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de-Apoena Reche DT, Machado NR, Fagundes BO, Bergamasco IS, de Sousa TR, do Nascimento LA, Cunha FRM, de-Oliveira MG, da-Ressureição Sgnotto F, França CN, Victor JR. IgG from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p)-atopic individuals modulates non-atopic thymic B cell phenotype (alfa-4/beta-7) and cytokine production (IFN-γ, IL-9, and IL-10) with direct membrane interaction. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7274. [PMID: 38538762 PMCID: PMC10973508 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57950-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies about thymic B cells are scarce in the literature, but it was suggested that they can exert modulatory and regulatory functions on the immune system. Thymic B cells can play some role in regulating the most frequent allergic background worldwide, the atopy induced by the mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p). Here, we aimed to evaluate if the polyclonal IgG repertoire produced by Der p-atopic individuals can influence the homing and cytokine profile of human thymic B derived from non-atopic children aged less than seven days. With this purpose, we produced polyclonal IgG formulations and cultivated human thymocytes in their presence. We also assessed IgG subclasses and the direct interaction of IgG with thymic B cell membranes. Our results could demonstrate that Der p-atopic IgG could not reduce the expression of α4β7 homing molecule as observed in response to the other IgG formulations and could reduce the frequency of IFN-γ- and IL-9-producing thymic B cells compared to the mock condition. Der p-atopic IgG could also induce thymic IL-10-producing B cells compared to control conditions. The IgG derived from Der p-atopic individuals failed to diminish the population of IL-13-producing thymic B cells, unlike the reduction observed with other IgG formulations when compared to the mock condition. All IgG formulations had similar levels of IgG subclasses and directly interacted with thymic B cell membranes. Finally, we performed experiments using peripheral non-atopic B cells where IgG effects were not observed. In conclusion, our observation demonstrates that IgG induced in allergic individuals can modulate non-atopic thymic B cells, potentially generating thymic B cells prone to allergy development, which seems to not occur in mature B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolle Rakanidis Machado
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM-56, Division of Clinical Dermatology, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 500, 3rd Floor, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Oliveira Fagundes
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM-56, Division of Clinical Dermatology, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 500, 3rd Floor, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Isabella Siuffi Bergamasco
- Post Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), São Paulo, SP, 04829-300, Brazil
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM-56, Division of Clinical Dermatology, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 500, 3rd Floor, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Thamires Rodrigues de Sousa
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM-56, Division of Clinical Dermatology, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 500, 3rd Floor, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Lais Alves do Nascimento
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM-56, Division of Clinical Dermatology, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 500, 3rd Floor, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
| | | | - Marilia Garcia de-Oliveira
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Carolina Nunes França
- Post Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), São Paulo, SP, 04829-300, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Russo Victor
- Post Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), São Paulo, SP, 04829-300, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM-56, Division of Clinical Dermatology, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 500, 3rd Floor, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil.
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2
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Pink D, Basu A, Wong M, Pham D, Valencia J, Triana V, Beatty PH, Rieger AM, Lewis JD. Antibody titrations are critical for microflow cytometric analysis of extracellular vesicles. Cytometry A 2023; 103:670-683. [PMID: 37314191 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Optimization of flow cytometry assays for extracellular vesicles (EVs) often fail to include appropriate reagent titrations - the most critically antibody titration is either not performed or is incomplete. Using nonoptimal antibody concentration is one of the main sources of error leading to a lack of reproducible data. Antibody titration for the analysis of antigens on the surface of EVs is challenging for a variety of technical reasons. Using platelets as surrogates for cells and platelet-derived particles as surrogates for EV populations, we demonstrate our process for antibody titration, highlighting some of the key analysis parameters that may confound and surprise new researchers moving into the field of EV research. Additional care must be exercised to ensure instrument and reagent controls are utilized appropriately. Complete graphical analysis of positive and negative signal intensities, concentration, and separation or stain index data is highly beneficial when paired with visual analysis of the cytometry data. Using analytical flow cytometry procedures optimized for cells for EV analysis can lead to misleading and nonreproducible results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Wong
- Nanostics, Inc., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Diana Pham
- Nanostics, Inc., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Aja M Rieger
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - John D Lewis
- Nanostics, Inc., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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3
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Baurand PE, Balland J, Reynas C, Ramseyer M, Vivier D, Bellaye PS, Collin B, Paul C, Denat F, Asgarov K, Pallandre JR, Ringenbach L. Development of Anti-LRRC15 Small Fragments for Imaging Purposes Using a Phage-Display ScFv Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012677. [PMID: 36293532 PMCID: PMC9604383 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The human leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 15 (LRRC15) is a membrane protein identified as a marker of CAF (cancer-associated fibroblast) cells whose overexpression is positively correlated with cancer grade and outcome. Nuclear molecular imaging (i.e., SPECT and PET) to track LRRC15 expression could be very useful in guiding further therapeutic strategies. In this study, we developed an ScFv mouse phage-display library to obtain small fragment antibodies against human LRRC15 for molecular imaging purposes. Mice were immunized with recombinant human LRRC15 (hLRRC15), and lymph node cells were harvested for ScFv (single-chain variable fragment) phage-display analysis. The built library was used for panning on cell lines with constitutive or induced expression after transfection. The choice of best candidates was performed by screening various other cell lines, using flow cytometry. The selected candidates were reformatted into Cys-ScFv or Cys-diabody by addition of cysteine, and cloned in mammalian expression vectors to obtain batches of small fragments that were further used in site-specific radiolabeling tests. The obtained library was 1.2 × 107 cfu/µg with an insertion rate >95%. The two panning rounds performed on cells permittedenrichment of 2 × 10−3. Screening with flow cytometry allowed us to identify 28 specific hLRRC15 candidates. Among these, two also recognized murine LRCC15 and were reformatted into Cys-ScFv and Cys-diabody. They were expressed transiently in a mammalian system to obtain 1.0 to 4.5 mg of Cys fragments ready for bioconjugation and radiolabeling. Thus, in this paper, we demonstrate the relevance of the phage-display ScFv library approach for the fast-track development of small antibodies for imaging and/or immunotherapy purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Emmanuel Baurand
- Diaclone SAS-Part of Medix Biochemica Group, 6 Rue Dr Jean-François-Xavier Girod, BP 1985, 25000 Besançon, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Jérémy Balland
- Diaclone SAS-Part of Medix Biochemica Group, 6 Rue Dr Jean-François-Xavier Girod, BP 1985, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Chloé Reynas
- Diaclone SAS-Part of Medix Biochemica Group, 6 Rue Dr Jean-François-Xavier Girod, BP 1985, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Mélanie Ramseyer
- Diaclone SAS-Part of Medix Biochemica Group, 6 Rue Dr Jean-François-Xavier Girod, BP 1985, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Delphine Vivier
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Pierre-Simon Bellaye
- Plateforme D’imagerie et de Radiothérapie Précliniques (PIRP), Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, 1 Rue du Pr Marion, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Bertrand Collin
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
- Plateforme D’imagerie et de Radiothérapie Précliniques (PIRP), Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, 1 Rue du Pr Marion, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Catherine Paul
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie et Immunothérapie des Cancers, EPHE, PSL Research University, 75000 Paris, France
- LIIC, EA7269, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Franck Denat
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Kamal Asgarov
- INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT, Interactions Greffon-Hôte-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
- Clinical Investigation Center in Biotherapy, INSERM CIC-BT1431, Besançon University Hospital, 25000 Besançon, France
- ITAC Platform, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Jean-René Pallandre
- INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT, Interactions Greffon-Hôte-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Laurence Ringenbach
- Diaclone SAS-Part of Medix Biochemica Group, 6 Rue Dr Jean-François-Xavier Girod, BP 1985, 25000 Besançon, France
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TODOROKI K, NAKANO T, HAYASHI H, MIZUNO H, Zhe MIN J, TOYO’OKA T. Fluorescence Bioanalysis of Bevacizumab Using Pre-Column and Post-Column Derivatization – Liquid Chromatography After Immunoaffinity Magnetic Purification. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2020. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2020.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatsuki NAKANO
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | | | - Hajime MIZUNO
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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Sandland J, Boyle RW. Photosensitizer Antibody–Drug Conjugates: Past, Present, and Future. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:975-993. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Richards DA. Exploring alternative antibody scaffolds: Antibody fragments and antibody mimics for targeted drug delivery. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2018; 30:35-46. [PMID: 30553519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The field of targeted therapeutics has benefitted immeasurably from the development of high-affinity antibodies. These important ligands have facilitated the development of effective therapies, particularly when conjugated to potent cytotoxic payloads i.e. in antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). The success of ADCs is evidenced by rapid adoption within the pharmaceuticals community; many major companies have dedicated ADC research programmes. However, despite the advantages, the field of ADCs has failed to live up to its full potential. Studies have emerged suggesting that traditional IgG scaffolds may not be the optimal format for targeted payload delivery. In response, the protein engineering community has begun to explore alternative high-binding protein scaffolds as antibody mimics. In this short review I will summarise the generation, modification, and application of emerging antibody fragments and synthetic antibody mimics, with a focus on their use as drug carriers. The review aims to highlight the advantages of antibody mimics, and how they could be employed to overcome the issues and limitations of traditional ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Richards
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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7
