies higher and rapid release of Dox from Dox@Plu-CD under acidic conditions compared to physiological pH. Thus, the acid liable Dox@Plu-CD linkage can easily break in the cytosol of tumor cells because of low pH compared to normal cells thus conferring minimal damage to healthy cells. Moreover, results form in vitro cell viability assay suggest the cyto-compatibility of Plu-CD delivery matrix to HEK293 and HeLa cell lines. However, Dox@Plu-CD induced cell death and morphological alterations in HeLa cell lines, signifying pH-responsive effect of the prepared complex. Confocal imaging signified that Dox@Plu-CD effectively penetrates HeLa cells, and the released Dox binds to the cell nucleus and induces oxidative stress. The prepared Dox@Plu-CD thus behaved as efficient fluorescent probes allowing multiplexed bioimaging (blue and orange) of HeLa cells along with improved therapeutic potential.Graphical abstract.
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8
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Liu P, Wu Q, Li Y, Li P, Yuan J, Meng X, Xiao Y. DOX-Conjugated keratin nanoparticles for pH-Sensitive drug delivery. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 181:1012-1018. [PMID: 31382328 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Keratin is a good candidate for drug carrier due to its good biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, redox responsiveness, and abundant renewable sources. Herein, doxorubicin (DOX) was first conjugated with keratin through a pH-sensitive hydrazone linkage, and then prepared into particulate drug carrier via desolvation method. The size, morphology, and surface potential of keratin-DOX nanoparticles (KDNPs) were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The drug release results showed that KDNPs performed an excellent pH-sensitive behavior under acidic tumor microenvironment. Cytotoxicity assay by MTT confirmed that KDNPs exhibited the enhanced cytotoxicity against A549 cells. Furthermore, KDNPs had higher therapeutic efficiency in vivo than free DOX. Hemolysis assay indicated that KDNPs was blood compatible. All the results identified that KDNPs are well suited as an ideal drug carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bio-functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.29 East Road Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Yanmei Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bio-functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bio-functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jiang Yuan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bio-functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Xianwei Meng
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.29 East Road Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, PR China.
| | - Yinghong Xiao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bio-functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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9
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Meng Q, Hu H, Zhou L, Zhang Y, Yu B, Shen Y, Cong H. Logical design and application of prodrug platforms. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01160e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the current state of prodrugs and elaborates the logical design and future development of the prodrug platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingye Meng
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Qingdao University
- Qingdao 266071
- China
| | - Hao Hu
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Qingdao University
- Qingdao 266071
- China
| | - Liping Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Qingdao University
- Qingdao 266071
- China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Qingdao University
- Qingdao 266071
- China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Qingdao University
- Qingdao 266071
- China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Qingdao University
- Qingdao 266071
- China
| | - Hailin Cong
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Qingdao University
- Qingdao 266071
- China
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10
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Lipowska-Kur D, Szweda R, Trzebicka B, Dworak A. Preparation and characterization of doxorubicin nanocarriers based on thermoresponsive oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate polymer-drug conjugates. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Vanparijs N, Nuhn L, De Geest BG. Transiently thermoresponsive polymers and their applications in biomedicine. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:1193-1239. [PMID: 28165097 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00748a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The focus of this review is on the class of transiently thermoresponsive polymers. These polymers are thermoresponsive, but gradually lose this property upon chemical transformation - often a hydrolysis reaction - in the polymer side chain or backbone. An overview of the different approaches used for the design of these polymers along with their physicochemical properties is given. Their amphiphilic properties and degradability into fully soluble compounds make this class of responsive polymers attractive for drug delivery and tissue engineering applications. Examples of these are also provided in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nane Vanparijs
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Lutz Nuhn
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Bruno G De Geest
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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12
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Abstract
Incorporating labile bonds inside polymer backbone and side chains yields interesting polymer materials that are responsive to change of environmental stimuli. Drugs can be conjugated to various polymers through different conjugation linkages and spacers. One of the key factors influencing the release profile of conjugated drugs is the hydrolytic stability of the conjugated linkage. Generally, the hydrolysis of acid-labile linkages, including acetal, imine, hydrazone, and to some extent β-thiopropionate, are relatively fast and the conjugated drug can be completely released in the range of several hours to a few days. The cleavage of ester linkages are usually slow, which is beneficial for continuous and prolonged release. Another key structural factor is the water solubility of polymer-drug conjugates. Generally, the release rate from highly water-soluble prodrugs is fast. In prodrugs with large hydrophobic segments, the hydrophobic drugs are usually located in the hydrophobic core of micelles and nanoparticles, which limits the access to the water, hence lowering significantly the hydrolysis rate. Finally, self-immolative polymers are also an intriguing new class of materials. New synthetic pathways are needed to overcome the fact that much of the small molecules produced upon degradation are not active molecules useful for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Seidi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering , Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology , Rayong 21210 , Thailand
| | - Ratchapol Jenjob
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering , Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology , Rayong 21210 , Thailand
