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Li Z, Shen Q, Usher ET, Anderson AP, Iburg M, Lin R, Zimmer B, Meyer MD, Holehouse AS, You L, Chilkoti A, Dai Y, Lu GJ. Phase transition of GvpU regulates gas vesicle clustering in bacteria. Nat Microbiol 2024; 9:1021-1035. [PMID: 38553608 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-024-01648-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Gas vesicles (GVs) are microbial protein organelles that support cellular buoyancy. GV engineering has multiple applications, including reporter gene imaging, acoustic control and payload delivery. GVs often cluster into a honeycomb pattern to minimize occupancy of the cytosol. The underlying molecular mechanism and the influence on cellular physiology remain unknown. Using genetic, biochemical and imaging approaches, here we identify GvpU from Priestia megaterium as a protein that regulates GV clustering in vitro and upon expression in Escherichia coli. GvpU binds to the C-terminal tail of the core GV shell protein and undergoes a phase transition to form clusters in subsaturated solution. These properties of GvpU tune GV clustering and directly modulate bacterial fitness. GV variants can be designed with controllable sensitivity to GvpU-mediated clustering, enabling design of genetically tunable biosensors. Our findings elucidate the molecular mechanisms and functional roles of GV clustering, enabling its programmability for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongru Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qionghua Shen
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Emery T Usher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Manuel Iburg
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brandon Zimmer
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew D Meyer
- Shared Equipment Authority, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alex S Holehouse
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lingchong You
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Center for Quantitative BioDesign, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Ashutosh Chilkoti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Yifan Dai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - George J Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
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2
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Shen Q, Li Z, Wang Y, Meyer MD, De Guzman MT, Lim JC, Xiao H, Bouchard RR, Lu GJ. 50-nm Gas-Filled Protein Nanostructures to Enable the Access of Lymphatic Cells by Ultrasound Technologies. Adv Mater 2024:e2307123. [PMID: 38533973 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Ultrasound imaging and ultrasound-mediated gene and drug delivery are rapidly advancing diagnostic and therapeutic methods; however, their use is often limited by the need for microbubbles, which cannot transverse many biological barriers due to their large size. Here, the authors introduce 50-nm gas-filled protein nanostructures derived from genetically engineered gas vesicles(GVs) that are referred to as 50 nmGVs. These diamond-shaped nanostructures have hydrodynamic diameters smaller than commercially available 50-nm gold nanoparticles and are, to the authors' knowledge, the smallest stable, free-floating bubbles made to date. 50 nmGVs can be produced in bacteria, purified through centrifugation, and remain stable for months. Interstitially injected 50 nmGVs can extravasate into lymphatic tissues and gain access to critical immune cell populations, and electron microscopy images of lymph node tissues reveal their subcellular location in antigen-presenting cells adjacent to lymphocytes. The authors anticipate that 50 nmGVs can substantially broaden the range of cells accessible to current ultrasound technologies and may generate applications beyond biomedicine as ultrasmall stable gas-filled nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qionghua Shen
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zongru Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yixian Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Matthew D Meyer
- Shared Equipment Authority, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Marc T De Guzman
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Janie C Lim
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- SynthX Center, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Richard R Bouchard
- Department of Imaging Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - George J Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Rice Synthetic Biology Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
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3
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Wang C, Niu JJ, Qi JC, Zhang Z, Lu GJ, Wang HX. [Efficacy and safety of different nerve block methods for the treatment of pudendal neuralgia]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2024; 104:52-56. [PMID: 38178768 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20230927-00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Objective: To identify efficacy and safety of pudendal nerve block in tubing through the third posterior sacral foramen for the treatment of pudendal neuralgia (PN). Methods: A retrospective study with 222 PN patients was conducted in the Department of Pain Management of Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital from January 2020 to April 2023. These patients were divided into two groups based on their treatment methods: pudendal nerve block in tubing through the third posterior sacral foramen (observation group, n=101) and ultrasound-guided pudendal nerve block (control group, n=121). Primary outcome measure was the 90-day postoperative pain relief rate. Secondary outcome measures included visual analog scale (VAS) at 1, 7, 14, 30 and 90 d after surgery, the incidence of tramadol uses after surgery, postoperative self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) scores and the incidence of adverse events. Factors that influenced pain relief within 90 days after surgery were analyzed by using binary logistic regression analysis. Results: Observation group included 34 males and 67 females, aged (49.8±16.0) years old. Control group included 38 males and 83 females, aged (43.7±14.0) years old. The 90-day postoperative pain relief rate of the observation group patients was 38.6% (39/101), which was higher than the 24.0% (29/121) of the control group patients (P=0.018). Both the observation group and the control group showed an interaction effect of time and group after treatment for VAS scores (both P<0.05). In intra-group comparison, the VAS scores at 1, 7, 14, 30 and 90 d after treatment in both groups were lower than those before treatment (all P<0.05). In inter-group comparison, the differences of the VAS scores were not statistically significant in the observation group compared with those in the control group at 1, 7, 14, 30 and 90 d after surgery (all P>0.05). The SAS score of the observation group at 90 d after surgery was 51.5±6.2, which was lower than the 53.4±5.8 of the control group (P=0.022). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of postoperative tramadol uses and adverse events between the two groups (both P>0.05). Pudendal nerve block in tubing through the third posterior sacral foramen was a protective factor for pain postoperative relief in PN patients at 90 d after surgery (OR=1.92, 95%CI: 1.05-3.48, P=0.033). Conclusion: Pudendal nerve block in tubing through the third posterior sacral foramen is a safe and effective minimally invasive treatment. It has a higher postoperative pain relief rate within 90 d after surgery, without increasing the uses of postoperative rescue analgesics and the incidence of adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wang
- Pain Management Center, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - J J Niu
- Department of Pain Management, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University,Beijing 102218, China
| | - J C Qi
- Department of Pain Management, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University,Beijing 102218, China
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Pain Management, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University,Beijing 102218, China
| | - G J Lu
- Department of Pain Management, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University,Beijing 102218, China
| | - H X Wang
- Pain Management Center, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
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4
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Shen Q, Li Z, Meyer MD, De Guzman MT, Lim JC, Bouchard RR, Lu GJ. 50-nm gas-filled protein nanostructures to enable the access of lymphatic cells by ultrasound technologies. bioRxiv 2023:2023.06.27.546433. [PMID: 37425762 PMCID: PMC10327079 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.27.546433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound imaging and ultrasound-mediated gene and drug delivery are rapidly advancing diagnostic and therapeutic methods; however, their use is often limited by the need of microbubbles, which cannot transverse many biological barriers due to their large size. Here we introduce 50-nm gas-filled protein nanostructures derived from genetically engineered gas vesicles that we referred to as 50nm GVs. These diamond-shaped nanostructures have hydrodynamic diameters smaller than commercially available 50-nm gold nanoparticles and are, to our knowledge, the smallest stable, free-floating bubbles made to date. 50nm GVs can be produced in bacteria, purified through centrifugation, and remain stable for months. Interstitially injected 50nm GVs can extravasate into lymphatic tissues and gain access to critical immune cell populations, and electron microscopy images of lymph node tissues reveal their subcellular location in antigen-presenting cells adjacent to lymphocytes. We anticipate that 50nm GVs can substantially broaden the range of cells accessible to current ultrasound technologies and may generate applications beyond biomedicine as ultrasmall stable gas-filled nanomaterials.