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Yu J, Yang X, Sun Y, Yin Z. Highly Reactive and Tracelessly Cleavable Cysteine‐Specific Modification of Proteins via 4‐Substituted Cyclopentenone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:11598-11602. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yu
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS)Department of ChemistryTsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Xiaoyue Yang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS)Department of ChemistryTsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yang Sun
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS)Department of ChemistryTsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Zheng Yin
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS)Department of ChemistryTsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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8
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Yu J, Yang X, Sun Y, Yin Z. Highly Reactive and Tracelessly Cleavable Cysteine-Specific Modification of Proteins via 4-Substituted Cyclopentenone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yu
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS); Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Xiaoyue Yang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS); Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yang Sun
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS); Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Zheng Yin
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS); Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
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9
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Site-Specific Fluorescent Labeling of Antibodies and Diabodies Using SpyTag/SpyCatcher System for In Vivo Optical Imaging. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 21:54-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-018-1222-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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10
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King JD, Ma Y, Kuo YC, Bzymek KP, Goodstein LH, Meyer K, Moore RE, Crow D, Colcher DM, Singh G, Horne DA, Williams JC. Template-Catalyzed, Disulfide Conjugation of Monoclonal Antibodies Using a Natural Amino Acid Tag. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2074-2081. [PMID: 29763554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The high specificity and favorable pharmacological properties of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have prompted significant interest in re-engineering this class of molecules to add novel functionalities for enhanced therapeutic and diagnostic potential. Here, we used the high affinity, meditope-Fab interaction to template and drive the rapid, efficient, and stable site-specific formation of a disulfide bond. We demonstrate that this template-catalyzed strategy provides a consistent and reproducible means to conjugate fluorescent dyes, cytotoxins, or "click" chemistry handles to meditope-enabled mAbs (memAbs) and memFabs. More importantly, we demonstrate this covalent functionalization is achievable using natural amino acids only, opening up the opportunity to genetically encode cysteine meditope "tags" to biologics. As proof of principle, genetically encoded, cysteine meditope tags were added to the N- and/or C-termini of fluorescent proteins, nanobodies, and affibodies, each expressed in bacteria, purified to homogeneity, and efficiently conjugated to different memAbs and meFabs. We further show that multiple T-cell and Her2-targeting bispecific molecules using this strategy potently activate T-cell signaling pathways in vitro. Finally, the resulting products are highly stable as evidenced by serum stability assays (>14 d at 37 °C) and in vivo imaging of tumor xenographs. Collectively, the platform offers the opportunity to build and exchange an array of functional moieties, including protein biologics, among any cysteine memAb or Fab to rapidly create, test, and optimize stable, multifunctional biologics.
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11
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Watanabe K, Ohshima T. Bioconjugation with Thiols by Benzylic Substitution. Chemistry 2018; 24:3959-3964. [PMID: 29457301 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201706149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A benzylic substitution of 3-indolyl(hydroxyl)acetate derivatives with thiols proceeded specifically in the presence of amino, carboxy, and phosphate groups in weakly acidic aqueous solutions under nearly physiological condition, while no reaction occurred at pH over 7. Kinetic studies revealed that the reaction followed second-order kinetics (first-order in the reactant and first-order in thiol) in contrast with the SN 1 mechanism of common benzylic substitution of alcohols. The utility of the present method for functionalization of biomacromolecules was demonstrated using several model proteins, such as lysozyme, insulin, trypsin, and serum albumin. The catalytic bioactivity of lysozyme in lysis of Micrococcus lysodeikticus cells was completely retained after the modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Watanabe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohshima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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12
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Vandesquille M, Li T, Po C, Ganneau C, Lenormand P, Dudeffant C, Czech C, Grueninger F, Duyckaerts C, Delatour B, Dhenain M, Lafaye P, Bay S. Chemically-defined camelid antibody bioconjugate for the magnetic resonance imaging of Alzheimer's disease. MAbs 2017; 9:1016-1027. [PMID: 28657418 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1342914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, molecular imaging of neurodegenerative diseases is mainly based on small molecule probes. Alternatively, antibodies are versatile tools that may be developed as new imaging agents. Indeed, they can be readily obtained to specifically target any antigen of interest and their scaffold can be functionalized. One of the critical issues involved in translating antibody-based probes to the clinic is the design and synthesis of perfectly-defined conjugates. Camelid single-domain antibody-fragments (VHHs) are very small and stable antibodies that are able to diffuse in tissues and potentially cross the blood brain barrier (BBB). Here, we selected a VHH (R3VQ) specifically targeting one of the main lesions of Alzheimer's disease (AD), namely the amyloid-beta (Aß) deposits. It was used as a scaffold for the design of imaging probes for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and labeled with the contrastophore gadolinium using either a random or site-specific approach. In contrast to the random strategy, the site-specific conjugation to a single reduced cysteine in the C-terminal part of the R3VQ generates a well-defined bioconjugate in a high yield process. This new imaging probe is able to cross the BBB and label Aß deposits after intravenous injection. Also, it displays improved r1 and r2 relaxivities, up to 30 times higher than a widely used clinical contrast agent, and it allows MRI detection of amyloid deposits in post mortem brain tissue of a mouse model of AD. The ability to produce chemically-defined VHH conjugates that cross the BBB opens the way for future development of tailored imaging probes targeting intracerebral antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Vandesquille
- a Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Département Biologie Structurale et Chimie , Paris , France.,b CNRS UMR 3523, 75724 , France.,d French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission , Institute of Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging Research Center , Fontenay-aux-Roses , France
| | - Tengfei Li
- c Institut Pasteur, CITECH, Plateforme d'Ingénierie des Anticorps , 75724 , Paris , France.,e Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06 UMR S 1127, and Inserm, U 1127, and CNRS UMR 7225, and ICM, 75013, Paris , France.,f Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Paris , France
| | - Chrystelle Po
- a Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Département Biologie Structurale et Chimie , Paris , France.,b CNRS UMR 3523, 75724 , France.,d French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission , Institute of Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging Research Center , Fontenay-aux-Roses , France
| | - Christelle Ganneau
- a Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Département Biologie Structurale et Chimie , Paris , France.,b CNRS UMR 3523, 75724 , France
| | - Pascal Lenormand
- c Institut Pasteur, CITECH, Plateforme d'Ingénierie des Anticorps , 75724 , Paris , France
| | - Clémence Dudeffant
- e Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06 UMR S 1127, and Inserm, U 1127, and CNRS UMR 7225, and ICM, 75013, Paris , France
| | - Christian Czech
- g F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD DTA, Roche Innovation Center Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Fiona Grueninger
- g F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD DTA, Roche Innovation Center Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Charles Duyckaerts
- e Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06 UMR S 1127, and Inserm, U 1127, and CNRS UMR 7225, and ICM, 75013, Paris , France
| | - Benoît Delatour
- e Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06 UMR S 1127, and Inserm, U 1127, and CNRS UMR 7225, and ICM, 75013, Paris , France
| | - Marc Dhenain
- d French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission , Institute of Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging Research Center , Fontenay-aux-Roses , France
| | - Pierre Lafaye
- c Institut Pasteur, CITECH, Plateforme d'Ingénierie des Anticorps , 75724 , Paris , France
| | - Sylvie Bay
- a Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Département Biologie Structurale et Chimie , Paris , France.,b CNRS UMR 3523, 75724 , France
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Adumeau P, Sharma SK, Brent C, Zeglis BM. Site-Specifically Labeled Immunoconjugates for Molecular Imaging--Part 1: Cysteine Residues and Glycans. Mol Imaging Biol 2016; 18:1-17. [PMID: 26754790 PMCID: PMC4722084 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-015-0919-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Due to their remarkable selectivity and specificity for cancer biomarkers, immunoconjugates have emerged as extremely promising vectors for the delivery of diagnostic radioisotopes and fluorophores to malignant tissues. Paradoxically, however, these tools for precision medicine are synthesized in a remarkably imprecise way. Indeed, the vast majority of immunoconjugates are created via the random conjugation of bifunctional probes (e.g., DOTA-NCS) to amino acids within the antibody (e.g., lysines). Yet antibodies have multiple copies of these residues throughout their macromolecular structure, making control over the location of the conjugation reaction impossible. This lack of site specificity can lead to the formation of poorly defined, heterogeneous immunoconjugates with suboptimal in vivo behavior. Over the past decade, interest in the synthesis and development of site-specifically labeled immunoconjugates—both antibody-drug conjugates as well as constructs for in vivo imaging—has increased dramatically, and a number of reports have suggested that these better defined, more homogeneous constructs exhibit improved performance in vivo compared to their randomly modified cousins. In this two-part review, we seek to provide an overview of the various methods that have been developed to create site-specifically modified immunoconjugates for positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, and fluorescence imaging. We will begin with an introduction to the structure of antibodies and antibody fragments. This is followed by the core of the work: sections detailing the four different approaches to site-specific modification strategies based on cysteine residues, glycans, peptide tags, and unnatural amino acids. These discussions will be divided into two installments: cysteine residues and glycans will be detailed in Part 1 of the review, while peptide tags and unnatural amino acids will be addressed in Part 2. Ultimately, we sincerely hope that this review fosters interest and enthusiasm for site-specific immunoconjugates within the nuclear medicine and molecular imaging communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Adumeau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 413 East 69th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Sai Kiran Sharma
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY10065, NY, USA
| | - Colleen Brent
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 413 East 69th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Brian M Zeglis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 413 East 69th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY10065, NY, USA.
