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Miton L, Antonetti E, Poujade M, Dutasta JP, Nava P, Martinez A, Cotelle Y. Self-assembled tetrazine cryptophane for ion pair recognition and guest release by cage disassembly. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5217-5220. [PMID: 38656223 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01421a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Hereby, we describe the synthesis of a self-assembled syn-cryptophane using dynamic nucleophilic aromatic substitution of tetrazines. 1H NMR cage titrations reveal that the tetramethylammonium cation binds under slow exchange conditions while counter-anions show a fast exchange regime. Finally, the cryptophane can be disassembled by the addition of thiols allowing guest release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Miton
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France.
| | - Elise Antonetti
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France.
| | - Marie Poujade
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France.
| | - Jean-Pierre Dutasta
- ENS Lyon, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie, UMR 5182, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Paola Nava
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France.
| | - Alexandre Martinez
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France.
| | - Yoann Cotelle
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France.
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2
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Abstract
The use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS) in the clinical setting enables the acquisition of valuable anatomical information in a rapid, non-invasive fashion. However, MRI applications for identifying disease-related biomarkers are limited due to low sensitivity at clinical magnetic field strengths. The development of hyperpolarized (hp) 129Xe MRI/MRS techniques as complements to traditional 1H-based imaging has been a burgeoning area of research over the past two decades. Pioneering experiments have shown that hp 129Xe can be encapsulated within host molecules to generate ultrasensitive biosensors. In particular, xenon has high affinity for cryptophanes, which are small organic cages that can be functionalized with affinity tags, fluorophores, solubilizing groups, and other moieties to identify biomedically relevant analytes. Cryptophane sensors designed for proteins, metal ions, nucleic acids, pH, and temperature have achieved nanomolar-to-femtomolar limits of detection via a combination of 129Xe hyperpolarization and chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) techniques. This review aims to summarize the development of cryptophane biosensors for 129Xe MRI applications, while highlighting innovative biosensor designs and the consequent enhancements in detection sensitivity, which will be invaluable in expanding the scope of 129Xe MRI. This review aims to summarize the development of cryptophane biosensors for 129Xe MRI applications, while highlighting innovative biosensor designs and the consequent enhancements in detection sensitivity, which will be invaluable in expanding the scope of 129Xe MRI.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge D Zemerov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34 St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Ivan J Dmochowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34 St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
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3
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Mu H, Miki K, Harada H, Tanaka K, Nogita K, Ohe K. pH-Activatable Cyanine Dyes for Selective Tumor Imaging Using Near-Infrared Fluorescence and Photoacoustic Modalities. ACS Sens 2021; 6:123-129. [PMID: 33331765 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging is an emerging molecular imaging modality that complements fluorescence imaging and enables high resolution within deep tissue. Fluorescence/PA multimodality imaging would be a powerful technique to extract more comprehensive information from targets than traditional single-modality imaging. In this paper, we developed a new pH-activatable sensor, CypHRGD, which is applicable to both fluorescence and PA detection. CypHRGD was derived from our previous near-infrared pH-sensing platform, in which substitution with a bulky phenyl group and functionalization with a cRGD peptide remarkably improved the sensor's biocompatibility with attenuated dye aggregation. The multimodality imaging applications of CypHRGD were demonstrated in cultured cells and cancer-xenografted mice with rapid kinetics and high sensitivity and specificity, which relies on cRGD-facilitated tumor targeting, probe accumulation and subsequent activation in the acidic organelles after endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Mu
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Koji Miki
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Harada
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kouki Tanaka
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kohei Nogita
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kouichi Ohe
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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4
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Jayapaul J, Schröder L. Molecular Sensing with Host Systems for Hyperpolarized 129Xe. Molecules 2020; 25:E4627. [PMID: 33050669 PMCID: PMC7587211 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarized noble gases have been used early on in applications for sensitivity enhanced NMR. 129Xe has been explored for various applications because it can be used beyond the gas-driven examination of void spaces. Its solubility in aqueous solutions and its affinity for hydrophobic binding pockets allows "functionalization" through combination with host structures that bind one or multiple gas atoms. Moreover, the transient nature of gas binding in such hosts allows the combination with another signal enhancement technique, namely chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST). Different systems have been investigated for implementing various types of so-called Xe biosensors where the gas binds to a targeted host to address molecular markers or to sense biophysical parameters. This review summarizes developments in biosensor design and synthesis for achieving molecular sensing with NMR at unprecedented sensitivity. Aspects regarding Xe exchange kinetics and chemical engineering of various classes of hosts for an efficient build-up of the CEST effect will also be discussed as well as the cavity design of host molecules to identify a pool of bound Xe. The concept is presented in the broader context of reporter design with insights from other modalities that are helpful for advancing the field of Xe biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leif Schröder
- Molecular Imaging, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany;
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5
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Jayapaul J, Schröder L. Complete Generation of a 129Xe Biosensor on the Solid Support by Systematic Backbone Assembly. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:4004-4011. [PMID: 30428668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Xenon biosensors are an emerging tool for different molecular imaging approaches. For many applications, their development requires peptide synthesis steps, followed by the selective installation of a xenon host onto the peptide backbone in solution. In this study, three different strategies were attempted for generating entire Xe biosensors on the solid support. Notably, one strategy involving CryA-da was beneficial by directly integrating this host into the growing construct on a low loaded resin via modification of the administered subcomponent equivalents and by prolonging the coupling procedure. Subsequently, installation of additional amino acids or of additional labels onto the growing construct was achieved by a procedure in which an excess amine was administered to the activated CryA-da (acid) anchored onto the resin. Further, the as-generated Xe biosensor was tested for its NMR and MRI capabilities in H2O and compared to the performance of CryA-ma. Xe NMR of the biosensor indicated a clear CEST response and the Xe MR images revealed similar contrast compared to the reference host. These observations suggest that functionalizing CryA-da on both sides with multiple labels did not alter significantly its NMR capabilities. Hereby, we could show the successful and complete synthesis of a CryA-da-based xenon biosensor on the solid support without any notable side reactions and without the necessity of multiple purification steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jabadurai Jayapaul
- Molecular Imaging, Department of Structural Biology , Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) , Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10 , 13125 Berlin , Germany
| | - Leif Schröder
- Molecular Imaging, Department of Structural Biology , Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) , Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10 , 13125 Berlin , Germany
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6
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Khantasup K, Saiviroonporn P, Jarussophon S, Chantima W, Dharakul T. Anti-EpCAM scFv gadolinium chelate: a novel targeted MRI contrast agent for imaging of colorectal cancer. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 31:633-644. [DOI: 10.1007/s10334-018-0687-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Riggle BA, Greenberg ML, Wang Y, Wissner RF, Zemerov SD, Petersson EJ, Dmochowski IJ. A cryptophane-based "turn-on" 129Xe NMR biosensor for monitoring calmodulin. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:8883-8887. [PMID: 29058007 PMCID: PMC5681859 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02391j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We present the first cryptophane-based "turn-on" 129Xe NMR biosensor, employing a peptide-functionalized cryptophane to monitor the activation of calmodulin (CaM) protein in solution. In the absence of CaM binding, interaction between the peptide and cryptophane completely suppresses the hyperpolarized 129Xe-cryptophane NMR signal. Biosensor binding to Ca2+-activated CaM produces the expected 129Xe-cryptophane NMR signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Riggle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA.