| | - Daniel Crespy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering , Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology , Rayong 21210 , Thailand
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13
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Mohamed EA, Abu Hashim II, Yusif RM, Shaaban AAA, El-Sheakh AR, Hamed MF, Badria FAE. Polymeric micelles for potentiated antiulcer and anticancer activities of naringin. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:1009-1027. [PMID: 29497294 PMCID: PMC5823073 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s154325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Naringin is one of the most interesting phytopharmaceuticals that has been widely investigated for various biological actions. Yet, its low water solubility, limited permeability, and suboptimal bioavailability limited its use. Therefore, in this study, polymeric micelles of naringin based on pluronic F68 (PF68) were developed, fully characterized, and optimized. The optimized formula was investigated regarding in vitro release, storage stability, and in vitro cytotoxicity vs different cell lines. Also, cytoprotection against ethanol-induced ulcer in rats and antitumor activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice were investigated. Nanoscopic and nearly spherical 1:50 micelles with the mean diameter of 74.80±6.56 nm and narrow size distribution were obtained. These micelles showed the highest entrapment efficiency (EE%; 96.14±2.29). The micelles exhibited prolonged release up to 48 vs 10 h for free naringin. The stability of micelles was confirmed by insignificant changes in drug entrapment, particle size, and retention (%) (91.99±3.24). At lower dose than free naringin, effective cytoprotection of 1:50 micelles against ethanol-induced ulcer in rat model has been indicated by significant reduction in mucosal damage, gastric level of malondialdehyde, gastric expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, caspase-3, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, and interleukin-6 with the elevation of gastric reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase when compared with the positive control group. As well, these micelles provoked pronounced antitumor activity assessed by potentiated in vitro cytotoxicity particularly against colorectal carcinoma cells and tumor growth inhibition when compared with free naringin. In conclusion, 1:50 naringin-PF68 micelles can be represented as a potential stable nanodrug delivery system with prolonged release and enhanced antiulcer as well as antitumor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rehab Mohammad Yusif
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Abdel Aziz Shaaban
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ramadan El-Sheakh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Fawzy Hamed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Wang Z, Deng X, Ding J, Zhou W, Zheng X, Tang G. Mechanisms of drug release in pH-sensitive micelles for tumour targeted drug delivery system: A review. Int J Pharm 2018; 535:253-260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Sun Y, Zhang J, Han J, Tian B, Shi Y, Ding Y, Wang L, Han J. Galactose-Containing Polymer-DOX Conjugates for Targeting Drug Delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:749-758. [PMID: 27287244 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0557-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel multifunctional drug delivery system was fabricated by conjugating galactose-based polymer, methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(6-O-methacryloyl-D-galactopyranose) (mPEG-b-PMAGP) with doxorubicin (DOX) via an acid-labile carbamate linkage. The mPEG-b-PMAGP-co-DOX nanoparticles were spherical in shape, and the diameter determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) was 54.84 ± 0.58 nm, larger than that characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The in vitro drug release profiles were studied, and the release of DOX from the nanoparticles was pH-responsive. The cellular uptake behavior of free-DOX and mPEG-b-PMAGP-co-DOX nanoparticles by asialoglycoprotein (ASGP) receptor-positive cancer cell line (HepG2) and ASGP receptor-negative cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and A549 cells) was evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and flow cytometry (FCM), respectively. The mPEG-b-PMAGP-co-DOX nanoparticles which contain galactose functional groups exhibited higher cellular uptake behavior via ASGP receptor-mediated endocytosis in HepG2 cells than in other two cancer cells. The in vitro cytotoxicity assay manifested that the mPEG-b-PMAGP-co-DOX nanoparticles exhibited higher anticancer efficacy against HepG2 cells than MCF-7 cells. These results indicated that the multifunctional mPEG-b-PMAGP-co-DOX nanoparticles possessing pH-responsible and hepatoma-targeting function have great potential to be used as a targeting drug delivery system for hepatoma therapy.
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16
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Luo W, Wen G, Yang L, Tang J, Wang J, Wang J, Zhang S, Zhang L, Ma F, Xiao L, Wang Y, Li Y. Dual-targeted and pH-sensitive Doxorubicin Prodrug-Microbubble Complex with Ultrasound for Tumor Treatment. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:452-465. [PMID: 28255342 PMCID: PMC5327360 DOI: 10.7150/thno.16677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the potential of a dual-targeted pH-sensitive doxorubicin prodrug-microbubble complex (DPMC) in ultrasound (US)-assisted antitumor therapy. The doxorubicin prodrug (DP) consists of a succinylated-heparin carrier conjugated with doxorubicin (DOX) via hydrazone linkage and decorated with dual targeting ligands, folate and cRGD peptide. Combination of microbubble (MB) and DP, generated via avidin-biotin binding, promoted intracellular accumulation and improved therapeutic efficiency assisted by US cavitation and sonoporation. Aggregates of prepared DP were observed with an inhomogeneous size distribution (average diameters: 149.6±29.8 nm and 1036.2±38.8 nm, PDI: 1.0) while DPMC exhibited a uniform distribution (average diameter: 5.804±2.1 μm), facilitating its usage for drug delivery. Notably, upon US exposure, DPMC was disrupted and aggregated DP dispersed into homogeneous small-sized nanoparticles (average diameter: 128.6±42.3 nm, PDI: 0.21). DPMC could target to angiogenic endothelial cells in tumor region via αvβ3-mediated recognition and subsequently facilitate its specific binding to tumor cells mediated via recognition of folate receptor (FR) after US exposure. In vitro experiments showed higher tumor specificity and killing ability of DPMC with US than free DOX and DP for breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, significant accumulation and specificity for tumor tissues of DPMC with US were detected using in vivo fluorescence and ultrasound molecular imaging, indicating its potential to integrate tumor imaging and therapy. In particular, through inducing apoptosis, inhibiting cell proliferation and antagonizing angiogenesis, DPMC with US produced higher tumor inhibition rates than DOX or DPMC without US in MCF-7 xenograft tumor-bearing mice while inducing no obvious body weight loss. Our strategy provides an effective platform for the delivery of large-sized or aggregated particles to tumor sites, thereby extending their therapeutic applications in vivo.