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Nakayama M, Komiya S, Fujiwara K, Horisawa K, Doi N. In vitro selection of bispecific diabody fragments using covalent bicistronic DNA display. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:606-11. [PMID: 27473655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies with two different antigen-binding sites have been widely used for a variety of medical applications. The activity and stability of antibody fragments can be improved by in vitro evolution. Although the affinity and stability of small bispecific antibody fragments such as diabodies can be further optimized by in vitro display technologies, cell-free display of bispecific antibody fragments has not been reported. In this study, we applied a covalent bicistronic DNA display for the in vitro selection of heterodimeric diabodies. First, we confirmed the antigen-binding activities of a diabody synthesized by an in vitro transcription and translation system. However, when we performed DNA-display selection of a model diabody library in a proof-of-principle experiment, no enrichment of the diabody gene was observed, likely due to a low yield of the diabody heterodimer. To overcome this issue, we introduced cysteine residues at the VH-VL interface of the diabody heterodimer. Using the disulfide-stabilized diabodies, we successfully enriched the diabody gene from a model library. Our results indicate that the covalent bicistronic DNA display technique could be useful for improving the stability and affinity of bispecific diabody fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanao Nakayama
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Shoko Komiya
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kei Fujiwara
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kenichi Horisawa
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Nobuhide Doi
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan.
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Akkapeddi P, Azizi SA, Freedy AM, Cal PMSD, Gois PMP, Bernardes GJL. Construction of homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates using site-selective protein chemistry. Chem Sci 2016; 7:2954-2963. [PMID: 29997785 PMCID: PMC6005007 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00170j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic chemotherapy, the current standard of care for the treatment of cancer, is rarely curative and is often accompanied by debilitating side effects. Targeted drug delivery stands as an alternative to chemotherapy, with the potential to improve upon its low efficacy and systemic toxicity. Among targeted therapeutic options, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as the most promising. These conjugates represent a new class of biopharmaceuticals that selectively deliver potent cytotoxic drugs to cancer cells, sparing healthy tissue throughout the body. Despite this promise, early heterogenous ADCs suffered from stability, pharmacokinetic, and efficacy issues that hindered clinical development. Recent advances in antibody engineering, linkers for drug-release, and chemical site-selective antibody conjugation have led to the creation of homogenous ADCs that have proven to be more efficacious than their heterogeneous predecessors both in vitro and in vivo. In this minireview, we focus on and discuss recent advances in chemical site-selective modification strategies for the conjugation of drugs to antibodies and the resulting potential for the development of a new generation of homogenous ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padma Akkapeddi
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade de Lisboa , Avenida Professor Egas Moniz , 1649-028 Lisboa , Portugal .
| | - Saara-Anne Azizi
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , CB2 1EW Cambridge , UK .
| | - Allyson M Freedy
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , CB2 1EW Cambridge , UK .
| | - Pedro M S D Cal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade de Lisboa , Avenida Professor Egas Moniz , 1649-028 Lisboa , Portugal .
| | - Pedro M P Gois
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa) , Faculty of Pharmacy , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Gonçalo J L Bernardes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade de Lisboa , Avenida Professor Egas Moniz , 1649-028 Lisboa , Portugal .
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , CB2 1EW Cambridge , UK .
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White JB, Boucher DL, Zettlitz KA, Wu AM, Sutcliffe JL. Development and characterization of an αvβ6-specific diabody and a disulfide-stabilized αvβ6-specific cys-diabody. Nucl Med Biol 2015; 42:945-57. [PMID: 26341848 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This work describes the development and characterization of two antibody fragments that specifically target the α(v)β(6) integrin, a non-covalent diabody and a disulfide-stabilized cys-diabody. The diabodies were analyzed for their ability to bind both immobilized and cell surface-bound α(v)β(6). Radiolabeling was done using non-site-specific and site-specific conjugation approaches with N-succinimidyl 4-[(18)F]fluorobenzoate ([(18)F]-SFB) and the bifunctional chelator 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-triacetic acid maleimide (NOTA-maleimide) and copper-64 ([(64)Cu]), respectively. The affects of each radiolabeling method on RCY, RCP, and immunoreactivity were analyzed for the [(18)F]-FB-α(v)β(6) diabody, [(18)F]-FB-α(v)β(6) cys-diabody, and the [(64)Cu]-NOTA-α(v)β(6) cys-diabody. METHODS Diabodies were constructed from the variable domains of the humanized 6.3G9 anti-α(v)β(6) intact antibody. The anti-α(v(β(6) cys-diabody was engineered with C-terminal cysteines to enable covalent dimerization and site-specific modification. Biochemical characterization included SDS-PAGE, Western blot, and electrospray ionization to confirm MW, and flow cytometry and ELISA experiments were used to determine binding affinity and specificity to α(v)β(6). The diabodies were radiolabeled with [(18)F]-SFB and in addition, the anti-α(v)β(6) cys-diabody was also radiolabeled site-specifically using NOTA-maleimide and [(64)Cu]. Immunoreactivities were confirmed using in vitro cell binding to DX3Puroβ(6) (α(v)β(6)+) and DX3Puro (α(v)β(6)-)cell lines. RESULTS The diabodies were purified from cell culture supernatants with purities >98%. Subnanomolar binding affinity towards αvβ6 was confirmed by ELISA (diabody IC(50)=0.8 nM, cys-diabody IC(50)=0.6 nM) and flow cytometry revealed high specificity only to the DX3Puroβ(6) cell line for both diabodies. RCYs were 22.6%±3.6% for the [(18)F]-FB-α(v)β(6) diabody, 8.3%±1.7% for the [(18)F]-FB-α(v)β(6) cys-diabody and 43.5%±5.5% for the [(64)Cu]-NOTA-α(v)β(6) cys-diabody. In vitro cell binding assays revealed excellent specificity and retention of immunoreactivity ([(18)F]-FB-α(v)β(6) diabody=58.7%±6.7%, [(18)F]-FB-α(v)β(6) cys-diabody=80.4%±4.4%, [(64)Cu]-NOTA-α(v)β(6) cys-diabody=59.4%±0.6%) regardless of the radiolabeling method used. CONCLUSIONS Two novel diabodies with excellent binding affinity and specificity for the α(v)β(6) integrin in vitro were developed. Radiolabeling of the diabodies with fluorine-18 ([(18)F]) and [(64)Cu] revealed advantages and disadvantages with regards to methodologies and RCYs, however immunoreactivities were well preserved regardless of radiolabeling approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason B White
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - David L Boucher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Kirstin A Zettlitz
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Anna M Wu
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Julie L Sutcliffe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA; Center for Molecular and Genomic Imaging, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA; Radiochemistry Research and Training Facility, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA.