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8
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Hundshammer C, Düwel S, Schilling F. Imaging of Extracellular pH Using Hyperpolarized Molecules. Isr J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201700017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hundshammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Technical University of Munich; Ismaninger Str. 22 81675 München Germany
- Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstr. 2 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Stephan Düwel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Technical University of Munich; Ismaninger Str. 22 81675 München Germany
- Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstr. 2 85748 Garching Germany
- Institute of Medical Engineering; Technical University of Munich; Boltzmannstr. 11 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Franz Schilling
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Technical University of Munich; Ismaninger Str. 22 81675 München Germany
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9
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Benner NL, Zang X, Buehler DC, Kickhoefer VA, Rome ME, Rome LH, Wender PA. Vault Nanoparticles: Chemical Modifications for Imaging and Enhanced Delivery. ACS NANO 2017; 11:872-881. [PMID: 28029784 PMCID: PMC5372831 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b07440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Vault nanoparticles represent promising vehicles for drug and probe delivery. Innately found within human cells, vaults are stable, biocompatible nanocapsules possessing an internal volume that can encapsulate hundreds to thousands of molecules. They can also be targeted. Unlike most nanoparticles, vaults are nonimmunogenic and monodispersed and can be rapidly produced in insect cells. Efforts to create vaults with modified properties have been, to date, almost entirely limited to recombinant bioengineering approaches. Here we report a systematic chemical study of covalent vault modifications, directed at tuning vault properties for research and clinical applications, such as imaging, targeted delivery, and enhanced cellular uptake. As supra-macromolecular structures, vaults contain thousands of derivatizable amino acid side chains. This study is focused on establishing the comparative selectivity and efficiency of chemically modifying vault lysine and cysteine residues, using Michael additions, nucleophilic substitutions, and disulfide exchange reactions. We also report a strategy that converts the more abundant vault lysine residues to readily functionalizable thiol terminated side chains through treatment with 2-iminothiolane (Traut's reagent). These studies provide a method to doubly modify vaults with cell penetrating peptides and imaging agents, allowing for in vitro studies on their enhanced uptake into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L. Benner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Zang
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Daniel C. Buehler
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Valerie A. Kickhoefer
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Michael E. Rome
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Leonard H. Rome
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Paul A. Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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10
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Barskiy DA, Coffey AM, Nikolaou P, Mikhaylov DM, Goodson BM, Branca RT, Lu GJ, Shapiro MG, Telkki VV, Zhivonitko VV, Koptyug IV, Salnikov OG, Kovtunov KV, Bukhtiyarov VI, Rosen MS, Barlow MJ, Safavi S, Hall IP, Schröder L, Chekmenev EY. NMR Hyperpolarization Techniques of Gases. Chemistry 2017; 23:725-751. [PMID: 27711999 PMCID: PMC5462469 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear spin polarization can be significantly increased through the process of hyperpolarization, leading to an increase in the sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments by 4-8 orders of magnitude. Hyperpolarized gases, unlike liquids and solids, can often be readily separated and purified from the compounds used to mediate the hyperpolarization processes. These pure hyperpolarized gases enabled many novel MRI applications including the visualization of void spaces, imaging of lung function, and remote detection. Additionally, hyperpolarized gases can be dissolved in liquids and can be used as sensitive molecular probes and reporters. This Minireview covers the fundamentals of the preparation of hyperpolarized gases and focuses on selected applications of interest to biomedicine and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila A Barskiy
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Aaron M Coffey
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Panayiotis Nikolaou
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | | | - Boyd M Goodson
- Southern Illinois University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Technology Center, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Rosa T Branca
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - George J Lu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Mikhail G Shapiro
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | | | - Vladimir V Zhivonitko
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Igor V Koptyug
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oleg G Salnikov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Kirill V Kovtunov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valerii I Bukhtiyarov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Pr., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Matthew S Rosen
- MGH/A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Michael J Barlow
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Shahideh Safavi
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Ian P Hall
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Leif Schröder
- Molecular Imaging, Department of Structural Biology, Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eduard Y Chekmenev
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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11
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Mari E, Berthault P. 129Xe NMR-based sensors: biological applications and recent methods. Analyst 2017; 142:3298-3308. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01088e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Molecular systems that target analytes of interest and host spin-hyperpolarized xenon lead to powerful 129Xe NMR-based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Mari
- NIMBE
- CEA
- CNRS
- Université de Paris Saclay
- CEA Saclay
| | - P. Berthault
- NIMBE
- CEA
- CNRS
- Université de Paris Saclay
- CEA Saclay
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12
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Edwards JV, Fontenot KR, Prevost NT, Pircher N, Liebner F, Condon BD. Preparation, Characterization and Activity of a Peptide-Cellulosic Aerogel Protease Sensor from Cotton. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 16:E1789. [PMID: 27792201 PMCID: PMC5134448 DOI: 10.3390/s16111789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanocellulosic aerogels (NA) provide a lightweight biocompatible material with structural properties, like interconnected high porosity and specific surface area, suitable for biosensor design. We report here the preparation, characterization and activity of peptide-nanocellulose aerogels (PepNA) made from unprocessed cotton and designed with protease detection activity. Low-density cellulosic aerogels were prepared from greige cotton by employing calcium thiocyanate octahydrate/lithium chloride as a direct cellulose dissolving medium. Subsequent casting, coagulation, solvent exchange and supercritical carbon dioxide drying afforded homogeneous cellulose II aerogels of fibrous morphology. The cotton-based aerogel had a porosity of 99% largely dominated by mesopores (2-50 nm) and an internal surface of 163 m²·g-1. A fluorescent tripeptide-substrate (succinyl-alanine-proline-alanine-4-amino-7-methyl-coumarin) was tethered to NA by (1) esterification of cellulose C6 surface hydroxyl groups with glycidyl-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (FMOC), (2) deprotection and (3) coupling of the immobilized glycine with the tripeptide. Characterization of the NA and PepNA included techniques, such as elemental analysis, mass spectral analysis, attenuated total reflectance infrared imaging, nitrogen adsorption, scanning electron microscopy and bioactivity studies. The degree of substitution of the peptide analog attached to the anhydroglucose units of PepNA was 0.015. The findings from mass spectral analysis and attenuated total reflectance infrared imaging indicated that the peptide substrate was immobilized on to the surface of the NA. Nitrogen adsorption revealed a high specific surface area and a highly porous system, which supports the open porous structure observed from scanning electron microscopy images. Bioactivity studies of PepNA revealed a detection sensitivity of 0.13 units/milliliter for human neutrophil elastase, a diagnostic biomarker for inflammatory diseases. The physical properties of the aerogel are suitable for interfacing with an intelligent protease sequestrant wound dressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vincent Edwards