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Wu J, Tang C, Yin C. Co-delivery of doxorubicin and interleukin-2 via chitosan based nanoparticles for enhanced antitumor efficacy. Acta Biomater 2017; 47:81-90. [PMID: 27729232 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In order to reduce toxicity and improve antitumor therapeutic effects of doxorubicin (DOX) and recombinant human interleukin-2 (rhIL-2), we developed a hydrophilic cationic polymer (N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan, TMC) based nanocomplexes (FTCD/rhIL-2) which could efficiently mediate systemic co-delivery of hydrophobic DOX and water-soluble rhIL-2 to achieve the purpose of combination therapy. DOX was covalently conjugated to TMC through cis-aconitic anhydride (CA) which endowed nanocomplexes a pH-sensitive release of DOX, while rhIL-2 was loaded through electrostatic adsorption without compromise of bioactivity. The resultant nanocomplexes exhibited sub-spherical shape (∼200nm) and positive charge (>20mV). Folate (FA) modification was utilized with the intention of active targeting, which was however correlated with weakened tumor growth inhibition, emphasizing the importance of balance in overcoming diverse delivery barriers for efficacious antitumor therapy. Compared with free drugs, FTCD/rhIL-2 nanocomplexes significantly delayed tumor growth, increased the serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) level and the amount of tumor infiltrated cytotoxic T lymphocytes. These results indicated that the combinational administration of DOX and rhIL-2 based on polymer nanoparticles could serve as an effective strategy in antitumor therapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Combined administration of doxorubicin (DOX) and recombinant human interleukin-2 (rhIL-2) has been utilized for the treatment of tumors. However the traditional administration brought to severe side effects, and the efficiency of current delivery systems were unsatisfactory. Herein we developed a hydrophilic cationic polymer based nanoparticle delivery system which facilitated simultaneous and systemic co-delivery of hydrophobic DOX and water-soluble rhIL-2. This system achieved pH-sensitive release of DOX and sustained release of rhIL-2 in vitro, meanwhile, improved anti-tumor efficacy and reduced side-effect in vivo. Thus, our study provided a solution for combinational administration of DOX and rhIL-2 and could serve as an effective strategy in antitumor therapy.
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18
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Pluronic mimicking fluorescent carbon nanoparticles conjugated with doxorubicin via acid-cleavable linkage for tumor-targeted drug delivery and bioimaging. J IND ENG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zhao X, Yao Y, Tian K, Zhou T, Jia X, Li J, Liu P. Leakage-free DOX/PEGylated chitosan micelles fabricated via facile one-step assembly for tumor intracellular pH-triggered release. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 108:91-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Enhanced in vitro cytotoxicity and anti-tumor activity of vorinostat-loaded pluronic micelles with prolonged release and reduced hepatic and renal toxicities. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 96:232-242. [PMID: 27667706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vorinostat is the first histone deacetylase inhibitor approved by US FDA for use in cancer therapy. However, its limited aqueous solubility, low permeability, and suboptimal pharmacokinetics hinder its delivery. Thus, in this study, micelles of vorinostat with each of pluronic F68 (PF68) and pluronic F127 (PF127) were developed and optimized based on drug loading and entrapment. The optimized micelles were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), zeta analyzer, and electron transmission microscopy. Their in vitro release, stability, in vitro cytotoxicity against HepG2, Caco-2, and MCF-7 cell lines, and finally, in vivo antitumor activity in mice bearing Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) were assessed. The highest entrapment efficiency was 99.09±2.16% and 94.19±2.37% for micelles of 1:50 drug to polymer ratio with each of PF127 and PF68, respectively. These micelles were nearly spherical with nanoscopic mean diameters of 72.61±10.66nm for PF68 and 91.88±10.70nm for PF127 with narrow size distribution. The micelles provided prolonged release at phosphate buffer saline pH7.4 up to 24h for PF68 and 72h for PF127. Potentiation of in vitro cytotoxicity of vorinostat was more pronounced with PF127 micelles particularly against MCF-7 cells. Compared with free vorinostat, the micelles with PF127 were more effective in inhibiting tumor growth as well as exhibiting significantly (p<0.05) diminished hepatic and renal toxicities. In conclusion, 1:50 vorinostat-PF127 micelles may facilitate i.v. formulations and can be suggested as a promising stable and safe nanoparticulate delivery system with prolonged release and potentiated cytotoxicity.
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21
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Mauri E, Moroni I, Magagnin L, Masi M, Sacchetti A, Rossi F. Comparison between two different click strategies to synthesize fluorescent nanogels for therapeutic applications. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Aminoglycoside-derived amphiphilic nanoparticles for molecular delivery. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 146:924-37. [PMID: 27472455 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of effective drug carriers can lead to improved outcomes in a variety of disease conditions. Aminoglycosides have been used as antibacterial therapeutics, and are attractive as monomers for the development of polymeric materials in various applications. Here, we describe the development of novel aminoglycoside-derived amphiphilic nanoparticles for drug delivery, with an eye towards ablation of cancer cells. The aminoglycoside paromomycin was first cross-linked with resorcinol diglycidyl ether leading to the formation of a poly (amino ether), PAE. PAE molecules were further derivatized with methoxy-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) or mPEG resulting in the formation of mPEG-PAE polymer, which self-assembled to form nanoparticles. Formation of the mPEG-PAE amphiphile was characterized using (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and FTIR spectroscopy. Self-assembly of the polymer into nanoparticles was characterized using dynamic light scattering, zeta potential analyses, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the pyrene fluorescence assay. mPEG-PAE nanoparticles were able to carry significant amounts of doxorubicin (DOX), presumably by means of hydrophobic interactions between the drug and the core. Cell-based studies indicated that mPEG-PAE nanoparticles, loaded with doxorubicin, were able to induce significant loss in viabilities of PC3 human prostate cancer, MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer, and MB49 murine bladder cancer cells; empty nanoparticles resulted in negligible losses of cell viability under the conditions investigated. Taken together, our results indicate that the mPEG-PAE nanoparticle platform is attractive for drug delivery in different applications, including cancer.