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Koniev O, Wagner A. Developments and recent advancements in the field of endogenous amino acid selective bond forming reactions for bioconjugation. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:5495-551. [PMID: 26000775 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00048c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bioconjugation methodologies have proven to play a central enabling role in the recent development of biotherapeutics and chemical biology approaches. Recent endeavours in these fields shed light on unprecedented chemical challenges to attain bioselectivity, biocompatibility, and biostability required by modern applications. In this review the current developments in various techniques of selective bond forming reactions of proteins and peptides were highlighted. The utility of each endogenous amino acid-selective conjugation methodology in the fields of biology and protein science has been surveyed with emphasis on the most relevant among reported transformations; selectivity and practical use have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Koniev
- Laboratory of Functional Chemo-Systems (UMR 7199), Labex Medalis, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.
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Li K, Zettlitz KA, Lipianskaya J, Zhou Y, Marks JD, Mallick P, Reiter RE, Wu AM. A fully human scFv phage display library for rapid antibody fragment reformatting. Protein Eng Des Sel 2015; 28:307-16. [PMID: 25991864 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzv024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage display libraries of human single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) are a reliable source of fully human antibodies for scientific and clinical applications. Frequently, scFvs form the basis of larger, bivalent formats to increase valency and avidity. A small and versatile bivalent antibody fragment is the diabody, a cross-paired scFv dimer (∼55 kDa). However, generation of diabodies from selected scFvs requires decreasing the length of the interdomain scFv linker, typically by overlap PCR. To simplify this process, we designed two scFv linkers with integrated restriction sites for easy linker length reduction (17-residue to 7-residue or 18-residue to 5-residue, respectively) and generated two fully human scFv phage display libraries. The larger library (9 × 10(9) functional members) was employed for selection against a model antigen, human N-cadherin, yielding novel scFv clones with low nanomolar monovalent affinities. ScFv clones from both libraries were reformatted into diabodies by restriction enzyme digestion and re-ligation. Size-exclusion chromatography analysis confirmed the proper dimerization of most of the diabodies. In conclusion, these specially designed scFv phage display libraries allow us to rapidly reformat the selected scFvs into diabodies, which can greatly accelerate early stage antibody development when bivalent fragments are needed for candidate screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Li
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 570 Westwood Plaza, Box 951770, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kirstin A Zettlitz
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 570 Westwood Plaza, Box 951770, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Julia Lipianskaya
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 570 Westwood Plaza, Box 951770, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave, Rm 3C-38, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - James D Marks
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave, Rm 3C-38, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Parag Mallick
- Canary Center for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Robert E Reiter
- Department of Urology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA Molecular Biology Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Anna M Wu
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 570 Westwood Plaza, Box 951770, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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19
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Ilovich O, Natarajan A, Hori S, Sathirachinda A, Kimura R, Srinivasan A, Gebauer M, Kruip J, Focken I, Lange C, Carrez C, Sassoon I, Blanc V, Sarkar SK, Gambhir SS. Development and Validation of an Immuno-PET Tracer as a Companion Diagnostic Agent for Antibody-Drug Conjugate Therapy to Target the CA6 Epitope. Radiology 2015; 276:191-8. [PMID: 25734548 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.15140058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop and compare three copper 64 ((64)Cu)-labeled antibody fragments derived from a CA6-targeting antibody (huDS6) as immuno-positron emission tomography (immuno-PET)-based companion diagnostic agents for an antibody-drug conjugate by using huDS6. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three antibody fragments derived from huDS6 were produced, purified, conjugated to 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA), and evaluated in the following ways: (a) the affinity of the fragments and the DOTA conjugates was measured via flow cytometry, (b) the stability of the labeled fragments was determined ex vivo in human serum over 24 hours, and (c) comparison of the in vivo imaging potential of the fragments was evaluated in mice bearing subcutaneous CA6-positive and CA6-negative xenografts by using serial PET imaging and biodistribution. Isotype controls with antilysozyme and anti-DM4 B-Fabs and blocking experiments with an excess of either B-Fab or huDS6 were used to determine the extent of the antibody fragment (64)Cu-DOTA-B-Fab binding specificity. Immunoreactivity and tracer kinetics were evaluated by using cellular uptake and 48-hour imaging experiments, respectively. Statistical analyses were performed by using t tests, one-way analysis of variance, and Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests. RESULTS The antibody fragment (64)Cu-DOTA-B-Fab was more than 95% stable after 24 hours in human serum, had an immunoreactivity of more than 70%, and allowed differentiation between CA6-positive and CA6-negative tumors in vivo as early as 6 hours after injection, with a 1.7-fold uptake ratio between tumors. Isotype and blocking studies experiments showed tracer-specific uptake in antigen-positive tumors, despite some nonspecific uptake in both tumor models. CONCLUSION Three antibody fragments were produced and examined as potential companion diagnostic agents. (64)Cu-DOTA-B-Fab is a stable and effective immuno-PET tracer for CA6 imaging in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohad Ilovich
- From the Department of Radiology (O.I., A.N., S.H., A. Sathirachinda, R.K., A. Srinivasan, S.S.G.) and Departments of Bioengineering and Materials Science & Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, 318 Campus Dr, Room E153, Stanford, CA 94305; Sanofi R&D, BioInnovation Novel Protein Therapeutics, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany (M.G., J.K., I.F., C.L.); Sanofi Oncology, Vitry, France (C.C., I.S., V.B.); and Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, Mass (S.K.S.)
| | - Arutselvan Natarajan
- From the Department of Radiology (O.I., A.N., S.H., A. Sathirachinda, R.K., A. Srinivasan, S.S.G.) and Departments of Bioengineering and Materials Science & Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, 318 Campus Dr, Room E153, Stanford, CA 94305; Sanofi R&D, BioInnovation Novel Protein Therapeutics, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany (M.G., J.K., I.F., C.L.); Sanofi Oncology, Vitry, France (C.C., I.S., V.B.); and Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, Mass (S.K.S.)
| | - Sharon Hori
- From the Department of Radiology (O.I., A.N., S.H., A. Sathirachinda, R.K., A. Srinivasan, S.S.G.) and Departments of Bioengineering and Materials Science & Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, 318 Campus Dr, Room E153, Stanford, CA 94305; Sanofi R&D, BioInnovation Novel Protein Therapeutics, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany (M.G., J.K., I.F., C.L.); Sanofi Oncology, Vitry, France (C.C., I.S., V.B.); and Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, Mass (S.K.S.)
| | - Ataya Sathirachinda
- From the Department of Radiology (O.I., A.N., S.H., A. Sathirachinda, R.K., A. Srinivasan, S.S.G.) and Departments of Bioengineering and Materials Science & Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, 318 Campus Dr, Room E153, Stanford, CA 94305; Sanofi R&D, BioInnovation Novel Protein Therapeutics, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany (M.G., J.K., I.F., C.L.); Sanofi Oncology, Vitry, France (C.C., I.S., V.B.); and Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, Mass (S.K.S.)
| | - Richard Kimura
- From the Department of Radiology (O.I., A.N., S.H., A. Sathirachinda, R.K., A. Srinivasan, S.S.G.) and Departments of Bioengineering and Materials Science & Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, 318 Campus Dr, Room E153, Stanford, CA 94305; Sanofi R&D, BioInnovation Novel Protein Therapeutics, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany (M.G., J.K., I.F., C.L.); Sanofi Oncology, Vitry, France (C.C., I.S., V.B.); and Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, Mass (S.K.S.)
| | - Ananth Srinivasan
- From the Department of Radiology (O.I., A.N., S.H., A. Sathirachinda, R.K., A. Srinivasan, S.S.G.) and Departments of Bioengineering and Materials Science & Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, 318 Campus Dr, Room E153, Stanford, CA 94305; Sanofi R&D, BioInnovation Novel Protein Therapeutics, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany (M.G., J.K., I.F., C.L.); Sanofi Oncology, Vitry, France (C.C., I.S., V.B.); and Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, Mass (S.K.S.)
| | - Mathias Gebauer
- From the Department of Radiology (O.I., A.N., S.H., A. Sathirachinda, R.K., A. Srinivasan, S.S.G.) and Departments of Bioengineering and Materials Science & Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, 318 Campus Dr, Room E153, Stanford, CA 94305; Sanofi R&D, BioInnovation Novel Protein Therapeutics, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany (M.G., J.K., I.F., C.L.); Sanofi Oncology, Vitry, France (C.C., I.S., V.B.); and Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, Mass (S.K.S.)