- Southern Regional Research Center, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA.
| | | | | | - Nicole Pircher
- Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, Tulln an der Donau A-3430, Austria.
| | - Falk Liebner
- Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, Tulln an der Donau A-3430, Austria.
| | - Brian D Condon
- Southern Regional Research Center, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA.
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13
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Abstract
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Molecular imaging holds considerable promise for elucidating biological
processes in normal physiology as well as disease states, by determining
the location and relative concentration of specific molecules of interest.
Proton-based magnetic resonance imaging (1H MRI) is nonionizing
and provides good spatial resolution for clinical imaging but lacks
sensitivity for imaging low-abundance (i.e., submicromolar) molecular
markers of disease or environments with low proton densities. To address
these limitations, hyperpolarized (hp) 129Xe NMR spectroscopy
and MRI have emerged as attractive complementary methodologies. Hyperpolarized
xenon is nontoxic and can be readily delivered to patients via inhalation
or injection, and improved xenon hyperpolarization technology makes
it feasible to image the lungs and brain for clinical applications. In order to target hp 129Xe to biomolecular targets
of interest, the concept of “xenon biosensing” was first
proposed by a Berkeley team in 2001. The development of xenon biosensors
has since focused on modifying organic host molecules (e.g., cryptophanes)
via diverse conjugation chemistries and has brought about numerous
sensing applications including the detection of peptides, proteins,
oligonucleotides, metal ions, chemical modifications, and enzyme activity.
Moreover, the large (∼300 ppm) chemical shift window for hp 129Xe bound to host molecules in water makes possible the simultaneous
identification of multiple species in solution, that is, multiplexing.
Beyond hyperpolarization, a 106-fold signal enhancement
can be achieved through a technique known as hyperpolarized 129Xe chemical exchange saturation transfer (hyper-CEST), which shows
great potential to meet the sensitivity requirement in many applications. This Account highlights an expanded palette of hyper-CEST biosensors,
which now includes cryptophane and cucurbit[6]uril (CB[6]) small-molecule
hosts, as well as genetically encoded gas vesicles and single proteins.
In 2015, we reported picomolar detection of commercially available
CB[6] via hyper-CEST. Inspired by the versatile host–guest
chemistry of CB[6], our lab and others developed “turn-on”
strategies for CB[6]-hyper-CEST biosensing, demonstrating detection
of protein analytes in complex media and specific chemical events.
CB[6] is starting to be employed for in vivo imaging
applications. We also recently determined that TEM-1 β-lactamase
can function as a single-protein reporter for hyper-CEST and observed
useful saturation contrast for β-lactamase expressed in bacterial
and mammalian cells. These newly developed small-molecule and genetically
encoded xenon biosensors offer significant potential to extend the
scope of hp 129Xe toward molecular MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South
34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Ivan J. Dmochowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South
34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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14
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Yang S, Jiang W, Ren L, Yuan Y, Zhang B, Luo Q, Guo Q, Bouchard LS, Liu M, Zhou X. Biothiol Xenon MRI Sensor Based on Thiol-Addition Reaction. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5835-40. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengjun Yang
- Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics,
National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of
Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Weiping Jiang
- Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics,
National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of
Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Lili Ren
- Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics,
National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of
Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yaping Yuan
- Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics,
National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of
Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics,
National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of
Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qing Luo
- Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics,
National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of
Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qianni Guo
- Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics,
National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of
Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Louis-S. Bouchard
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute, The
Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Maili Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics,
National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of
Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics,
National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of
Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
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15
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Korchak S, Kilian W, Schröder L, Mitschang L. Design and comparison of exchange spectroscopy approaches to cryptophane-xenon host-guest kinetics. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2016; 265:139-145. [PMID: 26896869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Exchange spectroscopy is used in combination with a variation of xenon concentration to disentangle the kinetics of the reversible binding of xenon to cryptophane-A. The signal intensity of either free or crytophane-bound xenon decays in a manner characteristic of the underlying exchange reactions when the spins in the other pool are perturbed. Three experimental approaches, including the well-known Hyper-CEST method, are shown to effectively entail a simple linear dependence of the signal depletion rate, or of a related quantity, on free xenon concentration. This occurs when using spin pool saturation or inversion followed by free exchange. The identification and quantification of contributions to the binding kinetics is then straightforward: in the depletion rate plot, the intercept at the vanishing free xenon concentration represents the kinetic rate coefficient for xenon detachment from the host by dissociative processes while the slope is indicative of the kinetic rate coefficient for degenerate exchange reactions. Comparing quantified kinetic rates for hyperpolarized xenon in aqueous solution reveals the high accuracy of each approach but also shows differences in the precision of the numerical results and in the requirements for prior knowledge. Because of their broad range of applicability the proposed exchange spectroscopy experiments can be readily used to unravel the kinetics of complex formation of xenon with host molecules in the various situations appearing in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Korchak
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig und Berlin, Division of Medical Physics and Metrological Information Technology, Abbestr. 2 - 12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kilian
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig und Berlin, Division of Medical Physics and Metrological Information Technology, Abbestr. 2 - 12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif Schröder
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lorenz Mitschang
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig und Berlin, Division of Medical Physics and Metrological Information Technology, Abbestr. 2 - 12, 10587 Berlin, Germany.