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23
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Hurdles in selection process of nanodelivery systems for multidrug-resistant cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2016; 142:2073-106. [PMID: 27116692 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-016-2167-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Most of the nanomedicines for treatment of multidrug-resistant cancer do not reach Phase III trials and many are terminated or withdrawn or are in an indeterminate state since long without any study results being presented. Extensive perusal of nanomedicine development research revealed that one of the critical aspects influencing clinical outcomes and which requires diligent scrutiny is selection process of nanodelivery system. METHODS Research papers and articles published on development of nanodelivery systems for treatment of multidrug-resistant cancer were analyzed. Observations and conclusions noted by these researchers which might shed some light on poor clinical performance of nanocarriers were collated and summarized under observation section. Further research articles were studied to find possible solutions which may be applied to these particular problems for resolving them. The inferences of these findings were composed in Result section. RESULT Plausible solutions for the observed obstacles were noted as examples of novel formulations that can yield the following: better in vivo imaging, precise targeting and dosing of a specific site and specific cell type in a particular cancer, modulation of tumor surroundings, intonation of systemic effects and high reproducibility. CONCLUSION The angle of approach to the development of best nanosystem for a specific type of tumor needs to be spun around. Some of these changes can be brought about by individual scientists, some need to be established by collated efforts of scientists globally and some await advent of better technologies. Regardless of the stratagem, it can be said decisively that the schematics of development phase need rethinking.
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Jaskula-Sztul R, Xu W, Chen G, Harrison A, Dammalapati A, Nair R, Cheng Y, Gong S, Chen H. Thailandepsin A-loaded and octreotide-functionalized unimolecular micelles for targeted neuroendocrine cancer therapy. Biomaterials 2016; 91:1-10. [PMID: 26994874 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the overexpression of somatostatin receptors in neuroendocrine (NE) cancers, drug nanocarriers conjugated with somatostatin analogs, such as octreotide (OCT), for targeted NE cancer therapy may offer increased therapeutic efficacies and decreased adverse effects. In this study, OCT-functionalized unimolecular micelles were prepared using individual hyperbranched polymer molecules consisting of a hyperbranched polymer core (Boltorn(®) H40) and approximately 25 amphiphilic polylactide-poly(ethlyene glycol) (PLA-PEG) block copolymer arms (H40-PLA-PEG-OCH3/OCT). The resulting micelles, exhibiting a uniform core-shell shape and an average hydrodynamic diameter size of 66 nm, were loaded with thailandepsin-A (TDP-A), a relatively new naturally produced histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. In vitro studies using flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) demonstrated that OCT conjugation enhanced the cellular uptake of the unimolecular micelles. Consequently, TDP-A-loaded and OCT-conjugated micelles exhibited the highest cytotoxicity and caused the highest reduction of NE tumor markers. Finally, the in vivo studies on NE cancer bearing nude mice demonstrated that TDP-A-loaded and OCT-conjugated micelles possessed superior anticancer activity in comparison with other TDP-A formulations or drug alone, while showing no detectable systemic toxicity. Thus, these TDP-A-loaded and OCT-conjugated micelles offer a promising approach for targeted NE cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenjin Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Wisconsin Institutes for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Engineering Drive, 3144 Engineering Centers Building, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - Guojun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Wisconsin Institutes for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Engineering Drive, 3144 Engineering Centers Building, Madison, WI, 53715, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - April Harrison
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | | | - Renu Nair
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Yiqiang Cheng
- University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Anto-Division, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Shaoqin Gong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Wisconsin Institutes for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Engineering Drive, 3144 Engineering Centers Building, Madison, WI, 53715, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, USA.
| | - Herbert Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama - Birmingham, Birmingham, 1808 7th Avenue South / Suite 502, 35233, AL, USA.
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da Ros M, Iorio AL, Lucchesi M, Stival A, de Martino M, Sardi I. The Use of Anthracyclines for Therapy of CNS Tumors. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2016; 15:721-7. [PMID: 25846760 PMCID: PMC4997942 DOI: 10.2174/1871520615666150407155319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite being long lived, anthracyclines remain the “evergreen” drugs in clinical practice of oncology, showing a potent effect in inhibiting cell growth in many types of tumors, including brain neoplasms. Unfortunately, they suffer from a poor penetration into the brain when intravenously administered due to multidrug resistance mechanism, which hampers their delivery across the blood brain barrier. In this paper, we summarize the current literature on the role of anthracyclines in cancer therapy and highlight recent efforts on 1) development of tumor cell resistance to anthracyclines and 2) the new approaches to brain drug delivery across the blood brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Iacopo Sardi
- Neuro-Oncology Unit, Department of Paediatric Medicine, Meyer Children's Hospital. Viale G. Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy.
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26
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Wang Y, Li L, Li J, Yang B, Wang C, Fang W, Ji F, Wen Y, Yao F. Stable and pH-responsive polyamidoamine based unimolecular micelles capped with a zwitterionic polymer shell for anticancer drug delivery. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra25505h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zwitterionic dendrimer based unimolecular micelles for anticancer drug delivery were prepared, exhibiting excellent stability in complex biological media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Lina Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Junjie Li
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center
- Academy of Military Medical Science
- Beijing 100850
- China
| | - Boguang Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Changyong Wang
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center
- Academy of Military Medical Science
- Beijing 100850
- China
| | - Wancai Fang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Feng Ji
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Yan Wen
- School of Science
- Tianjin University of Commerce
- Tianjin 300134
- China
| | - Fanglian Yao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
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27
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Wang J, Yan J, Zhou H, Huang H, Zhang X, Tang H. Prodrug Micelles Based on Norbornene-Functional Poly(lactide)s Backbone for Redox-Responsive Release of Paclitaxel. Aust J Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/ch16100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Norbornene-functional poly(lactide)s backbone-based amphiphilic copolymer, P(LA-g-mOEG)-b-P(LA-SS-COOH), was synthesized as the polymeric scaffold and paclitaxel (PTX) was directly conjugated to the carboxyl groups of the amphiphilic copolymer to obtain redox-responsive P(LA-g-mOEG)-b-P(LA-SS-PTX) prodrugs. The dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy analyses showed that P(LA-g-mOEG)-b-P(LA-SS-PTX) self-assembled into prodrug micelles with a diameter of 60–70 nm and a low polydispersity in aqueous solution. Remarkably, in vitro release studies revealed that 80 % of PTX was released in 72 h under a reductive environment, whereas only 23 % of PTX was released in 72 h under non-reductive conditions. In addition, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays showed that P(LA-g-mOEG)-b-P(LA-SS-PTX) prodrug micelles retained high anti-tumour activity while polymer carriers were non-toxic up to a tested concentration of 1.0 mg mL–1. These redox-responsive prodrug micelles have tremendous potential for anti-tumour drug delivery.