| | - Jochen Kruip
- From the Department of Radiology (O.I., A.N., S.H., A. Sathirachinda, R.K., A. Srinivasan, S.S.G.) and Departments of Bioengineering and Materials Science & Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, 318 Campus Dr, Room E153, Stanford, CA 94305; Sanofi R&D, BioInnovation Novel Protein Therapeutics, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany (M.G., J.K., I.F., C.L.); Sanofi Oncology, Vitry, France (C.C., I.S., V.B.); and Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, Mass (S.K.S.)
| | - Ingo Focken
- From the Department of Radiology (O.I., A.N., S.H., A. Sathirachinda, R.K., A. Srinivasan, S.S.G.) and Departments of Bioengineering and Materials Science & Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, 318 Campus Dr, Room E153, Stanford, CA 94305; Sanofi R&D, BioInnovation Novel Protein Therapeutics, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany (M.G., J.K., I.F., C.L.); Sanofi Oncology, Vitry, France (C.C., I.S., V.B.); and Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, Mass (S.K.S.)
| | - Christian Lange
- From the Department of Radiology (O.I., A.N., S.H., A. Sathirachinda, R.K., A. Srinivasan, S.S.G.) and Departments of Bioengineering and Materials Science & Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, 318 Campus Dr, Room E153, Stanford, CA 94305; Sanofi R&D, BioInnovation Novel Protein Therapeutics, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany (M.G., J.K., I.F., C.L.); Sanofi Oncology, Vitry, France (C.C., I.S., V.B.); and Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, Mass (S.K.S.)
| | - Chantal Carrez
- From the Department of Radiology (O.I., A.N., S.H., A. Sathirachinda, R.K., A. Srinivasan, S.S.G.) and Departments of Bioengineering and Materials Science & Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, 318 Campus Dr, Room E153, Stanford, CA 94305; Sanofi R&D, BioInnovation Novel Protein Therapeutics, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany (M.G., J.K., I.F., C.L.); Sanofi Oncology, Vitry, France (C.C., I.S., V.B.); and Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, Mass (S.K.S.)
| | - Ingrid Sassoon
- From the Department of Radiology (O.I., A.N., S.H., A. Sathirachinda, R.K., A. Srinivasan, S.S.G.) and Departments of Bioengineering and Materials Science & Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, 318 Campus Dr, Room E153, Stanford, CA 94305; Sanofi R&D, BioInnovation Novel Protein Therapeutics, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany (M.G., J.K., I.F., C.L.); Sanofi Oncology, Vitry, France (C.C., I.S., V.B.); and Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, Mass (S.K.S.)
| | - Veronique Blanc
- From the Department of Radiology (O.I., A.N., S.H., A. Sathirachinda, R.K., A. Srinivasan, S.S.G.) and Departments of Bioengineering and Materials Science & Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, 318 Campus Dr, Room E153, Stanford, CA 94305; Sanofi R&D, BioInnovation Novel Protein Therapeutics, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany (M.G., J.K., I.F., C.L.); Sanofi Oncology, Vitry, France (C.C., I.S., V.B.); and Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, Mass (S.K.S.)
| | - Susanta K Sarkar
- From the Department of Radiology (O.I., A.N., S.H., A. Sathirachinda, R.K., A. Srinivasan, S.S.G.) and Departments of Bioengineering and Materials Science & Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, 318 Campus Dr, Room E153, Stanford, CA 94305; Sanofi R&D, BioInnovation Novel Protein Therapeutics, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany (M.G., J.K., I.F., C.L.); Sanofi Oncology, Vitry, France (C.C., I.S., V.B.); and Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, Mass (S.K.S.)
| | - Sanjiv S Gambhir
- From the Department of Radiology (O.I., A.N., S.H., A. Sathirachinda, R.K., A. Srinivasan, S.S.G.) and Departments of Bioengineering and Materials Science & Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, 318 Campus Dr, Room E153, Stanford, CA 94305; Sanofi R&D, BioInnovation Novel Protein Therapeutics, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany (M.G., J.K., I.F., C.L.); Sanofi Oncology, Vitry, France (C.C., I.S., V.B.); and Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, Mass (S.K.S.)
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Li K, Tavaré R, Zettlitz KA, Mumenthaler SM, Mallick P, Zhou Y, Marks JD, Wu AM. Anti-MET immunoPET for non-small cell lung cancer using novel fully human antibody fragments. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:2607-17. [PMID: 25143449 PMCID: PMC4221648 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
MET, the receptor of hepatocyte growth factor, plays important roles in tumorigenesis and drug resistance in numerous cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). As increasing numbers of MET inhibitors are being developed for clinical applications, antibody fragment-based immunopositron emission tomography (immunoPET) has the potential to rapidly quantify in vivo MET expression levels for drug response evaluation and patient stratification for these targeted therapies. Here, fully human single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) isolated from a phage display library were reformatted into bivalent cys-diabodies (scFv-cys dimers) with affinities to MET ranging from 0.7 to 5.1 nmol/L. The candidate with the highest affinity, H2, was radiolabeled with (89)Zr for immunoPET studies targeting NSCLC xenografts: low MET-expressing Hcc827 and the gefitinib-resistant Hcc827-GR6 with 4-fold MET overexpression. ImmunoPET at as early as 4 hours after injection produced high-contrast images, and ex vivo biodistribution analysis at 20 hours after injection showed about 2-fold difference in tracer uptake levels between the parental and resistant tumors (P < 0.01). Further immunoPET studies using a larger fragment, the H2 minibody (scFv-CH3 dimer), produced similar results at later time points. Two of the antibody clones (H2 and H5) showed in vitro growth inhibitory effects on MET-dependent gefitinib-resistant cell lines, whereas no effects were observed on resistant lines lacking MET activation. In conclusion, these fully human antibody fragments inhibit MET-dependent cancer cells and enable rapid immunoPET imaging to assess MET expression levels, showing potential for both therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Li
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Richard Tavaré
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kirstin A Zettlitz
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shannon M Mumenthaler
- Center for Applied Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Parag Mallick
- Center for Applied Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California. Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California
| | - James D Marks
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California
| | - Anna M Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.