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16
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Zamberlan F, Lesbats C, Rogers NJ, Krupa JL, Pavlovskaya GE, Thomas NR, Faas HM, Meersmann T. Molecular Sensing with Hyperpolarized129Xe Using Switchable Chemical Exchange Relaxation Transfer. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:2294-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Abstract
Here we present a "smart" xenon-129 NMR biosensor that undergoes a peptide conformational change and labels cells in acidic environments. To a cryptophane host molecule with high Xe affinity, we conjugated a 30mer EALA-repeat peptide that is α-helical at pH 5.5 and disordered at pH 7.5. The (129)Xe NMR chemical shift at room temperature was strongly pH-dependent (Δδ = 3.4 ppm): δ = 64.2 ppm at pH 7.5 vs δ = 67.6 ppm at pH 5.5, where Trp(peptide)-cryptophane interactions were evidenced by Trp fluorescence quenching. Using hyper-CEST NMR, we probed peptidocryptophane detection limits at low-picomolar (10(-11) M) concentration, which compares favorably to other NMR pH reporters at 10(-2)-10(-3) M. Finally, in biosensor-HeLa cell solutions, peptide-cell membrane insertion at pH 5.5 generated a 13.4 ppm downfield cryptophane-(129)Xe NMR chemical shift relative to pH 7.5 studies. This highlights new uses for (129)Xe as an ultrasensitive probe of peptide structure and function, along with potential applications for pH-dependent cell labeling in cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A. Riggle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34 Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Yanfei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34 Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Ivan J. Dmochowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34 Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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18
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Khan N, Riggle BA, Seward GK, Bai Y, Dmochowski IJ. Cryptophane-folate biosensor for (129)xe NMR. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:101-9. [PMID: 25438187 PMCID: PMC4306503 DOI: 10.1021/bc5005526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Folate-conjugated cryptophane was developed for targeting cryptophane to membrane-bound folate receptors that are overexpressed in many human cancers. The cryptophane biosensor was synthesized in 20 nonlinear steps, which included functionalization with folate recognition moiety, solubilizing peptide, and Cy3 fluorophore. Hyperpolarized (129)Xe NMR studies confirmed xenon binding to the folate-conjugated cryptophane. Cellular internalization of biosensor was monitored by confocal laser scanning microscopy and quantified by flow cytometry. Competitive blocking studies confirmed cryptophane endocytosis through a folate receptor-mediated pathway. Flow cytometry revealed 10-fold higher cellular internalization in KB cancer cells overexpressing folate receptors compared to HT-1080 cells with normal folate receptor expression. The biosensor was determined to be nontoxic in HT-1080 and KB cells by MTT assay at low micromolar concentrations typically used for hyperpolarized (129)Xe NMR experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najat
S. Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Brittany A. Riggle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Garry K. Seward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Yubin Bai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Ivan J. Dmochowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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19
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Kotera N, Dubost E, Milanole G, Doris E, Gravel E, Arhel N, Brotin T, Dutasta JP, Cochrane J, Mari E, Boutin C, Léonce E, Berthault P, Rousseau B. A doubly responsive probe for the detection of Cys4-tagged proteins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:11482-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc04721h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A biosensor for bimodal detection of recombinant Cys-tagged proteins via fluorescence and hyperpolarized 129Xe NMR is presented. Interaction with a peptide containing the motif Cys–Cys–X–X–Cys–Cys activates both fluorescence and NMR responses.