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28
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Jacques SA, Leriche G, Mosser M, Nothisen M, Muller CD, Remy JS, Wagner A. From solution to in-cell study of the chemical reactivity of acid sensitive functional groups: a rational approach towards improved cleavable linkers for biospecific endosomal release. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:4794-803. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00846a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
pH-Sensitive linkers designed to undergo selective hydrolysis at acidic pH compared to physiological pH can be used for the selective release of therapeutics at their site of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain A. Jacques
- LFCS Laboratory
- CAMB UMR 7199 CNRS University of Strasbourg
- LabEx Medalis
- icFRC
- Faculty of Pharmacy
| | - Geoffray Leriche
- LFCS Laboratory
- CAMB UMR 7199 CNRS University of Strasbourg
- LabEx Medalis
- icFRC
- Faculty of Pharmacy
| | - Michel Mosser
- LFCS Laboratory
- CAMB UMR 7199 CNRS University of Strasbourg
- LabEx Medalis
- icFRC
- Faculty of Pharmacy
| | - Marc Nothisen
- V-SAT Laboratory
- CAMB UMR 7199 CNRS University of Strasbourg
- LabEx Medalis
- icFRC
- Faculty of Pharmacy
| | - Christian D. Muller
- Laboraroire d'Innovation Thérapeutique
- UMR 7200
- CNRS University of Strasbourg
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- 67400 Illkirch
| | - Jean-Serge Remy
- V-SAT Laboratory
- CAMB UMR 7199 CNRS University of Strasbourg
- LabEx Medalis
- icFRC
- Faculty of Pharmacy
| | - Alain Wagner
- LFCS Laboratory
- CAMB UMR 7199 CNRS University of Strasbourg
- LabEx Medalis
- icFRC
- Faculty of Pharmacy
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29
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Herzberger J, Niederer K, Pohlit H, Seiwert J, Worm M, Wurm FR, Frey H. Polymerization of Ethylene Oxide, Propylene Oxide, and Other Alkylene Oxides: Synthesis, Novel Polymer Architectures, and Bioconjugation. Chem Rev 2015; 116:2170-243. [PMID: 26713458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The review summarizes current trends and developments in the polymerization of alkylene oxides in the last two decades since 1995, with a particular focus on the most important epoxide monomers ethylene oxide (EO), propylene oxide (PO), and butylene oxide (BO). Classical synthetic pathways, i.e., anionic polymerization, coordination polymerization, and cationic polymerization of epoxides (oxiranes), are briefly reviewed. The main focus of the review lies on more recent and in some cases metal-free methods for epoxide polymerization, i.e., the activated monomer strategy, the use of organocatalysts, such as N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and N-heterocyclic olefins (NHOs) as well as phosphazene bases. In addition, the commercially relevant double-metal cyanide (DMC) catalyst systems are discussed. Besides the synthetic progress, new types of multifunctional linear PEG (mf-PEG) and PPO structures accessible by copolymerization of EO or PO with functional epoxide comonomers are presented as well as complex branched, hyperbranched, and dendrimer like polyethers. Amphiphilic block copolymers based on PEO and PPO (Poloxamers and Pluronics) and advances in the area of PEGylation as the most important bioconjugation strategy are also summarized. With the ever growing toolbox for epoxide polymerization, a "polyether universe" may be envisaged that in its structural diversity parallels the immense variety of structural options available for polymers based on vinyl monomers with a purely carbon-based backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Herzberger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.,Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz , Staudingerweg 9, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kerstin Niederer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hannah Pohlit
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.,Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz , Staudingerweg 9, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.,Max Planck Graduate Center , Staudingerweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center , Langenbeckstraße 1, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Seiwert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Worm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.,Max Planck Graduate Center , Staudingerweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Max Planck Graduate Center , Staudingerweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Holger Frey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.,Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz , Staudingerweg 9, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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30
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Doxorubicin-loaded biodegradable self-assembly zein nanoparticle and its anti-cancer effect: Preparation, in vitro evaluation, and cellular uptake. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 140:324-331. [PMID: 26764113 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one top leading cause of the deaths worldwide. Various anticancer drugs, which can effectively kill cancer cells, have been developed in the last decade. However, the problem is still about the low therapeutic index of the drugs, which means that the effective dose of drugs will cause cytotoxicity to normal cells. A strategy based on drug nano-encapsulation is applied to achieve an effective anti-cancer therapy. In this study, we use zein, which is an amphiphilic protein, to make the anti-cancer drug nano-encapsulation. Doxorubicin (DOX), a popular anti-cancer drug, is selected as the core drug. The results show that DOX could be successfully encapsulated into zein to form spherical nanoparticles. The encapsulation efficiency and loading efficiency could reach as high as 90.06% and 15.01 mg/g, respectively. The cumulative release result showed a desired pH-responsible release behavior: DOX could be released faster in acidic buffer solutions (pH 5.0 and 6.5) than neutral one (pH 7.4). The effects of the nano-encapsulation on the anti-proliferation of HeLa cells were also examined. It indicated that, compared with free DOX, the DOX-loaded zein nanoparticles (DOX-zein-NPs) had a better effect on cancer cell killing at low DOX concentrations. We also investigated the cellular uptake of DOX-zein-NPs using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), flow cytometry, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). And the endocytosis mechanism of DOX-zein-NPs entering into HeLa cells was studied using various endocytosis pathway inhibitors.