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Tavaré R, Wu WH, Zettlitz KA, Salazar FB, McCabe KE, Marks JD, Wu AM. Enhanced immunoPET of ALCAM-positive colorectal carcinoma using site-specific ⁶⁴Cu-DOTA conjugation. Protein Eng Des Sel 2014; 27:317-24. [PMID: 25095796 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzu030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) is an immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecule that is aberrantly expressed in a wide variety of human tumors, including melanoma, prostate cancer, breast cancer, colorectal carcinoma, bladder cancer and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. This wide spectrum of human malignancies makes ALCAM a prospective pan-cancer immunoPET target to aid in detection and diagnosis in multiple malignancies. In this study, we assess site-specific versus non-site-specific conjugation strategies for (64)Cu-DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid) immunoPET imaging of a fully human ALCAM cys-diabody (cDb) with a reduced linker length that retains its bivalent binding ability. ALCAM constructs with linker lengths of eight, five and three amino acids were produced to make true non-covalent site-specifically modified cDbs. Characterization by gel electrophoresis, size exclusion chromatography, flow cytometry and mass spectrometry of the various constructs was performed. To demonstrate the increased utility of targeting multiple malignancies expressing ALCAM, we compare the targeting of the site-specific versus non-site-specific conjugated cDbs to the human colorectal cancer xenograft LS174T. Interestingly, the conjugation strategy not only affects tumor targeting but also hepatic and renal uptake/clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Tavaré
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Wei H Wu
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kirstin A Zettlitz
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Felix B Salazar
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Katelyn E McCabe
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - James D Marks
- Department of Anesthesia, UCSF, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Anna M Wu
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Kampmeier F, Williams JD, Maher J, Mullen GE, Blower PJ. Design and preclinical evaluation of a 99mTc-labelled diabody of mAb J591 for SPECT imaging of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). EJNMMI Res 2014; 4:13. [PMID: 24602403 PMCID: PMC4015168 DOI: 10.1186/2191-219x-4-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensitive and specific detection of nodal status, sites of metastases and low-volume recurrent disease could greatly improve management of patients with advanced prostate cancer. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a well-established marker for prostate carcinoma with increased levels of expression in high-grade, hormone-refractory and metastatic disease. The monoclonal antibody (mAb) J591 is directed against an extracellular epitope of PSMA and has been shown to efficiently target disseminated disease including metastases in lymph nodes and bone. Its use as a diagnostic imaging agent however is limited due to its slow pharmacokinetics. In this study a diabody derived from mAb J591 was developed as a single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) tracer with improved pharmacokinetics for the detection of PSMA expression in prostate cancer. METHODS A diabody in VH-VL orientation and with a C-terminal cysteine was expressed in HEK293T cells and purified by a combination of metal ion affinity and size exclusion chromatography. Specificity and affinity were determined in cell binding studies. For SPECT imaging, the diabody was site-specifically labelled with [99mTc(CO)3]+ via the C-terminal His tag and evaluated in a subcutaneous DU145/DU145-PSMA prostate carcinoma xenograft model. RESULTS J591C diabody binds to PSMA-expressing cells with low nanomolar affinity (3.3 ± 0.2 nM). SPECT studies allowed imaging of tumour xenografts with high contrast from 4 h post injection (p.i.). Ex vivo biodistribution studies showed peak tumour uptake of the tracer of 12.1% ± 1.7% injected dose (ID)/g at 8 h p.i. with a tumour to blood ratio of 8.0. Uptake in PSMA-negative tumours was significantly lower with 6.3% ± 0.5% at 8 h p.i. (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The presented diabody has favourable properties required to warrant its further development for antibody-based imaging of PSMA expression in prostate cancer, including PSMA-specific uptake, favourable pharmacokinetics compared to the parental antibody and efficient site-specific radiolabelling with 99mTc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Kampmeier
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Jennifer D Williams
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - John Maher
- Department of Research Oncology, King's Health Partners Integrated Cancer Centre, King's College London, Guy's Hospital Campus, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Department of Immunology, Barnet and Chase Farm NHS Trust, Barnet, Hertfordshire EN5 3DJ, UK
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Gregory E Mullen
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Philip J Blower
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
- Division of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity St, London SE1 1DB, UK
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An engineered anti-CA19-9 cys-diabody for positron emission tomography imaging of pancreatic cancer and targeting of polymerized liposomal nanoparticles. J Surg Res 2013; 185:45-55. [PMID: 23827791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.05.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody-based therapeutics is a rapidly growing field. Small engineered antibody fragments demonstrate similar antigen affinity compared with the parental antibody but have a shorter serum half-life and possess the ability to be conjugated to nanoparticles. The goal of this study was to engineer an anti-carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) cys-diabody fragment in hopes of targeting nanoparticles to pancreatic cancer. METHODS The anti-CA19-9 cys-diabody was created by engineering a C-terminal cysteine residue into the DNA single-chain Fv construct of the anti-CA19-9 diabody and expressed in NS0 cells. Maleimide chemistry was used to conjugate the cys-diabody to polymerized liposomal nanoparticles (PLNs) through the cysteine residues. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate targeting of cys-diabody and cys-diabody-PLN conjugate to human pancreatic cancer cell lines. The cys-diabody was radiolabeled with a positron emitter ((124)I) and evaluated in a mouse model of CA19-9-positive and CA19-9-negative xenografts with micro-positron emission tomography/micro-computed tomography at successive time intervals after injection. Percentage of injected dose per gram of radioactivity was measured in blood and tumor to provide objective confirmation of the micro-positron emission tomographic images. RESULTS Tumor xenograft imaging of the anti-CA19-9 cys-diabody demonstrated an average tumor-to-blood ratio of 3.0 and positive-to-negative tumor ratio of 7.4. Successful conjugation of the cys-diabody to PLNs was indicated by flow cytometry showing specific binding of cys-diabody-PLN conjugate to human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the anti-CA19-9 cys-diabody targets pancreatic cancer providing specific molecular imaging in tumor xenograft models. Furthermore, the cys-diabody-PLN conjugate demonstrates target-specific binding of human pancreatic cancer cells with the potential to deliver targeted treatment.
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An engineered cysteine-modified diabody for imaging activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM)-positive tumors. Mol Imaging Biol 2012; 14:336-47. [PMID: 21630083 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-011-0500-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to generate and evaluate a positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer targeting activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM). PROCEDURES A human anti-ALCAM single chain variable fragment was reformatted to produce a covalent dimer, termed a cys-diabody (CysDb). Purified CysDb was characterized by gel electrophoresis and size exclusion chromatography, and immunoreactivity was assessed by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. Targeting and imaging of ALCAM-positive tumors using (64)Cu-DOTA-CysDb were evaluated in mice bearing human pancreatic adenocarcinoma xenografts (HPAF-II or BxPC-3). RESULTS CysDb binds specifically to ALCAM-positive cells in vitro with an apparent affinity in the range of 1-3 nM. MicroPET images at 4 h showed specific targeting of positive tumors in vivo, a finding confirmed by biodistribution analysis, with positive/negative tumor ratios of 1.9 ± 0.6 and 2.4 ± 0.6, and positive tumor/blood ratios of 2.5 ± 0.9 and 2.9 ± 0.6 (HPAF-II and BxPC-3, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Successful imaging with (64)Cu-DOTA-CysDb in animal models suggests further investigation of ALCAM as an imaging biomarker is warranted.
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James ML, Gambhir SS. A molecular imaging primer: modalities, imaging agents, and applications. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:897-965. [PMID: 22535898 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00049.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 702] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging is revolutionizing the way we study the inner workings of the human body, diagnose diseases, approach drug design, and assess therapies. The field as a whole is making possible the visualization of complex biochemical processes involved in normal physiology and disease states, in real time, in living cells, tissues, and intact subjects. In this review, we focus specifically on molecular imaging of intact living subjects. We provide a basic primer for those who are new to molecular imaging, and a resource for those involved in the field. We begin by describing classical molecular imaging techniques together with their key strengths and limitations, after which we introduce some of the latest emerging imaging modalities. We provide an overview of the main classes of molecular imaging agents (i.e., small molecules, peptides, aptamers, engineered proteins, and nanoparticles) and cite examples of how molecular imaging is being applied in oncology, neuroscience, cardiology, gene therapy, cell tracking, and theranostics (therapy combined with diagnostics). A step-by-step guide to answering biological and/or clinical questions using the tools of molecular imaging is also provided. We conclude by discussing the grand challenges of the field, its future directions, and enormous potential for further impacting how we approach research and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L James
- Molecular Imaging Program, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
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Hall MA, Aldrich MB, Azhdarinia A, Lachance PA, Robinson H, Hazen A, Haviland DL, Sevick-Muraca EM. Quantifying multimodal contrast agent biological activity using near-infrared flow cytometry. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2012; 7:338-45. [DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary A. Hall
- Center for Molecular Imaging; The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine at The University of Texas Health Science Center; Houston; TX; 77030; USA
| | - Melissa B. Aldrich
- Center for Molecular Imaging; The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine at The University of Texas Health Science Center; Houston; TX; 77030; USA
| | - Ali Azhdarinia
- Center for Molecular Imaging; The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine at The University of Texas Health Science Center; Houston; TX; 77030; USA
| | - Pier-Anne Lachance
- Center for Molecular Imaging; The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine at The University of Texas Health Science Center; Houston; TX; 77030; USA
| | - Holly Robinson
- Center for Molecular Imaging; The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine at The University of Texas Health Science Center; Houston; TX; 77030; USA
| | - Amy Hazen
- Flow Cytometry Center; The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine at The University of Texas Health Science Center; Houston; TX; 77030; USA
| | - David L. Haviland
- Flow Cytometry Center; The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine at The University of Texas Health Science Center; Houston; TX; 77030; USA
| | - Eva M. Sevick-Muraca
- Center for Molecular Imaging; The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine at The University of Texas Health Science Center; Houston; TX; 77030; USA
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Bunschoten A, Buckle T, Visser NL, Kuil J, Yuan H, Josephson L, Vahrmeijer AL, van Leeuwen FWB. Multimodal interventional molecular imaging of tumor margins and distant metastases by targeting αvβ3 integrin. Chembiochem 2012; 13:1039-45. [PMID: 22505018 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
α(v)β(3) integrin is involved in (tumor-induced) angiogenesis and is a promising candidate for the specific visualization of both primary tumors and of their distant metastases. Combination of radioactive and fluorescent imaging labels in a single multimodal, or rather hybrid, RGD-based imaging agent enables integration of pre-, intra-, and postoperative angiogenesis imaging. A hybrid imaging agent targeting the α(v)β(3) integrin--(111)In-MSAP-RGD (MSAP = multifunctional single-attachment-point reagent), which contains a targeting moiety, a pentetic acid (DTPA) chelate, and a cyanine dye--was evaluated for its potential value in combined lesion detection and interventional molecular imaging in a 4T1 mouse breast cancer model. SPECT/CT and fluorescence imaging were used to visualize the tumor in vivo. Tracer distribution was evaluated ex vivo down to the microscopic level. The properties of (111)In-MSAP-RGD were compared with those of (111)In-DTPA-RGD. Biodistribution studies revealed a prolonged retention and increased tumor accumulation of (111)In-MSAP-RGD relative to (111)In-DTPA-RGD. With (111)In-MSAP-RGD, identical features could be visualized preoperatively (SPECT/CT) and intraoperatively (fluorescence imaging). As well as the primary tumor, (111)In-MSAP-RGD also enabled detection and accurate excision of distant metastases in the head and neck region of the mice. Therefore, the hybrid RGD derivative (111)In-MSAP-RGD shows potential in preoperative planning and fluorescence-based surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Bunschoten
- Interventional Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Olafsen T, Sirk SJ, Olma S, Shen CKF, Wu AM. ImmunoPET using engineered antibody fragments: fluorine-18 labeled diabodies for same-day imaging. Tumour Biol 2012; 33:669-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0365-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Generation of single-chain bispecific green fluorescent protein fusion antibodies for imaging of antibody-induced T cell synapses. Anal Biochem 2012; 423:261-8. [PMID: 22274538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in the development of novel single-chain bispecific antibodies for retargeting of immune effector T cells to tumor cells. Until today, functional fusion constructs consisting of a single-chain bispecific antibody and a fluorescent protein were not reported. Such molecules could be useful for an in vivo visualization of this retargeting process. Recently, we established two novel single-chain bispecific antibodies. One is capable of retargeting T cells to CD33, and the other is capable of retargeting T cells to the prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA). CD33 is an attractive immunotarget on the surface of tumor cells from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The PSCA is a potential target on prostate cancer cells. Flanking the reading frame encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) with a recently described novel helical linker element allowed us to establish novel single-chain bispecific fusion antibodies. These fluorescent fusion antibodies were useful to efficiently retarget T cells to the respective tumor cells and visualize the formation of immune synapses between effector and target cells.