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5
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Dutka P, Metskas LA, Hurt RC, Salahshoor H, Wang TY, Malounda D, Lu GJ, Chou TF, Shapiro MG, Jensen GJ. Structure of Anabaena flos-aquae gas vesicles revealed by cryo-ET. Structure 2023; 31:518-528.e6. [PMID: 37040766 PMCID: PMC10185304 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Gas vesicles (GVs) are gas-filled protein nanostructures employed by several species of bacteria and archaea as flotation devices to enable access to optimal light and nutrients. The unique physical properties of GVs have led to their use as genetically encodable contrast agents for ultrasound and MRI. Currently, however, the structure and assembly mechanism of GVs remain unknown. Here we employ cryoelectron tomography to reveal how the GV shell is formed by a helical filament of highly conserved GvpA subunits. This filament changes polarity at the center of the GV cylinder, a site that may act as an elongation center. Subtomogram averaging reveals a corrugated pattern of the shell arising from polymerization of GvpA into a β sheet. The accessory protein GvpC forms a helical cage around the GvpA shell, providing structural reinforcement. Together, our results help explain the remarkable mechanical properties of GVs and their ability to adopt different diameters and shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Dutka
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Lauren Ann Metskas
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Robert C Hurt
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Hossein Salahshoor
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Ting-Yu Wang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Dina Malounda
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - George J Lu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Tsui-Fen Chou
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Mikhail G Shapiro
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Grant J Jensen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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6
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Dutka P, Malounda D, Metskas LA, Chen S, Hurt RC, Lu GJ, Jensen GJ, Shapiro MG. Measuring gas vesicle dimensions by electron microscopy. Protein Sci 2021; 30:1081-1086. [PMID: 33641210 PMCID: PMC8040859 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gas vesicles (GVs) are cylindrical or spindle-shaped protein nanostructures filled with air and used for flotation by various cyanobacteria, heterotrophic bacteria, and Archaea. Recently, GVs have gained interest in biotechnology applications due to their ability to serve as imaging agents and actuators for ultrasound, magnetic resonance and several optical techniques. The diameter of GVs is a crucial parameter contributing to their mechanical stability, buoyancy function and evolution in host cells, as well as their properties in imaging applications. Despite its importance, reported diameters for the same types of GV differ depending on the method used for its assessment. Here, we provide an explanation for these discrepancies and utilize electron microscopy (EM) techniques to accurately estimate the diameter of the most commonly studied types of GVs. We show that during air drying on the EM grid, GVs flatten, leading to a ~1.5-fold increase in their apparent diameter. We demonstrate that GVs' diameter can be accurately determined by direct measurements from cryo-EM samples or alternatively indirectly derived from widths of flat collapsed and negatively stained GVs. Our findings help explain the inconsistency in previously reported data and provide accurate methods to measure GVs dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Dutka
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Dina Malounda
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Lauren Ann Metskas
- Division of Biology and Biological EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Songye Chen
- Division of Biology and Biological EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCaliforniaUSA
- Beckman InstituteCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Robert C. Hurt
- Division of Biology and Biological EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCaliforniaUSA
| | - George J. Lu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCaliforniaUSA
- Present address:
Department of BioengineeringRice UniversityHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Grant J. Jensen
- Division of Biology and Biological EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryBrigham Young UniversityProvoUtahUSA
| | - Mikhail G. Shapiro
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCaliforniaUSA
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7
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Lu GJ, Chou LD, Malounda D, Patel AK, Welsbie DS, Chao DL, Ramalingam T, Shapiro MG. Genetically Encodable Contrast Agents for Optical Coherence Tomography. ACS Nano 2020; 14:7823-7831. [PMID: 32023037 PMCID: PMC7685218 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b08432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has gained wide adoption in biological research and medical imaging due to its exceptional tissue penetration, 3D imaging speed, and rich contrast. However, OCT plays a relatively small role in molecular and cellular imaging due to the lack of suitable biomolecular contrast agents. In particular, while the green fluorescent protein has provided revolutionary capabilities to fluorescence microscopy by connecting it to cellular functions such as gene expression, no equivalent reporter gene is currently available for OCT. Here, we introduce gas vesicles, a class of naturally evolved gas-filled protein nanostructures, as genetically encodable OCT contrast agents. The differential refractive index of their gas compartments relative to surrounding aqueous tissue and their nanoscale motion enables gas vesicles to be detected by static and dynamic OCT. Furthermore, the OCT contrast of gas vesicles can be selectively erased in situ with ultrasound, allowing unambiguous assignment of their location. In addition, gas vesicle clustering modulates their temporal signal, enabling the design of dynamic biosensors. We demonstrate the use of gas vesicles as reporter genes in bacterial colonies and as purified contrast agents in vivo in the mouse retina. Our results expand the utility of OCT to image a wider variety of cellular and molecular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J. Lu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Li-dek Chou
- OCT Medical Imaging Inc., 9272 Jeronimo Road, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Dina Malounda
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Amit K. Patel
- Shiley Eye Institute, Andrew Viterbi Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Derek S. Welsbie
- Shiley Eye Institute, Andrew Viterbi Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daniel L. Chao
- Shiley Eye Institute, Andrew Viterbi Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Mikhail G. Shapiro
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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8
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Kunth M, Lu GJ, Witte C, Shapiro MG, Schröder L. Protein Nanostructures Produce Self-Adjusting Hyperpolarized Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast through Physical Gas Partitioning. ACS Nano 2018; 12:10939-10948. [PMID: 30204404 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b04222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Signal amplification strategies are critical for overcoming the intrinsically poor sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) reporters in noninvasive molecular detection. A mechanism widely used for signal enhancement is chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) of nuclei between a dilute sensing pool and an abundant detection pool. However, the dependence of CEST amplification on the relative size of these spin pools confounds quantitative molecular detection with a larger detection pool typically making saturation transfer less efficient. Here we show that a recently discovered class of genetically encoded nanoscale reporters for 129Xe magnetic resonance overcomes this fundamental limitation through an elastic binding capacity for NMR-active nuclei. This approach pairs high signal amplification from hyperpolarized spins with ideal, self-adjusting saturation transfer behavior as the overall spin ensemble changes in size. These reporters are based on gas vesicles, i.e., microbe-derived, gas-filled protein nanostructures. We show that the xenon fraction that partitions into gas vesicles follows the ideal gas law, allowing the signal transfer under hyperpolarized xenon chemical exchange saturation transfer (Hyper-CEST) imaging to scale linearly with the total xenon ensemble. This conceptually distinct elastic response allows the production of quantitative signal contrast that is robust to variability in the concentration of xenon, enabling virtually unlimited improvement in absolute contrast with increased xenon delivery, and establishing a unique principle of operation for contrast agent development in emerging biochemical and in vivo applications of hyperpolarized NMR and magnetic resonance imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kunth