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31
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Amphiphilic diblock copolymers bearing pendant aromatic acetal groups: Synthesis and tunable pH-triggered assembly/disassembly transition behavior. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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32
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Du W, Yuan Y, Wang L, Cui Y, Wang H, Xu H, Liang G. Multifunctional Bioconjugate for Cancer Cell-Targeted Theranostics. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:2571-8. [PMID: 26580576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cell-targeted imaging and drug delivery remain a challenge for precise cancer theranostics. MUC1 is a large transmembrane glycoprotein that may potentially serve as a target for cancer theranostics. Herein, using a MUC1-targeting aptamer (APT) as the "warhead", we rationally designed and constructed a hybrid nanoparticle 1-NPs-QDs-hAPT (Vehicle) that could be applied for MUC1-targeted cell uptake and imaging. By intercalating different Vehicle amounts with the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX), we obtained the multifunctional bioconjugate Vehicle-DOX with a maximized drug payload and DOX fluorescence quenching capability. Confocal microscopy cell imaging indicated that Vehicle-DOX could be used to track MUC1-targeted drug release. A cytotoxicity study indicated that Vehicle-DOX could be applied for MUC1-targeted cytotoxicity. We anticipate that our multifunctional bioconjugate Vehicle-DOX could be applied for in vivo tumor-targeted theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China , 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China , 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Yusi Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China , 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University , 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Huiqin Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University , 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Gaolin Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China , 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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33
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Zhao H, Li Z, Yang B, Wang J, Li Y. Synthesis of dual-functional targeting probes for cancer theranostics based on iron oxide nanoparticles coated by centipede-like polymer connected with pH-responsive anticancer drug. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2015; 26:1178-89. [PMID: 26249213 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2015.1080900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A tumor-targeted and pH-responsive drug release system based on superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) coated by poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and dodecylamine (DDA)-modified polyitaconic acid (PIA) connecting with bortezomib (BTZ) (PIA-PEG-DDA-BTZ@IOs) has been constructed and characterized. The anticancer drug BTZ was first conjugated using dopamine as the linker via catechol borate ester bond, which is acid cleavable and used as an ideal pH-responsive drug release system. The IONPs were then coated by PIA-PEG-DDA-BTZ to form micelles with good biocompatibility. The conjugates were further designed to target liver cancer cells overexpressing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by the targeting molecule anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF). The magnetic resonance imaging showed that the targeting capability of IONPs-anti-VEGF conjugates to Hep G2 cells was more significant than that of non-anti-VEGF IONPs. From the above, this kind of novel dual-functional targeting probe could provide a new idea for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haochen Zhao
- a Alan G. MacDiarmid Laboratory , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , China
| | - Zhiping Li
- b College of Basic Medical Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , China
| | - Bohan Yang
- c The 42nd Institute, The Fourth Academy of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation , Xiangyang 441003 , China
| | - Jingyuan Wang
- a Alan G. MacDiarmid Laboratory , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , China
| | - Yapeng Li
- a Alan G. MacDiarmid Laboratory , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , China
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34
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Blanco E, Shen H, Ferrari M. Principles of nanoparticle design for overcoming biological barriers to drug delivery. Nat Biotechnol 2015; 33:941-51. [PMID: 26348965 PMCID: PMC4978509 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4106] [Impact Index Per Article: 456.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biological barriers to drug transport prevent successful accumulation of nanotherapeutics specifically at diseased sites, limiting efficacious responses in disease processes ranging from cancer to inflammation. Although substantial research efforts have aimed to incorporate multiple functionalities and moieties within the overall nanoparticle design, many of these strategies fail to adequately address these barriers. Obstacles, such as nonspecific distribution and inadequate accumulation of therapeutics, remain formidable challenges to drug developers. A reimagining of conventional nanoparticles is needed to successfully negotiate these impediments to drug delivery. Site-specific delivery of therapeutics will remain a distant reality unless nanocarrier design takes into account the majority, if not all, of the biological barriers that a particle encounters upon intravenous administration. By successively addressing each of these barriers, innovative design features can be rationally incorporated that will create a new generation of nanotherapeutics, realizing a paradigmatic shift in nanoparticle-based drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvin Blanco
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Haifa Shen
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mauro Ferrari
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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35
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Wu HL, Hou XX, Branford-White C, Sun XZ, Tao L, Um-I-Zahra S, Zhu LM. Drug-loaded microparticles prepared by the one-step deposition of calcium carbonate/alginate onto cotton fabrics. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Ling Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
- Department of Light Chemical Engineering; Yancheng Institute of Industry Technology; Yancheng 224005 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Hou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
| | | | - Xiao-Zhu Sun
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Tao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
| | - Syeda Um-I-Zahra
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Min Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
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36
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Kaur S, Prasad C, Balakrishnan B, Banerjee R. Trigger responsive polymeric nanocarriers for cancer therapy. Biomater Sci 2015. [PMID: 26221933 DOI: 10.1039/c5bm00002e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Conventional chemotherapy for the treatment of cancer has limited specificity when administered systemically and is often associated with toxicity issues. Enhanced accumulation of polymeric nanocarriers at a tumor site may be achieved by passive and active targeting. Incorporation of trigger responsiveness into these polymeric nanocarriers improves the anticancer efficacy of such systems by modulating the release of the drug according to the tumor environment. Triggers used for tumor targeting include internal triggers such as pH, redox and enzymes and external triggers such as temperature, magnetic field, ultrasound and light. While internal triggers are specific cues of the tumor microenvironment, external triggers are those which are applied externally to control the release. This review highlights the various strategies employed for the preparation of such trigger responsive polymeric nanocarriers for cancer therapy and provides an overview of the state of the art in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahdeep Kaur
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
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37
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Huang G, Li H, Feng ST, Li X, Tong G, Liu J, Quan C, Jiang Q, Zhang C, Li Z. Self-assembled UCST-Type Micelles as Potential Drug Carriers for Cancer Therapeutics. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201400546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Huang
- School of Engineering; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 510006 Guangdong P.R. China
| | - Hao Li
- School of Engineering; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 510006 Guangdong P.R. China
| | - Shi-Ting Feng