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Powers GA, Hudson PJ, Wheatcroft MP. Design and production of multimeric antibody fragments, focused on diabodies with enhanced clinical efficacy. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 907:699-712. [PMID: 22907381 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-974-7_39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Multimeric antibody fragments, particularly dimers (diabodies), trimers (triabodies), and tetramers (tetrabodies) of single-chain Fv molecules (scFv), provide high avidity through multivalent binding to the target antigen. The combination of their smaller size and avid binding can provide desirable biological characteristics for tumor targeting applications in vivo; for example, diabodies can have greater tumor penetration and faster blood clearance rates compared to intact full-size antibodies (IgGs). The pharmacokinetic and biodistribution characteristics can further be optimized by the addition of specific thiolation sites for conjugation of PEG molecules to regulate molecular weight and reduce kidney uptake. Thiolation sites can also be used for precise loading of therapeutic payloads. This protocol describes our method for construction and bacterial production of soluble multimeric antibody scFv fragments, focusing on diabodies (scFv dimers).
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Matharu Z, Bandodkar AJ, Gupta V, Malhotra BD. Fundamentals and application of ordered molecular assemblies to affinity biosensing. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:1363-402. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15145b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Lin X, Xie J, Chen X. Protein-based tumor molecular imaging probes. Amino Acids 2011; 41:1013-36. [PMID: 20232092 PMCID: PMC3617487 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0545-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging is an emerging discipline which plays critical roles in diagnosis and therapeutics. It visualizes and quantifies markers that are aberrantly expressed during the disease origin and development. Protein molecules remain to be one major class of imaging probes, and the option has been widely diversified due to the recent advances in protein engineering techniques. Antibodies are part of the immunosystem which interact with target antigens with high specificity and affinity. They have long been investigated as imaging probes and were coupled with imaging motifs such as radioisotopes for that purpose. However, the relatively large size of antibodies leads to a half-life that is too long for common imaging purposes. Besides, it may also cause a poor tissue penetration rate and thus compromise some medical applications. It is under this context that various engineered protein probes, essentially antibody fragments, protein scaffolds, and natural ligands have been developed. Compared to intact antibodies, they possess more compact size, shorter clearance time, and better tumor penetration. One major challenge of using protein probes in molecular imaging is the affected biological activity resulted from random labeling. Site-specific modification, however, allows conjugation happening in a stoichiometric fashion with little perturbation of protein activity. The present review will discuss protein-based probes with focus on their application and related site-specific conjugation strategies in tumor imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Walter MV, Lundberg P, Hult A, Malkoch M. Novel macrothiols for the synthesis of a structurally comprehensive dendritic library using thiol-ene click chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Li L, Crow D, Turatti F, Bading JR, Anderson AL, Poku E, Yazaki PJ, Carmichael J, Leong D, Wheatcroft D, Wheatcroft MP, Raubitschek AA, Hudson PJ, Colcher D, Shively JE. Site-specific conjugation of monodispersed DOTA-PEGn to a thiolated diabody reveals the effect of increasing peg size on kidney clearance and tumor uptake with improved 64-copper PET imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:709-16. [PMID: 21395337 DOI: 10.1021/bc100464e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Optimal PET imaging of tumors with radiolabeled engineered antibodies requires, among other parameters, matching blood clearance and tumor uptake with the half-life of the engineered antibody. Although diabodies have favorable molecular sizes (50 kDa) for rapid blood clearance (t(1/2) = 30-60 min) and are bivalent, thereby increasing tumor uptake, they exhibit substantial kidney uptake as their major route of clearance, which is especially evident when they are labeled with the PET isotope (64)Cu (t(1/2) = 12 h). To overcome this drawback, diabodies may be conjugated to PEG, a modification that increases the apparent molecular size of the diabody and reduces kidney uptake without adversely affecting tumor uptake or the tumor to blood ratio. We show here that site-specific attachment of monodispersed PEGn of increasing molecular size (n = 12, 24, and 48) can uniformly increase the apparent molecular size of the PEG-diabody conjugate, decrease kidney uptake, and increase tumor uptake, the latter due to the increased residence time of the conjugate in the blood. Since the monodispersed PEGs were preconjugated to the chelator DOTA, the conjugates were able to bind radiometals such as (111)In and (64)Cu that can be used for SPECT and PET imaging, respectively. To allow conjugation of the DOTA-PEG to the diabody, the DOTA-PEG incorporated a terminal cysteine conjugated to a vinyl sulfone moiety. In order to control the conjugation chemistry, we have engineered a surface thiolated diabody that incorporates two cysteines per monomer (four per diabody). The thiolated diabody was expressed and purified from bacterial fermentation and only needs to be reduced prior to conjugation to the DOTA-PEGn-Cys-VS. This novel imaging agent (a diabody with DOTA-PEG48-Cys-VS attached to introduced thiols) gave up to 80%ID/g of tumor uptake with a tumor to blood ratio (T/B) of 8 at 24 h when radiolabeled with (111)In and 37.9% ID/g of tumor uptake (T/B = 8) at 44 h when radiolabeled with (64)Cu in PET imaging in an animal model. Tumor uptake was significantly improved from the 50% ID/g at 24 h observed with diabodies that were pegylated on surface lysine residues. Importantly, there was no loss of immunoreactivity of the site-specific Cys-conjugated diabody to its antigen (TAG-72) compared to the parent, unconjugated diabody. We propose that thiolated diabodies conjugated to DOTAylated monodisperse PEGs have the potential for superior SPECT and PET imaging in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Department of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope , Duarte, California 91010, United States
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Tsai SJ, Yeates TO. Bacterial microcompartments insights into the structure, mechanism, and engineering applications. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 103:1-20. [PMID: 21999993 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415906-8.00008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial microcompartments are large supramolecular assemblies, resembling viruses in size and shape, found inside many bacterial cells. A protein-based shell encapsulates a series of sequentially acting enzymes in order to sequester certain sensitive metabolic processes within the cell. Crystal structures of the individual shell proteins have revealed details about how they self-assemble and how pores through their centers facilitate molecular transport into and out of the microcompartments. Biochemical and genetic studies have shown that enzymes are directed to the interior in some cases by special targeting sequences in their termini. Together, these findings open up prospects for engineering bacterial microcompartments with novel functionalities for applications ranging from metabolic engineering to targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia J Tsai
- UCLA Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Sakamoto T, Sawamoto S, Tanaka T, Fukuda H, Kondo A. Enzyme-Mediated Site-Specific Antibody−Protein Modification Using a ZZ Domain as a Linker. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:2227-33. [DOI: 10.1021/bc100206z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Sakamoto
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, and Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Shiori Sawamoto
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, and Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, and Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hideki Fukuda
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, and Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, and Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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Abstract
Noninvasive molecular imaging approaches include nuclear, optical, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, ultrasound, and photoacoustic imaging, which require accumulation of a signal delivered by a probe at the target site. Monoclonal antibodies are high affinity molecules that can be used for specific, high signal delivery to cell surface molecules. However, their long circulation time in blood makes them unsuitable as imaging probes. Efforts to improve antibodies pharmacokinetics without compromising affinity and specificity have been made through protein engineering. Antibody variants that differ in antigen binding sites and size have been generated and evaluated as imaging probes to target tissues of interest. Fast clearing fragments, such as single-chain variable fragment (scFv; 25 kDa), with 1 antigen-binding site (monovalent) demonstrated low accumulation in tumors because of the low exposure time to the target. Using scFv as building block to produce larger, bivalent fragments, such as scFv dimers (diabodies, 50 kDa) and scFv-fusion proteins (80 kDa minibodies and 105 kDa scFv-Fc), resulted in higher tumor accumulation because of their longer residence time in blood. Imaging studies with these fragments after radiolabeling have demonstrated excellent, high-contrast images in gamma cameras and positron emission tomography scanners. Several studies have also investigated antibody fragments conjugated to fluorescence (near infrared dyes), bioluminescence (luciferases), and quantum dots for optical imaging and iron oxides nanoparticles for magnetic resonance imaging. However, these studies indicate that there are several factors that influence successful targeting and imaging. These include stability of the antibody fragment, the labeling chemistry (direct or indirect), whether critical residues are modified, the number of antigen expressed on the cell, and whether the target has a rapid recycling rate or internalizes upon binding. The preclinical data presented are compelling, and it is evident that antibody-based molecular imaging tracers will play an important future role in the diagnosis and management of cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Olafsen
- UCLA Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA.