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20
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Demizu Y, Oba M, Okitsu K, Yamashita H, Misawa T, Tanaka M, Kurihara M, Gellman SH. A preorganized β-amino acid bearing a guanidinium side chain and its use in cell-penetrating peptides. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:5617-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00389j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A cyclic β-amino acid (APCGu) bearing a side-chain guanidinium group has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Demizu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Wisconsin
- Madison
- USA
- National Institute of Health Sciences Setagaya
| | - Makoto Oba
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
- Nagasaki University Bunkyo-machi
- Nagasaki 8528521
- Japan
| | - Koyo Okitsu
- National Institute of Health Sciences Setagaya
- Tokyo 1588501
- Japan
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Hiroko Yamashita
- National Institute of Health Sciences Setagaya
- Tokyo 1588501
- Japan
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Takashi Misawa
- National Institute of Health Sciences Setagaya
- Tokyo 1588501
- Japan
| | - Masakazu Tanaka
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
- Nagasaki University Bunkyo-machi
- Nagasaki 8528521
- Japan
| | - Masaaki Kurihara
- National Institute of Health Sciences Setagaya
- Tokyo 1588501
- Japan
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
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21
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Korchak S, Kilian W, Mitschang L. Degeneracy in cryptophane–xenon complex formation in aqueous solution. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:1721-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08601e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Degenerate exchange prevails in the cryptophane-A–xenon host–guest system in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Korchak
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
- Division of Medical Physics and Metrological Information Technology
- 10587 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kilian
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
- Division of Medical Physics and Metrological Information Technology
- 10587 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Lorenz Mitschang
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
- Division of Medical Physics and Metrological Information Technology
- 10587 Berlin
- Germany
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22
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Kubota R, Hamachi I. Protein recognition using synthetic small-molecular binders toward optical protein sensing in vitro and in live cells. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:4454-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00381k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the recognition and sensing techniques of proteins and their building blocks by use of small synthetic binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryou Kubota
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Katsura
- Japan
| | - Itaru Hamachi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Katsura
- Japan
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23
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Klippel S, Freund C, Schröder L. Multichannel MRI labeling of mammalian cells by switchable nanocarriers for hyperpolarized xenon. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:5721-5726. [PMID: 25247378 DOI: 10.1021/nl502498w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a concept for multichannel MRI cell-labeling using encapsulated laser-polarized xenon. Conceptually different Xe trapping properties of two nanocarriers, namely macrocyclic cages as individual hosts or compartmentalization into nanodroplets, ensure a large chemical shift separation for Xe bound in either of the carriers even after cellular internalization. Two differently labeled mammalian cell populations were imaged by frequency selective saturation transfer resulting in a switchable "two-color" xenon-MRI contrast at micro- to nanomolar Xe carrier concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Klippel
- ERC Project BiosensorImaging, Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) , 13125 Berlin, Germany
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24
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Development of an antibody-based, modular biosensor for 129Xe NMR molecular imaging of cells at nanomolar concentrations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:11697-702. [PMID: 25071165 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1406797111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is seriously limited when aiming for visualization of targeted contrast agents. Images are reconstructed from the weak diamagnetic properties of the sample and require an abundant molecule like water as the reporter. Micromolar to millimolar concentrations of conventional contrast agents are needed to generate image contrast, thus excluding many molecular markers as potential targets. To address this limitation, we developed and characterized a functional xenon NMR biosensor that can identify a specific cell surface marker by targeted (129)Xe MRI. Cells expressing the cell surface protein CD14 can be spatially distinguished from control cells with incorporation of as little as 20 nM of the xenon MRI readout unit, cryptophane-A. Cryptophane-A serves as a chemical host for hyperpolarized nuclei and facilitates the sensitivity enhancement achieved by xenon MRI. Although this paper describes the application of a CD14-specific biosensor, the construct has been designed in a versatile, modular fashion. This allows for quick and easy adaptation of the biosensor to any cell surface target for which there is a specific antibody. In addition, the modular design facilitates the creation of a multifunctional probe that incorporates readout modules for different detection methods, such as fluorescence, to complement the primary MRI readout. This modular antibody-based approach not only offers a practical technique with which to screen targets, but one which can be readily applied as the xenon MRI field moves closer to molecular imaging applications in vivo.
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25
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Rossella F, Rose HM, Witte C, Jayapaul J, Schröder L. Design and Characterization of Two Bifunctional Cryptophane A-Based Host Molecules for Xenon Magnetic Resonance Imaging Applications. Chempluschem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201402179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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26
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Yamashita H, Demizu Y, Shoda T, Sato Y, Oba M, Tanaka M, Kurihara M. Amphipathic short helix-stabilized peptides with cell-membrane penetrating ability. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2403-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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Palaniappan KK, Francis MB, Pines A, Wemmer DE. Molecular Sensing Using Hyperpolarized Xenon NMR Spectroscopy. Isr J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201300128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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28
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Design, synthesis, and in vitro evaluation of a binary targeting MRI contrast agent for imaging tumor cells. Amino Acids 2014; 46:449-57. [PMID: 24414219 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1638-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A binary targeting vector that consists of peptide sequences of Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) and Asn-Gly-Arg (NGR) motifs has been designed and synthesized using solid-phase peptide synthesis procedure. The vector is then coupled with Gd-DOTA to work as a targeting contrast agent (CA1) for magnetic resonance imaging of human lung adenocarcinoma cells A549. Its longitudinal relaxivity is measured to be 7.55 mM(-1) s(-1) in aqueous solution at a magnetic field of 11.7 T, which is higher than that of Magnevist (4.25 mM(-1) s(-1)) in the same conditions. The cell experiment shows, at the same concentration, uptake quantity of CA1 by A549 is much more than Magnevist and also superior over CA2 (a single targeting contrast agent contains only RGD). The uptake can be blocked by the targetable peptide containing RGD or NGR without coupling Gd. To summarize, CA1 has very good ability to target A549 and higher relaxivity than that of Magnevist. So CA1 is promising MRI contrast agent for high-resolution MR molecular imaging of human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells.