- California Institute of Technology , Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmarkologie (FMP) , 13125 Berlin , Germany
| | - George J Lu
- California Institute of Technology , Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Christopher Witte
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmarkologie (FMP) , 13125 Berlin , Germany
| | - Mikhail G Shapiro
- California Institute of Technology , Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Leif Schröder
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmarkologie (FMP) , 13125 Berlin , Germany
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9
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Farhadi A, Ho G, Kunth M, Ling B, Lakshmanan A, Lu GJ, Bourdeau RW, Schröder L, Shapiro MG. Recombinantly Expressed Gas Vesicles as Nanoscale Contrast Agents for Ultrasound and Hyperpolarized MRI. AIChE J 2018; 64:2927-2933. [PMID: 30555168 DOI: 10.1002/aic.16138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound and hyperpolarized magnetic resonance imaging enable the visualization of biological processes in deep tissues. However, few molecular contrast agents are available to connect these modalities to specific aspects of biological function. We recently discovered that a unique class of gas-filled protein nanostructures known as gas vesicles could serve as nanoscale molecular reporters for these modalities. However, the need to produce these nanostructures via expression in specialized cultures of cyanobacteria or haloarchaea limits their broader adoption by other laboratories and hinders genetic engineering of their properties. Here, we describe recombinant expression and purification of Bacillus megaterium gas vesicles using a common laboratory strain of Escherichia coli, and characterize the physical, acoustic and magnetic resonance properties of these nanostructures. Recombinantly expressed gas vesicles produce ultrasound and hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI contrast at sub-nanomolar concentrations, thus validating a simple platform for their production and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Farhadi
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena CA 91125
| | - Gabrielle Ho
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena CA 91125
| | - Martin Kunth
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena CA 91125
- Dept. of Structural Biology, Molecular Imaging; Leibniz-Forschungsinstitute für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP); Berlin Germany
| | - Bill Ling
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena CA 91125
| | - Anupama Lakshmanan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena CA 91125
| | - George J Lu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena CA 91125
| | - Raymond W. Bourdeau
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena CA 91125
| | - Leif Schröder
- Dept. of Structural Biology, Molecular Imaging; Leibniz-Forschungsinstitute für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP); Berlin Germany
| | - Mikhail G. Shapiro
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena CA 91125
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10
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Lu GJ, Farhadi A, Mukherjee A, Shapiro MG. Proteins, air and water: reporter genes for ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2018; 45:57-63. [PMID: 29549770 PMCID: PMC6076850 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A long-standing goal of molecular imaging is to visualize cellular function within the context of living animals, necessitating the development of reporter genes compatible with deeply penetrant imaging modalities such as ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Until recently, no reporter genes for ultrasound were available, and most genetically encoded reporters for MRI were limited by metal availability or relatively low sensitivity. Here we review how these limitations are being addressed by recently introduced reporter genes based on air-filled and water-transporting biomolecules. We focus on gas-filled protein nanostructures adapted from buoyant microbes, which scatter sound waves, perturb magnetic fields and interact with hyperpolarized nuclei, as well as transmembrane water channels that alter the effective diffusivity of water in tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Lu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Arash Farhadi
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Arnab Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Mikhail G Shapiro
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Visualizing and modulating molecular and cellular processes occurring deep within living organisms is fundamental to our study of basic biology and disease. Currently, the most sophisticated tools available to dynamically monitor and control cellular events rely on light-responsive proteins, which are difficult to use outside of optically transparent model systems, cultured cells, or surgically accessed regions owing to strong scattering of light by biological tissue. In contrast, ultrasound is a widely used medical imaging and therapeutic modality that enables the observation and perturbation of internal anatomy and physiology but has historically had limited ability to monitor and control specific cellular processes. Recent advances are beginning to address this limitation through the development of biomolecular tools that allow ultrasound to connect directly to cellular functions such as gene expression. Driven by the discovery and engineering of new contrast agents, reporter genes, and bioswitches, the nascent field of biomolecular ultrasound carries a wave of exciting opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Maresca
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA;
| | - Anupama Lakshmanan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Mohamad Abedi
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Avinoam Bar-Zion
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA;
| | - Arash Farhadi
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - George J Lu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA;
| | - Jerzy O Szablowski
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA;
| | - Di Wu
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Sangjin Yoo
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA;
| | - Mikhail G Shapiro
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA;
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12
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Lu GJ, Farhadi A, Szablowski JO, Lee-Gosselin A, Barnes SR, Lakshmanan A, Bourdeau RW, Shapiro MG. Acoustically modulated magnetic resonance imaging of gas-filled protein nanostructures. Nat Mater 2018; 17:456-463. [PMID: 29483636 PMCID: PMC6015773 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive biological imaging requires materials capable of interacting with deeply penetrant forms of energy such as magnetic fields and sound waves. Here, we show that gas vesicles (GVs), a unique class of gas-filled protein nanostructures with differential magnetic susceptibility relative to water, can produce robust contrast in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at sub-nanomolar concentrations, and that this contrast can be inactivated with ultrasound in situ to enable background-free imaging. We demonstrate this capability in vitro, in cells expressing these nanostructures as genetically encoded reporters, and in three model in vivo scenarios. Genetic variants of GVs, differing in their magnetic or mechanical phenotypes, allow multiplexed imaging using parametric MRI and differential acoustic sensitivity. Additionally, clustering-induced changes in MRI contrast enable the design of dynamic molecular sensors. By coupling the complementary physics of MRI and ultrasound, this nanomaterial gives rise to a distinct modality for molecular imaging with unique advantages and capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Lu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Arash Farhadi
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jerzy O Szablowski
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Audrey Lee-Gosselin
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Samuel R Barnes
- Department of Radiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Anupama Lakshmanan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Raymond W Bourdeau
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Mikhail G Shapiro
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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13