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Xie HD, Ho LA, Truelove MS, Corry B, Stewart SG. Fluorescent Triphenyl Substituted Maleimide Derivatives: Synthesis, Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemical Calculations. J Fluoresc 2010; 20:1077-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-010-0660-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Olafsen T, Sirk SJ, Betting DJ, Kenanova VE, Bauer KB, Ladno W, Raubitschek AA, Timmerman JM, Wu AM. ImmunoPET imaging of B-cell lymphoma using 124I-anti-CD20 scFv dimers (diabodies). Protein Eng Des Sel 2010; 23:243-9. [PMID: 20053640 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzp081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid clearing engineered antibody fragments for immunoPET promise high sensitivity at early time points. Here, tumor targeting of anti-CD20 diabodies (scFv dimers) for detection of low-grade B-cell lymphomas were evaluated. In addition, the effect of linker length on oligomerization of the diabody was investigated. Four rituximab scFv variants in the V(L)-V(H) orientation with different linker lengths between the V domains (scFv-1, scFv-3, scFv-5, scFv-8), plus the scFv-5 with a C-terminal cysteine (Cys-Db) for site-specific modification were generated. The scFv-8 and Cys-Db were radioiodinated with (124)I for PET imaging, and biodistribution of (131)I-Cys-Db was carried out at 2, 4 10 and 20 h. The five anti-CD20 scFv variants were expressed as fully functional dimers. Shortening the linker to three or one residue did not produce higher order of multimers. Both (124)I-labeled scFv-8 and Cys-Db exhibited similar tumor targeting at 8 h post injection, with significantly higher uptakes than in control tumors (P < 0.05). At 20 h, less than 1% ID/g of (131)I-labeled Cys-Db was present in tumors and tissues. Specific tumor targeting and high contrast images were achieved with the anti-CD20 diabodies. These agents extend the repertoire of reagents that can potentially be used to improve detection of low-grade lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Olafsen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Barat B, Sirk SJ, McCabe KE, Li J, Lepin EJ, Remenyi R, Koh AL, Olafsen T, Gambhir SS, Weiss S, Wu AM. Cys-diabody quantum dot conjugates (immunoQdots) for cancer marker detection. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:1474-81. [PMID: 19642689 DOI: 10.1021/bc800421f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present work demonstrates the use of small bivalent engineered antibody fragments, cys-diabodies, for biological modification of nanoscale particles such as quantum dots (Qdots) for detection of target antigens. Novel bioconjugated quantum dots known as immunoQdots (iQdots) were developed by thiol-specific oriented coupling of tumor specific cys-diabodies, at a position away from the antigen binding site to amino PEG CdSe/ZnS Qdots. Initially, amino PEG Qdot 655 were coupled with reduced anti-HER2 cys-diabody by amine-sulfhydryl-reactive linker [N-ε-maleimidocaproyloxy] succinimide ester (EMCS) to produce anti-HER2 iQdot 655. Spectral characterization of the conjugate revealed that the spectrum was symmetrical and essentially identical to unconjugated Qdot. Specific receptor binding activity of anti-HER2 iQdot 655 was confirmed by flow cytometry on HER2 positive and negative cells. Immunofluorescence results showed homogeneous surface labeling of the cell membrane with Qdot 655 conjugate. In addition, cys-diabodies specific for HER2, as well as prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA), were conjugated successfully with amino PEG Qdot 800. All of these iQdots retain the photoluminescence properties of the unconjugated Qdot 800 as well as the antigen binding specificity of the cys-diabody as demonstrated by flow cytometry. Simultaneous detection of two tumor antigens on LNCaP/PSCA prostate cancer cells (which express PSCA and HER2) in culture was possible using two iQdots, anti-HER2 iQdot 655 and anti-PSCA iQdot 800. Thus, these iQdots are potentially useful as optical probes for sensitive, multiplexed detection of surface markers on tumor cells. The present thiol-specific conjugation method demonstrates a general approach for site-specific oriented coupling of cys-diabodies to a wide variety of nanoparticles without disturbing the antigen binding site and maintaining small size compared to intact antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaswati Barat
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Kampmeier F, Ribbert M, Nachreiner T, Dembski S, Beaufils F, Brecht A, Barth S. Site-Specific, Covalent Labeling of Recombinant Antibody Fragments via Fusion to an Engineered Version of 6-O-Alkylguanine DNA Alkyltransferase. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:1010-5. [DOI: 10.1021/bc9000257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Kampmeier
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany, Institute for Neuropathology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany, Fraunhofer-Insitut für Silicatforschung ISC, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany, Covalys Biosciences AG, Benkenstrasse 254, CH4108 Witterswil, Switzerland, and Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University,
| | - Markus Ribbert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany, Institute for Neuropathology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany, Fraunhofer-Insitut für Silicatforschung ISC, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany, Covalys Biosciences AG, Benkenstrasse 254, CH4108 Witterswil, Switzerland, and Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University,
| | - Thomas Nachreiner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany, Institute for Neuropathology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany, Fraunhofer-Insitut für Silicatforschung ISC, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany, Covalys Biosciences AG, Benkenstrasse 254, CH4108 Witterswil, Switzerland, and Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University,
| | - Sofia Dembski
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany, Institute for Neuropathology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany, Fraunhofer-Insitut für Silicatforschung ISC, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany, Covalys Biosciences AG, Benkenstrasse 254, CH4108 Witterswil, Switzerland, and Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University,
| | - Florent Beaufils
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany, Institute for Neuropathology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany, Fraunhofer-Insitut für Silicatforschung ISC, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany, Covalys Biosciences AG, Benkenstrasse 254, CH4108 Witterswil, Switzerland, and Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University,
| | - Andreas Brecht
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany, Institute for Neuropathology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany, Fraunhofer-Insitut für Silicatforschung ISC, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany, Covalys Biosciences AG, Benkenstrasse 254, CH4108 Witterswil, Switzerland, and Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University,
| | - Stefan Barth
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany, Institute for Neuropathology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany, Fraunhofer-Insitut für Silicatforschung ISC, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany, Covalys Biosciences AG, Benkenstrasse 254, CH4108 Witterswil, Switzerland, and Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University,
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