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29
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Demizu Y, Misawa T, Kurihara M. Development of Stabilized Short Helical Peptides and Their Functionalization. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2014. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.72.1336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Demizu
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | | | - Masaaki Kurihara
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences
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30
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Stanzl EG, Trantow BM, Vargas JR, Wender PA. Fifteen years of cell-penetrating, guanidinium-rich molecular transporters: basic science, research tools, and clinical applications. Acc Chem Res 2013; 46:2944-54. [PMID: 23697862 DOI: 10.1021/ar4000554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
All living systems require biochemical barriers. As a consequence, all drugs, imaging agents, and probes have targets that are either on, in, or inside of these barriers. Fifteen years ago, we initiated research directed at more fully understanding these barriers and at developing tools and strategies for breaching them that could be of use in basic research, imaging, diagnostics, and medicine. At the outset of this research and now to a lesser extent, the "rules" for drug design biased the selection of drug candidates mainly to those with an intermediate and narrow log P. At the same time, it was becoming increasingly apparent that Nature had long ago developed clever strategies to circumvent these "rules." In 1988, for example, independent reports documented the otherwise uncommon passage of a protein (HIV-Tat) across a membrane. A subsequent study implicated a highly basic domain in this protein (Tat49-57) in its cellular entry. This conspicuously contradictory behavior of a polar, highly charged peptide passing through a nonpolar membrane set the stage for learning how Nature had gotten around the current "rules" of transport. As elaborated in our studies and discussed in this Account, the key strategy used in Nature rests in part on the ability of a molecule to change its properties as a function of microenvironment; such molecules need to be polarity chameleons, polar in a polar milieu and relatively nonpolar in a nonpolar environment. Because this research originated in part with the protein Tat and its basic peptide domain, Tat49-57, the field focused heavily on peptides, even limiting its nomenclature to names such as "cell-penetrating peptides," "cell-permeating peptides," "protein transduction domains," and "membrane translocating peptides." Starting in 1997, through a systematic reverse engineering approach, we established that the ability of Tat49-57 to enter cells is not a function of its peptide backbone, but rather a function of the number and spatial array of its guanidinium groups. These function-oriented studies enabled us and others to design more effective peptidic agents and to think beyond the confines of peptidic systems to new and even more effective nonpeptidic agents. Because the function of passage across a cell membrane is not limited to or even best achieved with the peptide backbone, we referred to these agents by their shared function, "cell-penetrating molecular transporters." The scope of this molecular approach to breaching biochemical barriers has expanded remarkably in the past 15 years: enabling or enhancing the delivery of a wide range of cargos into cells and across other biochemical barriers, creating new tools for research, imaging, and diagnostics, and introducing new therapies into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Geihe Stanzl
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Brian M. Trantow
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jessica R. Vargas
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Paul A. Wender
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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31
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Klippel S, Döpfert J, Jayapaul J, Kunth M, Rossella F, Schnurr M, Witte C, Freund C, Schröder L. Cell Tracking with Caged Xenon: Using Cryptophanes as MRI Reporters upon Cellular Internalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201307290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Klippel S, Döpfert J, Jayapaul J, Kunth M, Rossella F, Schnurr M, Witte C, Freund C, Schröder L. Cell tracking with caged xenon: using cryptophanes as MRI reporters upon cellular internalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 53:493-6. [PMID: 24307424 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201307290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Caged xenon has great potential in overcoming sensitivity limitations for solution-state NMR detection of dilute molecules. However, no application of such a system as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent has yet been performed with live cells. We demonstrate MRI localization of cells labeled with caged xenon in a packed-bed bioreactor working under perfusion with hyperpolarized-xenon-saturated medium. Xenon hosts enable NMR/MRI experiments with switchable contrast and selectivity for cell-associated versus unbound cages. We present MR images with 10(3) -fold sensitivity enhancement for cell-internalized, dual-mode (fluorescence/MRI) xenon hosts at low micromolar concentrations. Our results illustrate the capability of functionalized xenon to act as a highly sensitive cell tracer for MRI detection even without signal averaging. The method will bridge the challenging gap for translation to in vivo studies for the optimization of targeted biosensors and their multiplexing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Klippel
- ERC Project BiosensorImaging, Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin (Germany) https://www.fmp-berlin.de/schroeder; Protein Biochemistry Group, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin (Germany)
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33
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YANG YUPING, YU KAICHAO, ZHANG HAILU, DAI JIANWU, DENG ZONGWU. In vitro assessment of the dual-targeting behavior of a peptide-based magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent. Int J Mol Med 2013; 33:215-20. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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34
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Witte C, Schröder L. NMR of hyperpolarised probes. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:788-802. [PMID: 23033215 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Increasing the sensitivity of NMR experiments is an ongoing field of research to help realise the exquisite molecular specificity of this technique. Hyperpolarisation of various nuclei is a powerful approach that enables the use of NMR for molecular and cellular imaging. Substantial progress has been achieved over recent years in terms of both tracer preparation and detection schemes. This review summarises recent developments in probe design and optimised signal encoding, and promising results in sensitive disease detection and efficient therapeutic monitoring. The different methods have great potential to provide molecular specificity not available by other diagnostic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Witte
- ERC Project BiosensorImaging, Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
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35
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Wender PA. Toward the Ideal Synthesis and Transformative Therapies: The Roles of Step Economy and Function Oriented Synthesis. Tetrahedron 2013; 69:7529-7550. [PMID: 23956471 PMCID: PMC3743450 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305-5080 USA
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36
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Lilburn DM, Pavlovskaya GE, Meersmann T. Perspectives of hyperpolarized noble gas MRI beyond 3He. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2013; 229:173-86. [PMID: 23290627 PMCID: PMC3611600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) studies with hyperpolarized (hp) noble gases are at an exciting interface between physics, chemistry, materials science and biomedical sciences. This paper intends to provide a brief overview and outlook of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with hp noble gases other than hp (3)He. A particular focus are the many intriguing experiments with (129)Xe, some of which have already matured to useful MRI protocols, while others display high potential for future MRI applications. Quite naturally for MRI applications the major usage so far has been for biomedical research but perspectives for engineering and materials science studies are also provided. In addition, the prospects for surface sensitive contrast with hp (83)Kr MRI is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas Meersmann
- University of Nottingham, School of Clinical Sciences, Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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37