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Mukherjee A, Davis HC, Ramesh P, Lu GJ, Shapiro MG. Biomolecular MRI reporters: Evolution of new mechanisms. Prog Nucl Magn Reson Spectrosc 2017; 102-103:32-42. [PMID: 29157492 PMCID: PMC5726449 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful technique for observing the function of specific cells and molecules inside living organisms. However, compared to optical microscopy, in which fluorescent protein reporters are available to visualize hundreds of cellular functions ranging from gene expression and chemical signaling to biomechanics, to date relatively few such reporters are available for MRI. Efforts to develop MRI-detectable biomolecules have mainly focused on proteins transporting paramagnetic metals for T1 and T2 relaxation enhancement or containing large numbers of exchangeable protons for chemical exchange saturation transfer. While these pioneering developments established several key uses of biomolecular MRI, such as imaging of gene expression and functional biosensing, they also revealed that low molecular sensitivity poses a major challenge for broader adoption in biology and medicine. Recently, new classes of biomolecular reporters have been developed based on alternative contrast mechanisms, including enhancement of spin diffusivity, interactions with hyperpolarized nuclei, and modulation of blood flow. These novel reporters promise to improve sensitivity and enable new forms of multiplexed and functional imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Mukherjee
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Hunter C Davis
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Pradeep Ramesh
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - George J Lu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Mikhail G Shapiro
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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14
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Lakshmanan A, Lu GJ, Farhadi A, Nety SP, Kunth M, Lee-Gosselin A, Maresca D, Bourdeau RW, Yin M, Yan J, Witte C, Malounda D, Foster FS, Schröder L, Shapiro MG. Preparation of biogenic gas vesicle nanostructures for use as contrast agents for ultrasound and MRI. Nat Protoc 2017; 12:2050-2080. [PMID: 28880278 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2017.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Gas vesicles (GVs) are a unique class of gas-filled protein nanostructures that are detectable at subnanomolar concentrations and whose physical properties allow them to serve as highly sensitive imaging agents for ultrasound and MRI. Here we provide a protocol for isolating GVs from native and heterologous host organisms, functionalizing these nanostructures with moieties for targeting and fluorescence, characterizing their biophysical properties and imaging them using ultrasound and MRI. GVs can be isolated from natural cyanobacterial and haloarchaeal host organisms or from Escherichia coli expressing a heterologous GV gene cluster and purified using buoyancy-assisted techniques. They can then be modified by replacing surface-bound proteins with engineered, heterologously expressed variants or through chemical conjugation, resulting in altered mechanical, surface and targeting properties. Pressurized absorbance spectroscopy is used to characterize their mechanical properties, whereas dynamic light scattering (DLS)and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are used to determine nanoparticle size and morphology, respectively. GVs can then be imaged with ultrasound in vitro and in vivo using pulse sequences optimized for their detection versus background. They can also be imaged with hyperpolarized xenon MRI using chemical exchange saturation transfer between GV-bound and dissolved xenon-a technique currently implemented in vitro. Taking 3-8 d to prepare, these genetically encodable nanostructures enable multimodal, noninvasive biological imaging with high sensitivity and potential for molecular targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Lakshmanan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - George J Lu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Arash Farhadi
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Suchita P Nety
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Martin Kunth
- Molecular Imaging, Department of Structural Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitute für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Audrey Lee-Gosselin
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - David Maresca
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Raymond W Bourdeau
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Melissa Yin
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Judy Yan
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher Witte
- Molecular Imaging, Department of Structural Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitute für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dina Malounda
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - F Stuart Foster
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leif Schröder
- Molecular Imaging, Department of Structural Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitute für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mikhail G Shapiro
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
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15
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Maley AM, Lu GJ, Shapiro MG, Corn RM. Characterizing Single Polymeric and Protein Nanoparticles with Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging Measurements. ACS Nano 2017; 11:7447-7456. [PMID: 28692253 PMCID: PMC5531002 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b03859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRI) microscopy is used to detect and characterize the adsorption of single polymeric and protein nanoparticles (PPNPs) onto chemically modified gold thin films in real time. The single-nanoparticle SPRI responses, Δ%RNP, from several hundred adsorbed nanoparticles are collected in a single SPRI adsorption measurement. Analysis of Δ%RNP frequency distribution histograms is used to provide information on the size, material content, and interparticle interactions of the PPNPs. Examples include the measurement of log-normal Δ%RNP distributions for mixtures of polystyrene nanoparticles, the quantitation of bioaffinity uptake into and aggregation of porous NIPAm-based (N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel nanoparticles specifically engineered to bind peptides and proteins, and the characterization of the negative single-nanoparticle SPRI response and log-normal Δ%RNP distributions obtained for three different types of genetically encoded gas-filled protein nanostructures derived from bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Maley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - George J. Lu
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Mikhail G. Shapiro
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Robert M. Corn
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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16
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Barskiy DA, Coffey AM, Nikolaou P, Mikhaylov DM, Goodson BM, Branca RT, Lu GJ, Shapiro MG, Telkki VV, Zhivonitko VV, Koptyug IV, Salnikov OG, Kovtunov KV, Bukhtiyarov VI, Rosen MS, Barlow MJ, Safavi S, Hall IP, Schröder L, Chekmenev EY. Frontispiece: NMR Hyperpolarization Techniques of Gases. Chemistry 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201780461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danila A. Barskiy
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC); Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN 37232 USA
| | - Aaron M. Coffey
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC); Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN 37232 USA
| | - Panayiotis Nikolaou
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC); Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN 37232 USA
| | | | - Boyd M. Goodson
- Southern Illinois University; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Technology Center; Carbondale IL 62901 USA
| | - Rosa T. Branca
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Biomedical Research Imaging Center; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - George J. Lu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Mikhail G. Shapiro
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | | | - Vladimir V. Zhivonitko
- International Tomography Center SB RAS; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; Pirogova St. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- International Tomography Center SB RAS; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; Pirogova St. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Oleg G. Salnikov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; Pirogova St. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Kirill V. Kovtunov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; Pirogova St. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Valerii I. Bukhtiyarov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS; 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Pr. 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Matthew S. Rosen
- MGH/A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging; Boston MA 02129 USA
| | - Michael J. Barlow
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre; University of Nottingham Medical School; Nottingham NG7 2UH UK
| | - Shahideh Safavi
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre; University of Nottingham Medical School; Nottingham NG7 2UH UK
| | - Ian P. Hall
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre; University of Nottingham Medical School; Nottingham NG7 2UH UK
| | - Leif Schröder
- Molecular Imaging, Department of Structural Biology; Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP); 13125 Berlin Germany