- Department of Radiology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 510080 Guangdong P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqiong Li
- School of Engineering; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 510006 Guangdong P.R. China
| | - Guoquan Tong
- School of Engineering; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 510006 Guangdong P.R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Engineering; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 510006 Guangdong P.R. China
| | - Changyun Quan
- School of Engineering; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 510006 Guangdong P.R. China
| | - Qing Jiang
- School of Engineering; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 510006 Guangdong P.R. China
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Engineering; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 510006 Guangdong P.R. China
| | - Ziping Li
- Department of Radiology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 510080 Guangdong P.R. China
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38
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Liang Y, Peng X, Chen Y, Deng X, Gao W, Cao J, Chang J, Gu Z, He B. Chain length effect on drug delivery of chrysin modified mPEG–PCL micelles. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09650b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The chain length effect of chrysin modified mPEG–PCL micelles with exciting doxorubicin loading capacity on drug delivery was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Xinyu Peng
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Ying Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Xin Deng
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Wenxia Gao
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering
| | - Jun Cao
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Jing Chang
- College of Marine Life Science
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- China
| | - Zhongwei Gu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Bin He
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
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39
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Chen R, Wang L. Synthesis of an amphiphilic hyperbranched polymer as a novel pH-sensitive drug carrier. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra16935b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An amphiphilic hyperbranched polymer containing large amounts of pH sensitive bonds was synthesized. The hydrophobic chains are hyperbranched polyacetals and the hydrophilic chains are polyethylene glycols, attached to the hyperbranched polyacetals by hydrazone bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- Chinan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Liqun Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- Chinan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
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40
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Zhao W, Huang H, Sun Y, Zhang X, Li Y, Wang J. T
1-weighted and T2-weighted MRI probe based on Gd-DTPA surface conjugated SPIO nanomicelles. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18165h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein we report novel gadolinium chelate surface conjugated superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanomicelles which can achieve T1-weighted and T2-weighted MR imaging simultaneously and lengthen the half life time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waiou Zhao
- The First Hospital of Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Hailong Huang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Institute of Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Yuan Sun
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Institute of Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Xiaonan Zhang
- The First Hospital of Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Yapeng Li
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Institute of Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Jingyuan Wang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Institute of Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
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41
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Chen L, Jiang T, Cai C, Wang L, Lin J, Cao X. Polypeptide-based "smart" micelles for dual-drug delivery: a combination study of experiments and simulations. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:1508-17. [PMID: 24652770 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A dual-drug-loaded micelle is designed and constructed from a mixture of poly(propylene oxide)-b-poly(γ-benzyl-l-glutamate)-b-poly(ethylene glycol) (PPO-b-PBLG-b-PEG) triblock terpolymers and two model drugs, doxorubicin (DOX) and naproxen (Nap). In the micelles, the DOX is chemically linked to the PBLG backbones through an acid-cleavable hydrazone bond, whereas the Nap is physically encapsulated in the cores. The drug loading and releasing behaviors of the dual-drug-loaded micelles as well as single drug-loaded micelles (DOX-conjugated or Nap-loaded micelles) are studied. The structures of micelles are characterized by means of microscopies and dynamic light scattering, and further examined by dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations. It is revealed that the micelles possess a core-shell-corona structure in which the PPO/Nap, PBLG/DOX, and PEG aggregate to form the core, shell, and corona, respectively. In vitro studies reveal that the release of DOX and Nap is pH- and thermosensitive. Such drug releasing behaviors are also examined by DPD simulations, and more information regarding the mechanism is obtained. In addition, the bio-related properties such as cellular uptake of the micelles and biocompatibility of the deliveries are evaluated. The results show that the dual-drug-loaded micelles are biocompatible at normal physiological conditions and retain the anti-cancer efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials; Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials; Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Chunhua Cai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials; Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Liquan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials; Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Jiaping Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials; Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Xuguang Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials; Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
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42
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Tong R, Tang L, Ma L, Tu C, Baumgartner R, Cheng J. Smart chemistry in polymeric nanomedicine. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:6982-7012. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00133h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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43
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Pourjavadi A, Hosseini SH, Alizadeh M, Bennett C. Magnetic pH-responsive nanocarrier with long spacer length and high colloidal stability for controlled delivery of doxorubicin. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 116:49-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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44
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Zheng H, Li S, Pu Y, Lai Y, He B, Gu Z. Nanoparticles generated by PEG-Chrysin conjugates for efficient anticancer drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 87:454-60. [PMID: 24691159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems promise the safety and efficacy of anticancer drugs. Herein, we presented a facile approach to fabricate novel nanoparticles generated by PEG-Chrysin conjugates for the delivery of anticancer drug doxorubicin. Chrysin was immobilized on the terminal group of methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) to form mPEG-Chrysin conjugate. The conjugates were self-assembled into nanoparticles. Doxorubicin (DOX) was loaded in the nanoparticles. The self-assembly, drug release profiles, interactions between nanoparticle and drug, cellular uptake and in vitro anticancer activity of the DOX loaded nanoparticles were investigated. The results showed that the mean diameters of drug loaded nanoparticles were below 200 nm. Strong π-π stacking interaction was tested within the drug loaded nanoparticles. The drug release rate was closely related to the chain length of PEG, shorter PEG chain resulted faster release. The mPEG-Chrysin conjugate was non-toxic to both 3T3 fibroblasts and HepG2 cancer cells. The cellular uptake measurements demonstrated that the mPEG1000-Chrysin nanoparticles exhibited higher capability in endocytosis. The IC50 of drug loaded mPEG1000-Chrysin nanoparticles was 4.4 μg/mL, which was much lower than that of drug loaded mPEG2000-Chrysin nanoparticles (6.8 μg/mL). These nanoparticles provided a new strategy for fabricating antitumor drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sai Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yuji Pu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yusi Lai