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Palaniappan KK, Ramirez RM, Bajaj VS, Wemmer DE, Pines A, Francis MB. Molecular imaging of cancer cells using a bacteriophage-based 129Xe NMR biosensor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:4849-53. [PMID: 23554263 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201300170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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38
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Palaniappan KK, Ramirez RM, Bajaj VS, Wemmer DE, Pines A, Francis MB. Molecular Imaging of Cancer Cells Using a Bacteriophage-Based129Xe NMR Biosensor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201300170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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39
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Delacour L, Kotera N, Traoré T, Garcia-Argote S, Puente C, Leteurtre F, Gravel E, Tassali N, Boutin C, Léonce E, Boulard Y, Berthault P, Rousseau B. “Clickable” Hydrosoluble PEGylated Cryptophane as a Universal Platform for129Xe Magnetic Resonance Imaging Biosensors. Chemistry 2013; 19:6089-93. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Sheridan EJ, Austin CJD, Aitken JB, Vogt S, Jolliffe KA, Harris HH, Rendina LM. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence studies of a bromine-labelled cyclic RGD peptide interacting with individual tumor cells. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2013; 20:226-33. [PMID: 23412478 PMCID: PMC3943546 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049513001647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The first example of synchrotron X-ray fluorescence imaging of cultured mammalian cells in cyclic peptide research is reported. The study reports the first quantitative analysis of the incorporation of a bromine-labelled cyclic RGD peptide and its effects on the biodistribution of endogenous elements (for example, K and Cl) within individual tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin J. Sheridan
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Jade B. Aitken
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, KEK, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Stefan Vogt
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | | | - Hugh H. Harris
- School of Chemistry and Physics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Louis M. Rendina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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41
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Sloniec J, Schnurr M, Witte C, Resch-Genger U, Schröder L, Hennig A. Biomembrane interactions of functionalized cryptophane-A: combined fluorescence and 129Xe NMR studies of a bimodal contrast agent. Chemistry 2013; 19:3110-8. [PMID: 23319433 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent derivatives of the (129)Xe NMR contrast agent cryptophane-A were obtained by functionalization with near infrared fluorescent dyes DY680 and DY682. The resulting conjugates were spectrally characterized, and their interaction with giant and large unilamellar vesicles of varying phospholipid composition was analyzed by fluorescence and NMR spectroscopy. In the latter, a chemical exchange saturation transfer with hyperpolarized (129)Xe (Hyper-CEST) was used to obtain sufficient sensitivity. To determine the partitioning coefficients, we developed a method based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer from Nile Red to the membrane-bound conjugates. This indicated that not only the hydrophobicity of the conjugates, but also the phospholipid composition, largely determines the membrane incorporation. Thereby, partitioning into the liquid-crystalline phase of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine was most efficient. Fluorescence depth quenching and flip-flop assays suggest a perpendicular orientation of the conjugates to the membrane surface with negligible transversal diffusion, and that the fluorescent dyes reside in the interfacial area. The results serve as a basis to differentiate biomembranes by analyzing the Hyper-CEST signatures that are related to membrane fluidity, and pave the way for dissecting different contributions to the Hyper-CEST signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagoda Sloniec
- Division 1.10 Biophotonics, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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42
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Schröder L. Xenon for NMR biosensing – Inert but alert. Phys Med 2013; 29:3-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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43
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Bai Y, Hill PA, Dmochowski IJ. Utilizing a water-soluble cryptophane with fast xenon exchange rates for picomolar sensitivity NMR measurements. Anal Chem 2012; 84:9935-41. [PMID: 23106513 DOI: 10.1021/ac302347y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarized (129)Xe chemical exchange saturation transfer ((129)Xe Hyper-CEST) NMR is a powerful technique for the ultrasensitive, indirect detection of Xe host molecules (e.g., cryptophane-A). Irradiation at the appropriate Xe-cryptophane resonant radio frequency results in relaxation of the bound hyperpolarized (129)Xe and rapid accumulation of depolarized (129)Xe in bulk solution. The cryptophane effectively "catalyzes" this process by providing a unique molecular environment for spin depolarization to occur, while allowing xenon exchange with the bulk solution during the hyperpolarized lifetime (T(1) ≈ 1 min). Following this scheme, a triacetic acid cryptophane-A derivative (TAAC) was indirectly detected at 1.4 picomolar concentration at 320 K in aqueous solution, which is the record for a single-unit xenon host. To investigate this sensitivity enhancement, the xenon binding kinetics of TAAC in water was studied by NMR exchange lifetime measurement. At 297 K, k(on) ≈ 1.5 × 10(6) M(-1) s(-1) and k(off) = 45 s(-1), which represent the fastest Xe association and dissociation rates measured for a high-affinity, water-soluble xenon host molecule near rt. NMR line width measurements provided similar exchange rates at rt, which we assign to solvent-Xe exchange in TAAC. At 320 K, k(off) was estimated to be 1.1 × 10(3) s(-1). In Hyper-CEST NMR experiments, the rate of (129)Xe depolarization achieved by 14 pM TAAC in the presence of radio frequency (RF) pulses was calculated to be 0.17 μM·s(-1). On a per cryptophane basis, this equates to 1.2 × 10(4)(129)Xe atoms s(-1) (or 4.6 × 10(4) Xe atoms s(-1), all Xe isotopes), which is more than an order of magnitude faster than k(off), the directly measurable Xe-TAAC exchange rate. This compels us to consider multiple Xe exchange processes for cryptophane-mediated bulk (129)Xe depolarization, which provide at least 10(7)-fold sensitivity enhancements over directly detected hyperpolarized (129)Xe NMR signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Bai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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44
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Stevens TK, Palaniappan KK, Ramirez RM, Francis MB, Wemmer DE, Pines A. HyperCEST detection of a 129
Xe-based contrast agent composed of cryptophane-A molecular cages on a bacteriophage scaffold. Magn Reson Med 2012; 69:1245-52. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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45
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Short peptides as biosensor transducers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:3055-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5589-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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46
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Measurement of radon and xenon binding to a cryptophane molecular host. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:10969-73. [PMID: 21690357 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1105227108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenon and radon have many similar properties, a difference being that all 35 isotopes of radon ((195)Rn-(229)Rn) are radioactive. Radon is a pervasive indoor air pollutant believed to cause significant incidence of lung cancer in many geographic regions, yet radon affinity for a discrete molecular species has never been determined. By comparison, the chemistry of xenon has been widely studied and applied in science and technology. Here, both noble gases were found to bind with exceptional affinity to tris-(triazole ethylamine) cryptophane, a previously unsynthesized water-soluble organic host molecule. The cryptophane-xenon association constant, K(a)=42,000 ± 2,000 M(-1) at 293 K, was determined by isothermal titration calorimetry. This value represents the highest measured xenon affinity for a host molecule. The partitioning of radon between air and aqueous cryptophane solutions of varying concentration was determined radiometrically to give the cryptophane-radon association constant K(a)=49,000 ± 12,000 M(-1) at 293 K.