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC); Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN 37232 USA
- Russian Academy of Sciences; 119991 Moscow Russia
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17
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Barskiy DA, Coffey AM, Nikolaou P, Mikhaylov DM, Goodson BM, Branca RT, Lu GJ, Shapiro MG, Telkki VV, Zhivonitko VV, Koptyug IV, Salnikov OG, Kovtunov KV, Bukhtiyarov VI, Rosen MS, Barlow MJ, Safavi S, Hall IP, Schröder L, Chekmenev EY. NMR Hyperpolarization Techniques of Gases. Chemistry 2017; 23:725-751. [PMID: 27711999 PMCID: PMC5462469 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear spin polarization can be significantly increased through the process of hyperpolarization, leading to an increase in the sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments by 4-8 orders of magnitude. Hyperpolarized gases, unlike liquids and solids, can often be readily separated and purified from the compounds used to mediate the hyperpolarization processes. These pure hyperpolarized gases enabled many novel MRI applications including the visualization of void spaces, imaging of lung function, and remote detection. Additionally, hyperpolarized gases can be dissolved in liquids and can be used as sensitive molecular probes and reporters. This Minireview covers the fundamentals of the preparation of hyperpolarized gases and focuses on selected applications of interest to biomedicine and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila A Barskiy
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Aaron M Coffey
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Panayiotis Nikolaou
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | | | - Boyd M Goodson
- Southern Illinois University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Technology Center, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Rosa T Branca
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - George J Lu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Mikhail G Shapiro
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | | | - Vladimir V Zhivonitko
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Igor V Koptyug
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oleg G Salnikov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Kirill V Kovtunov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valerii I Bukhtiyarov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Pr., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Matthew S Rosen
- MGH/A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Michael J Barlow
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Shahideh Safavi
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Ian P Hall
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Leif Schröder
- Molecular Imaging, Department of Structural Biology, Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eduard Y Chekmenev
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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18
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Barskiy DA, Coffey AM, Nikolaou P, Mikhaylov DM, Goodson BM, Branca RT, Lu GJ, Shapiro MG, Telkki VV, Zhivonitko VV, Koptyug IV, Salnikov OG, Kovtunov KV, Bukhtiyarov VI, Rosen MS, Barlow MJ, Safavi S, Hall IP, Schröder L, Chekmenev EY. Cover Picture: NMR Hyperpolarization Techniques of Gases (Chem. Eur. J. 4/2017). Chemistry 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danila A. Barskiy
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC); Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN 37232 USA
| | - Aaron M. Coffey
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC); Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN 37232 USA
| | - Panayiotis Nikolaou
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC); Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN 37232 USA
| | | | - Boyd M. Goodson
- Southern Illinois University; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Technology Center; Carbondale IL 62901 USA
| | - Rosa T. Branca
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Biomedical Research Imaging Center; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - George J. Lu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Mikhail G. Shapiro
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | | | - Vladimir V. Zhivonitko
- International Tomography Center SB RAS; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; Pirogova St. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- International Tomography Center SB RAS; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; Pirogova St. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Oleg G. Salnikov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; Pirogova St. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Kirill V. Kovtunov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; Pirogova St. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Valerii I. Bukhtiyarov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS; 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Pr. 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Matthew S. Rosen
- MGH/A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging; Boston MA 02129 USA
| | - Michael J. Barlow
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre; University of Nottingham Medical School; Nottingham NG7 2UH UK
| | - Shahideh Safavi
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre; University of Nottingham Medical School; Nottingham NG7 2UH UK
| | - Ian P. Hall
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre; University of Nottingham Medical School; Nottingham NG7 2UH UK
| | - Leif Schröder
- Molecular Imaging, Department of Structural Biology; Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP); 13125 Berlin Germany
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC); Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN 37232 USA
- Russian Academy of Sciences; 119991 Moscow Russia
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19
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Barskiy DA, Coffey AM, Nikolaou P, Mikhaylov DM, Goodson BM, Branca RT, Lu GJ, Shapiro MG, Telkki VV, Zhivonitko VV, Koptyug IV, Salnikov OG, Kovtunov KV, Bukhtiyarov VI, Rosen MS, Barlow MJ, Safavi S, Hall IP, Schröder L, Chekmenev EY. NMR Hyperpolarization Techniques of Gases. Chemistry 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danila A. Barskiy
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC); Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN 37232 USA
| | - Aaron M. Coffey
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC); Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN 37232 USA
| | - Panayiotis Nikolaou
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC); Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN 37232 USA
| | | | - Boyd M. Goodson
- Southern Illinois University; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Technology Center; Carbondale IL 62901 USA
| | - Rosa T. Branca
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Biomedical Research Imaging Center; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - George J. Lu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Mikhail G. Shapiro
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | | | - Vladimir V. Zhivonitko
- International Tomography Center SB RAS; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; Pirogova St. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- International Tomography Center SB RAS; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; Pirogova St. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Oleg G. Salnikov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; Pirogova St. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Kirill V. Kovtunov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; Pirogova St. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Valerii I. Bukhtiyarov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS; 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Pr. 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Matthew S. Rosen
- MGH/A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging; Boston MA 02129 USA
| | - Michael J. Barlow
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre; University of Nottingham Medical School; Nottingham NG7 2UH UK
| | - Shahideh Safavi
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre; University of Nottingham Medical School; Nottingham NG7 2UH UK
| | - Ian P. Hall
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre; University of Nottingham Medical School; Nottingham NG7 2UH UK
| | - Leif Schröder
- Molecular Imaging, Department of Structural Biology; Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP); 13125 Berlin Germany
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC); Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN 37232 USA
- Russian Academy of Sciences; 119991 Moscow Russia
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20
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Tian Y, Lu GJ, Marassi FM, Opella SJ. Structure of the membrane protein MerF, a bacterial mercury transporter, improved by the inclusion of chemical shift anisotropy constraints. J Biomol NMR 2014; 60:67-71. [PMID: 25103921 PMCID: PMC4154067 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-014-9852-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