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin He
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Zhongwei Gu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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45
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Delplace V, Couvreur P, Nicolas J. Recent trends in the design of anticancer polymer prodrug nanocarriers. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01384g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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46
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Topete A, Melgar D, Alatorre-Meda M, Iglesias P, Argibay B, Vidawati S, Barbosa S, Costoya JA, Taboada P, Mosquera V. NIR-light active hybrid nanoparticles for combined imaging and bimodal therapy of cancerous cells. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:6967-6977. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01273a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional hybrid polymeric-based nanoplatforms for simultaneous fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging and multimodal chemo- and phothermal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Topete
- Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela
- Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - D. Melgar
- Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela
- Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M. Alatorre-Meda
- Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela
- Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - P. Iglesias
- Grupo de Oncología Molecular
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS)
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela
- Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - B. Argibay
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Neurociencias Clínicas
- Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela
- , Spain
| | - S. Vidawati
- Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela
- Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - S. Barbosa
- Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela
- Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J. A. Costoya
- Grupo de Oncología Molecular
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS)
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela
- Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - P. Taboada
- Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela
- Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - V. Mosquera
- Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela
- Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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47
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Oommen OP, Garousi J, Sloff M, Varghese OP. Tailored doxorubicin-hyaluronan conjugate as a potent anticancer glyco-drug: an alternative to prodrug approach. Macromol Biosci 2013; 14:327-33. [PMID: 24130147 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Releasibility of doxorubicin from drug-conjugates is believed to be a prerequisite for its anti-cancer activity. Here, a new glyco-drug approach that circumvents the releasibility restriction is reported, opening a new possibility to design efficient, target specific drug delivery system. It is discovered that stable amide coupling of doxorubicin (DOX) tohyaluronan (HA) shows dose dependent cytotoxicity to CD44 positive human coloncancer cells (HCT116) as compared to human breast cancer cells(MCF-7) and mouse fibroblast cells (NIH-3T3), which express less CD44 receptor. This direct conjugation approach is an easy scalable strategy that could be adopted to design innocuous anti-tumor nanoparticle formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oommen P Oommen
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, S-75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Huang H, Li Y, Li C, Wang Y, Sun Y, Wang J. A Novel Anti-VEGF Targeting and MRI-Visible Smart Drug Delivery System for Specific Diagnosis and Therapy of Liver Cancer. Macromol Biosci 2013; 13:1358-68. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Huang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Institute of Jilin University; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 China
| | - Yapeng Li
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Institute of Jilin University; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 China
| | - Caijin Li
- State Key Lab of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry of Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Yuzhen Wang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Institute of Jilin University; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 China
| | - Yuan Sun
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Institute of Jilin University; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 China
| | - Jingyuan Wang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Institute of Jilin University; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 China
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49
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Lai Y, Lei Y, Xu X, Li Y, He B, Gu Z. Polymeric micelles with π-π conjugated cinnamic acid as lipophilic moieties for doxorubicin delivery. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:4289-4296. [PMID: 32261025 DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20392a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, π-π conjugated cinnamic acid (CIN) was used as a lipophilic moiety to fabricate polymeric micelles. The amphiphiles with one or two cinnamic acid molecules as lipophilic architectures (mPEG-CIN and mPEG-Lys-DCIN) were synthesized. We expressly investigated the effect of the lipophilic parts on size, morphology and stability of the self-assembly micelles. Anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) was trapped in the micelles and the interactions between the lipophilic moieties and DOX were studied. The anticancer activity of the DOX-loaded micelles was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. The results revealed that mPEG-Lys-DCIN micelles exhibited better stability and higher drug loading content. Strong π-π stacking interaction was formed within the DOX-loaded micelles. The DOX released from mPEG-Lys-DCIN micelles was slower than that from mPEG-CIN micelles. DOX-loaded mPEG-Lys-DCIN micelles exhibit higher inhibition efficiency both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the in vivo experimental results demonstrated that the anticancer efficiency of DOX-loaded mPEG-Lys-DCIN micelles was comparable to that of free DOX, meanwhile, the side effect of DOX was reduced greatly after encapsulation. This novel strategy of fabricating polymeric micelles with π-π conjugated small molecules as lipophilic moieties could be serve as a universal prototype for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusi Lai
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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50
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Nguyen DH, Bae JW, Choi JH, Lee JS, Park KD. Bioreducible cross-linked Pluronic micelles: pH-triggered release of doxorubicin and folate-mediated cellular uptake. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911513491642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bioreducible are described here, cross-linked Pluronic micelles carrying doxorubicin (DOX) for folate-mediated cancer targeting. The amine-terminated Pluronic® F-127 was functionalized by grafting acrylic acid (AA) to the hydrophobic block (AA-Pluronic-NH2). Folic acid (FA), hydrazine (H), and cystamine (C) were sequentially conjugated to AA-Pluronic-NH2, followed by DOX conjugation via an acid-labile hydrazone bond (FA-Pluronic-C/H-DOX). The DOX content was approximately 143 µg/mg of polymer. We prepared bioreducible cross-linked micelles using FA-Pluronic-C/H-DOX, which had a diameter of 156.1 nm. After incubation for 24 h with 10 mM of dithiothreitol, the micelle size decreased dramatically to 87.6 nm with a broad distribution, indicating that disulfide bonds in the micelle core were reductively cleaved. In vitro release data showed that the conjugated DOX was released slowly from the FA-Pluronic C/H-DOX micelles at pH 7.4, whereas there was a rapid DOX release at pH 5.2. Confocal images of HeLa cells showed enhanced cellular uptake of FA-Pluronic-C/H-DOX micelles as compared to nontargeted Pluronic-C/H-DOX micelles. The FA-Pluronic-C/H-DOX micelles killed more cells than the nontargeted micelles, but the cytotoxic effect was not as significant as free DOX. Additionally, micelles without DOX were not cytotoxic. On the basis of these results, pH- and redox potential–responsive FA-Pluronic-C/H-DOX micelles could potentially function as cancer-targeted and controlled DOX delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Hai Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Bae
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Seok Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Dong Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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