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47
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Boutin C, Stopin A, Lenda F, Brotin T, Dutasta JP, Jamin N, Sanson A, Boulard Y, Leteurtre F, Huber G, Bogaert-Buchmann A, Tassali N, Desvaux H, Carrière M, Berthault P. Cell uptake of a biosensor detected by hyperpolarized 129Xe NMR: the transferrin case. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:4135-43. [PMID: 21605977 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
For detection of biological events in vitro, sensors using hyperpolarized (129)Xe NMR can become a powerful tool, provided the approach can bridge the gap in sensitivity. Here we propose constructs based on the non-selective grafting of cryptophane precursors on holo-transferrin. This biological system was chosen because there are many receptors on the cell surface, and endocytosis further increases this density. The study of these biosensors with K562 cell suspensions via fluorescence microscopy and (129)Xe NMR indicates a strong interaction, as well as interesting features such as the capacity of xenon to enter the cryptophane even when the biosensor is endocytosed, while keeping a high level of polarization. Despite a lack of specificity for transferrin receptors, undoubtedly due to the hydrophobic character of the cryptophane moiety that attracts the biosensor into the cell membrane, these biosensors allow the first in-cell probing of biological events using hyperpolarized xenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Boutin
- CEA, IRAMIS, SIS2M, Laboratoire Structure et Dynamique par Résonance Magnétique, UMR CEA/CNRS 3299, Gif sur Yvette, France
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48
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Seward GK, Bai Y, Khan NS, Dmochowski IJ. Cell-compatible, integrin-targeted cryptophane- 129Xe NMR biosensors. Chem Sci 2011; 2:1103-1110. [PMID: 25364495 DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00041a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide-modified cryptophane enables sensitive detection of protein analytes using hyperpolarized 129Xe NMR spectroscopy. Here we report improved targeting and delivery of cryptophane to cells expressing αvβ3 integrin receptor, which is overexpressed in many human cancers. Cryptophane was functionalized with cyclic RGDyK peptide and Alexa Fluor 488 dye, and cellular internalization was monitored by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Competitive blocking assays confirmed cryptophane endocytosis through an αvβ3 integrin receptor-mediated pathway. The peptide-cryptophane conjugate was determined to be nontoxic in normal human lung fibroblasts by MTT assay at the micromolar cryptophane concentrations typically used for hyperpolarized 129Xe NMR biosensing experiments. Flow cytometry revealed 4-fold higher cellular internalization in cancer cells overexpressing the integrin receptor compared to normal cells. Nanomolar inhibitory concentrations (IC50 = 20-30 nM) were measured for cryptophane biosensors against vitronectin binding to αvβ3 integrin and fibrinogen binding to αIIbβ3 integrin. Functionalization of the conjugate with two propionic acid groups improved water solubility for hyperpolarized 129Xe NMR spectroscopic studies, which revealed a single resonance at 67 ppm for the 129Xe-cryptophane-cyclic RGDyK biosensor. Introduction of αIIbβ3 integrin receptor in detergent solution generated a new "bound" 129Xe biosensor peak that was shifted 4 ppm downfield from the "free" 129Xe biosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry K Seward
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Chemistry, 231 South 34 St, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Yubin Bai
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Chemistry, 231 South 34 St, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Najat S Khan
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Chemistry, 231 South 34 St, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Ivan J Dmochowski
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Chemistry, 231 South 34 St, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
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49
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Khan NS, Perez-Aguilar JM, Kaufmann T, Hill PA, Taratula O, Lee OS, Carroll PJ, Saven JG, Dmochowski IJ. Multiple hindered rotators in a gyroscope-inspired tribenzylamine hemicryptophane. J Org Chem 2011; 76:1418-24. [PMID: 21271707 PMCID: PMC3045655 DOI: 10.1021/jo102480s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A gyroscope-inspired tribenzylamine hemicryptophane provides a vehicle for exploring the structure and properties of multiple p-phenylene rotators within one molecule. The hemicryptophane was synthesized in three steps in good overall yield using mild conditions. Three rotator-forming linkers were cyclized to form a rigid cyclotriveratrylene (CTV) stator framework, which was then closed with an amine. The gyroscope-like molecule was characterized by (1)H NMR and (13)C NMR spectroscopy, and the structure was solved by X-ray crystallography. The rigidity of the two-component CTV-trismethylamine stator was investigated by (1)H variable-temperature (VT) NMR experiments and molecular dynamics simulations. These techniques identified gyration of the three p-phenylene rotators on the millisecond time scale at -93 °C, with more dynamic but still hindered motion at room temperature (27 °C). The activation energy for the p-phenylene rotation was determined to be ~10 kcal mol(-1). Due to the propeller arrangement of the p-phenylenes, their rotation is hindered but not strongly correlated. The compact size, simple synthetic route, and molecular motions of this gyroscope-inspired tribenzylamine hemicryptophane make it an attractive starting point for controlling the direction and coupling of rotators within molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tara Kaufmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104
| | - P. Aru Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104
| | - Olena Taratula
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104
| | - One-Sun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104
| | - Patrick J. Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104
| | - Jeffery G. Saven
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104
| | - Ivan J. Dmochowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104
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50
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Taratula O, Hill PA, Bai Y, Khan NS, Dmochowski IJ. Shorter synthesis of trifunctionalized cryptophane-A derivatives. Org Lett 2011; 13:1414-7. [PMID: 21332141 DOI: 10.1021/ol200088f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Efficient syntheses of trisubstituted cryptophane-A derivatives that are versatile host molecules for many applications are reported. Trihydroxy cryptophane was synthesized in six or seven steps with yields as high as 9.5%. By a different route, trihydroxy cryptophane modified with three propargyl, allyl, or benzyl protecting groups was synthesized with yields of 4.1-5.8% in just six steps. Hyperpolarized (129)Xe NMR chemical shifts of 57-65 ppm were measured for these trisubstituted cryptophanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Taratula
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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