MerF is a mercury transport membrane protein from the bacterial mercury detoxification system. By performing a solid-state INEPT experiment and measuring chemical shift anisotropy frequencies in aligned samples, we are able to improve on the accuracy and precision of the initial structure that we presented. MerF has four N-terminal and eleven C-terminal residues that are mobile and unstructured in phospholipid bilayers. The structure presented here has average pairwise RMSDs of 1.78 Å for heavy atoms and 0.92 Å for backbone atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0307, USA
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - George J. Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0307, USA
| | - Francesca M. Marassi
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Stanley J. Opella
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0307, USA
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21
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Abstract
In the stationary, aligned samples used in oriented sample (OS) solid-state NMR, (1)H-(1)H homonuclear dipolar couplings are not attenuated as they are in magic angle spinning solid-state NMR; consequently, they are available for participation in dipolar coupling-based spin-exchange processes. Here we describe analytically the pathways of (15)N-(15)N spin-exchange mediated by (1)H-(1)H homonuclear dipolar couplings. The mixed-order proton-relay mechanism can be differentiated from the third spin assisted recoupling mechanism by setting the (1)H to an off-resonance frequency so that it is at the "magic angle" during the spin-exchange interval in the experiment, since the "magic angle" irradiation nearly quenches the former but only slightly attenuates the latter. Experimental spectra from a single crystal of N-acetyl leucine confirm that this proton-relay mechanism plays the dominant role in (15)N-(15)N dilute-spin-exchange in OS solid-state NMR in crystalline samples. Remarkably, the "forbidden" spin-exchange condition under "magic angle" irradiation results in (15)N-(15)N cross-peaks intensities that are comparable to those observed with on-resonance irradiation in applications to proteins. The mechanism of the proton relay in dilute-spin-exchange is crucial for the design of polarization transfer experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0307, USA
| | - Stanley J Opella
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0307, USA
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22
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Lu GJ, Opella SJ. Resonance assignments of a membrane protein in phospholipid bilayers by combining multiple strategies of oriented sample solid-state NMR. J Biomol NMR 2014; 58:69-81. [PMID: 24356892 PMCID: PMC3928288 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-013-9806-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Oriented sample solid-state NMR spectroscopy can be used to determine the three-dimensional structures of membrane proteins in magnetically or mechanically aligned lipid bilayers. The bottleneck for applying this technique to larger and more challenging proteins is making resonance assignments, which is conventionally accomplished through the preparation of multiple selectively isotopically labeled samples and performing an analysis of residues in regular secondary structure based on Polarity Index Slant Angle (PISA) Wheels and Dipolar Waves. Here we report the complete resonance assignment of the full-length mercury transporter, MerF, an 81-residue protein, which is challenging because of overlapping PISA Wheel patterns from its two trans-membrane helices, by using a combination of solid-state NMR techniques that improve the spectral resolution and provide correlations between residues and resonances. These techniques include experiments that take advantage of the improved resolution of the MSHOT4-Pi4/Pi pulse sequence; the transfer of resonance assignments through frequency alignment of heteronuclear dipolar couplings, or through dipolar coupling correlated isotropic chemical shift analysis; (15)N/(15)N dilute spin exchange experiments; and the use of the proton-evolved local field experiment with isotropic shift analysis to assign the irregular terminal and loop regions of the protein, which is the major "blind spot" of the PISA Wheel/Dipolar Wave method.
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23
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Abstract
One of the main applications of solid-state NMR is to study the structure and dynamics of biopolymers, such as membrane proteins, under physiological conditions where the polypeptides undergo global motions as they do in biological membranes. The effects of NMR radiofrequency irradiations on nuclear spins are strongly influenced by these motions. For example, we previously showed that the MSHOT-Pi4 pulse sequence yields spectra with resonance line widths about half of those observed using the conventional pulse sequence when applied to membrane proteins undergoing rapid uniaxial rotational diffusion in phospholipid bilayers. In contrast, the line widths were not changed in microcrystalline samples where the molecules did not undergo global motions. Here, we demonstrate experimentally and describe analytically how some Hamiltonian terms are susceptible to sample motions, and it is their removal through the critical π/2 Z-rotational symmetry that confers the "motion adapted" property to the MSHOT-Pi4 pulse sequence. This leads to the design of separated local field pulse sequence "Motion-adapted SAMPI4" and is generalized to an approach for the design of decoupling sequences whose performance is superior in the presence of molecular motions. It works by cancelling the spin interaction by explicitly averaging the reduced Wigner matrix to zero, rather than utilizing the 2π nutation to average spin interactions. This approach is applicable to both stationary and magic angle spinning solid-state NMR experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0307, USA
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24
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Lu GJ, Tian Y, Vora N, Marassi FM, Opella SJ. The structure of the mercury transporter MerF in phospholipid bilayers: a large conformational rearrangement results from N-terminal truncation. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:9299-302. [PMID: 23763519 DOI: 10.1021/ja4042115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The three-dimensional structure of the 81-residue mercury transporter MerF determined in liquid crystalline phospholipid bilayers under physiological conditions by Rotationally Aligned (RA) solid-state NMR has two long helices, which extend well beyond the bilayer, with a well-defined interhelical loop. Truncation of the N-terminal 12 residues, which are mobile and unstructured when the protein is solubilized in micelles, results in a large structural rearrangement of the protein in bilayers. In the full-length protein, the N-terminal helix is aligned nearly parallel to the membrane normal and forms an extension of the first transmembrane helix. By contrast, this helix adopts a perpendicular orientation in the truncated protein. The close spatial proximity of the two Cys-containing metal binding sites in the three-dimensional structure of full-length MerF provides insights into possible transport mechanisms. These results demonstrate that major changes in protein structure can result from differences in amino acid sequence (e.g., full-length vs truncated proteins) as well as the use of a non-native membrane mimetic environment (e.g., micelles) vs liquid crystalline phospholipid bilayers. They provide further evidence of the importance of studying unmodified membrane proteins in near-native bilayer environments in order to obtain accurate structures that can be related to their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0307, United States
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25
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Lu GJ, Park SH, Opella SJ. Improved 1H amide resonance line narrowing in oriented sample solid-state NMR of membrane proteins in phospholipid bilayers. J Magn Reson 2012; 220:54-61. [PMID: 22683581 PMCID: PMC3760517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate (1)H amide resonance line widths <300 Hz in (1)H/(15)N heteronuclear correlation (HETCOR) spectra of membrane proteins in aligned phospholipid bilayers. This represents a substantial improvement over typically observed line widths of ∼1 kHz. Furthermore, in a proton detected local field (PDLF) version of the experiment that measures heteronuclear dipolar couplings, line widths <130 Hz are observed. This dramatic line narrowing of (1)H amide resonances enables many more individual signals to be resolved and assigned from uniformly (15)N labeled membrane proteins in phospholipid bilayers under physiological conditions of temperature and pH. Finding that the decrease in line widths occurs only for membrane proteins that undergo fast rotational diffusion around the bilayer normal, but not immobile molecules, such as peptide single crystals, identifies a potential new direction for pulse sequence development that includes overall molecular dynamics in their design.
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26
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Das BB, Nothnagel HJ, Lu GJ, Son WS, Tian Y, Marassi FM, Opella SJ. Structure determination of a membrane protein in proteoliposomes. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:2047-56. [PMID: 22217388 DOI: 10.1021/ja209464f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
An NMR method for determining the three-dimensional structures of membrane proteins in proteoliposomes is demonstrated by determining the structure of MerFt, the 60-residue helix-loop-helix integral membrane core of the 81-residue mercury transporter MerF. The method merges elements of oriented sample (OS) solid-state NMR and magic angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR techniques to measure orientation restraints relative to a single external axis (the bilayer normal) from individual residues in a uniformly (13)C/(15)N labeled protein in unoriented liquid crystalline phospholipid bilayers. The method relies on the fast (>10(5) Hz) rotational diffusion of membrane proteins in bilayers to average the static chemical shift anisotropy and heteronuclear dipole-dipole coupling powder patterns to axially symmetric powder patterns with reduced frequency spans. The frequency associated with the parallel edge of such motionally averaged powder patterns is exactly the same as that measured from the single line resonance in the spectrum of a stationary sample that is macroscopically aligned parallel to the direction of the applied magnetic field. All data are collected on unoriented samples undergoing MAS. Averaging of the homonuclear (13)C/(13)C dipolar couplings, by MAS of the sample, enables the use of uniformly (13)C/(15)N labeled proteins, which provides enhanced sensitivity through direct (13)C detection as well as the use of multidimensional MAS solid-state NMR methods for resolving and assigning resonances. The unique feature of this method is the measurement of orientation restraints that enable the protein structure and orientation to be determined in unoriented proteoliposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibhuti B Das
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0307, USA
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Son WS, Park SH, Nothnagel HJ, Lu GJ, Wang Y, Zhang H, Cook GA, Howell SC, Opella SJ. 'q-Titration' of long-chain and short-chain lipids differentiates between structured and mobile residues of membrane proteins studied in bicelles by solution NMR spectroscopy. J Magn Reson 2012; 214:111-8. [PMID: 22079194 PMCID: PMC3257358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
'q-Titration' refers to the systematic comparison of signal intensities in solution NMR spectra of uniformly (15)N labeled membrane proteins solubilized in micelles and isotropic bicelles as a function of the molar ratios (q) of the long-chain lipids (typically DMPC) to short-chain lipids (typically DHPC). In general, as q increases, the protein resonances broaden and correspondingly have reduced intensities due to the overall slowing of protein reorientation. Since the protein backbone signals do not broaden uniformly, the differences in line widths (and intensities) enable the narrower (more intense) signals associated with mobile residues to be differentiated from the broader (less intense) signals associated with "structured" residues. For membrane proteins with between one and seven trans-membrane helices in isotropic bicelles, we have been able to find a value of q between 0.1 and 1.0 where only signals from mobile residues are observed in the spectra. The signals from the structured residues are broadened so much that they cannot be observed under standard solution NMR conditions. This q value corresponds to the ratio of DMPC:DHPC where the signals from the structured residues are "titrated out" of the spectrum. This q value is unique for each protein. In magnetically aligned bilayers (q>2.5) no signals are observed in solution NMR spectra of membrane proteins because the polypeptides are "immobilized" by their interactions with the phospholipid bilayers on the relevant NMR timescale (∼10(5)Hz). No signals are observed from proteins in liposomes (only long-chain lipids) either. We show that it is feasible to obtain complementary solution NMR and solid-state NMR spectra of the same membrane protein, where signals from the mobile residues are present in the solution NMR spectra, and signals from the structured residues are present in the solid-state NMR spectra. With assigned backbone amide resonances, these data are sufficient to describe major features of the secondary structure and basic topology of the protein. Even in the absence of assignments, this information can be used to help establish optimal experimental conditions.
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28
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Lu GJ, Das BB, Nothnagel HJ, Sung Son W, Ho Park S, Tian Y, Marassi FM, Opella SJ. NMR Structure Determination of the Membrane Protein MerF in Bilayers. Biophys J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.11.1449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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29
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Marassi FM, Das BB, Lu GJ, Nothnagel HJ, Park SH, Son WS, Tian Y, Opella SJ. Structure determination of membrane proteins in five easy pieces. Methods 2011; 55:363-9. [PMID: 21964394 PMCID: PMC3264820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotational Alignment (RA) solid-state NMR provides the basis for a general method for determining the structures of membrane proteins in phospholipid bilayers under physiological conditions. Membrane proteins are high priority targets for structure determination, and are challenging for existing experimental methods. Because membrane proteins reside in liquid crystalline phospholipid bilayer membranes it is important to study them in this type of environment. The RA solid-state NMR approach we have developed can be summarized in five steps, and incorporates methods of molecular biology, biochemistry, sample preparation, the implementation of NMR experiments, and structure calculations. It relies on solid-state NMR spectroscopy to obtain high-resolution spectra and residue-specific structural restraints for membrane proteins that undergo rotational diffusion around the membrane normal, but whose mobility is otherwise restricted by interactions with the membrane phospholipids. High resolution spectra of membrane proteins alone and in complex with other proteins and ligands set the stage for structure determination and functional studies of these proteins in their native, functional environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca M. Marassi
- Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bibhuti B. Das
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0307, USA
| | - George J. Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0307, USA
| | - Henry J. Nothnagel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0307, USA
| | - Sang Ho Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0307, USA
| | - Woo Sung Son
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0307, USA
| | - Ye Tian
- Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0307, USA
| | - Stanley J. Opella
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0307, USA
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30
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Lu GJ, Son WS, Opella SJ. A general assignment method for oriented sample (OS) solid-state NMR of proteins based on the correlation of resonances through heteronuclear dipolar couplings in samples aligned parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic field. J Magn Reson 2011; 209:195-206. [PMID: 21316275 PMCID: PMC3109902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A general method for assigning oriented sample (OS) solid-state NMR spectra of proteins is demonstrated. In principle, this method requires only a single sample of a uniformly ¹⁵N-labeled membrane protein in magnetically aligned bilayers, and a previously assigned isotropic chemical shift spectrum obtained either from solution NMR on micelle or isotropic bicelle samples or from magic angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR on unoriented proteoliposomes. The sequential isotropic resonance assignments are transferred to the OS solid-state NMR spectra of aligned samples by correlating signals from the same residue observed in protein-containing bilayers aligned with their normals parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic field. The underlying principle is that the resonances from the same residue have heteronuclear dipolar couplings that differ by exactly a factor of two between parallel and perpendicular alignments. The method is demonstrated on the membrane-bound form of Pf1 coat protein in phospholipid bilayers, whose assignments have been previously made using an earlier generation of methods that relied on the preparation of many selectively labeled (by residue type) samples. The new method provides the correct resonance assignments using only a single uniformly ¹⁵N-labeled sample, two solid-state NMR spectra, and a previously assigned isotropic spectrum. Significantly, this approach is equally applicable to residues in alpha helices, beta sheets, loops, and any other elements of tertiary structure. Moreover, the strategy bridges between OS solid-state NMR of aligned samples and solution NMR or MAS solid-state NMR of unoriented samples. In combination with the development of complementary experimental methods, it provides a step towards unifying these apparently different NMR approaches.
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31
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Abstract
A general sequential assignment strategy for uniformly (15)N-labeled uniaxially aligned membrane proteins is proposed. Mismatched Hartmann-Hahn magnetization transfer is employed to establish proton-mediated correlations among the neighboring (15)N backbone spins. Magnetically aligned Pf1 phage coat protein was used to illustrate the method. Exchanged and nonexchanged separated local field spectra were acquired and overlaid to distinguish the cross-peaks from the main peaks. Most of the original assignments from the literature were confirmed without selectively labeled samples. This method is applicable to proteins with arbitrary topology and will find use in assigning solid-state NMR spectra of oriented membrane proteins for their subsequent structure determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Knox
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
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32
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Cherney LT, Cherney MM, Garen CR, Lu GJ, James MNG. Crystal structure of the arginine repressor protein in complex with the DNA operator from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Mol Biol 2008; 384:1330-40. [PMID: 18952097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Revised: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The arginine repressor (ArgR) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a gene product encoded by the open reading frame Rv1657. It regulates the L-arginine concentration in cells by interacting with ARG boxes in the promoter regions of the arginine biosynthesis and catabolism operons. Here we present a 2.5-A structure of MtbArgR in complex with a 16-bp DNA operator in the absence of arginine. A biological trimer of the protein-DNA complex is formed via the crystallographic 3-fold symmetry axis. The N-terminal domain of MtbArgR has a winged helix-turn-helix motif that binds to the major groove of the DNA. This structure shows that, in the absence of arginine, the ArgR trimer can bind three ARG box half-sites. It also reveals the structure of the whole MtbArgR molecule itself containing both N-terminal and C-terminal domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid T Cherney
- Group in Protein Structure and Function, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, 431 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7
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Cherney LT, Cherney MM, Garen CR, Lu GJ, James MNG. Structure of the C-terminal domain of the arginine repressor protein from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2008; 64:950-6. [PMID: 18703843 PMCID: PMC2631108 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444908021513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) gene product encoded by open reading frame Rv1657 is an arginine repressor (ArgR). All genes involved in the L-arginine (hereafter arginine) biosynthetic pathway are essential for optimal growth of the Mtb pathogen, thus making MtbArgR a potential target for drug design. The C-terminal domains of arginine repressors (CArgR) participate in oligomerization and arginine binding. Several crystal forms of CArgR from Mtb (MtbCArgR) have been obtained. The X-ray crystal structures of MtbCArgR were determined at 1.85 A resolution with bound arginine and at 2.15 A resolution in the unliganded form. These structures show that six molecules of MtbCArgR are arranged into a hexamer having approximate 32 point symmetry that is formed from two trimers. The trimers rotate relative to each other by about 11 degrees upon binding arginine. All residues in MtbCArgR deemed to be important for hexamer formation and for arginine binding have been identified from the experimentally determined structures presented. The hexamer contains six regular sites in which the arginine molecules have one common binding mode and three sites in which the arginine molecules have two overlapping binding modes. The latter sites only bind the ligand at high (200 mM) arginine concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid T. Cherney
- Group in Protein Structure and Function, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Maia M. Cherney
- Group in Protein Structure and Function, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Craig R. Garen
- Group in Protein Structure and Function, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - George J. Lu
- Group in Protein Structure and Function, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Michael N. G. James
- Group in Protein Structure and Function, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
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Lu GJ, Garen CR, Cherney MM, Cherney LT, Lee C, James MNG. Expression, purification and preliminary X-ray analysis of the C-terminal domain of an arginine repressor protein from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2007; 63:936-9. [PMID: 18007044 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309107046374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The gene product of an open reading frame Rv1657 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a putative arginine repressor protein (ArgR), a transcriptional factor that regulates the expression of arginine-biosynthetic enzymes. Rv1657 was expressed and purified and a C-terminal domain was crystallized using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. Diffraction data were collected and processed to a resolution of 2.15 A. The crystals belong to space group P1 and the Matthews coefficient suggests that the crystals contain six C-terminal domain molecules per unit cell. Previous structural and biochemical studies on the arginine repressor proteins from other organisms have likewise shown the presence of six molecules per unit cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Lu
- Protein Structure and Function Group, Department of Biochemistry, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
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35
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Chen YF, Chen YJ, Deng BA, Sun GN, Lu GJ, Pan GZ. Effects of gastrointestinal peptides on formation of gallstone in guinea pigs. Chin Med J (Engl) 1991; 104:277-80. [PMID: 1676624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In light of the effects of gastrointestinal (GI) peptides on bile secretion and biliary tract mobility, we studied the effects of GI peptides on gallstone formation in guinea pigs fed on low protein lithogenic diet. The peptides under study included cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), somatostatin (SRIF), secretin (SEC), and neurotensin (NT). Hepatic bile flow, electrolytes, and other bile components were also measured. It was found that CCK-8 and VIP suppressed the formation of gallstones and increased hepatic bile flow and Na+, K+, Cl- output significantly. On the other hand, SRIF significantly promoted gallstone formation. The rates of gallstone formation in CCK-8, VIP, and SRIF treated guinea pigs were 15.4%, 23.5%, and 88.0%, respectively, in contrast to 56.8% in the control group. The inhibitory effect of CCK-8 and promoting effect of SRIF on gallstone formation were dose-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y F Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Bejing
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36
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Chen YF, Mai CR, Tie ZJ, Feng ZT, Zhang J, Lu XH, Lu GJ, Xue YH, Pan GZ. The diagnostic significance of carbohydrate antigen CA 19-9 in serum and pancreatic juice in pancreatic carcinoma. Chin Med J (Engl) 1989; 102:333-7. [PMID: 2509154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
CA 19-9 is a carbohydrate antigen isolated from human colon carcinoma cell line, and is reportedly a tumor marker for pancreatic carcinoma. In this study we determined serum CA 19-9 in 71 normal subjects, 103 patients with benign digestive diseases, 85 patients with periampullary cancers, and 160 patients with other digestive cancers. Serum CA 19-9 was elevated only in 2.3% of normals and benign digestive disease patients, whereas it was increased in 72.7%, 86.4%, and 89.5% of pancreatic, ampullary, and choledochal carcinoma patients, respectively. Of other digestive cancer patients, it was elevated in 23.8%. In addition, very high serum CA 19-9 (greater than 120 u/m) was more often observed in patients with pancreatic, ampullary, and biliary cancer patients than in GL cancer patients (54.1% vs 9.4%, p less than 0.001). In 18 normal subjects and 68 patients with benign and malignant diseases, it was found that CA 19-9 content in the pancreatic juice was significantly increased in pancreatic, ampullary, and choledochal cancer patients, whereas in chronic pancreatitis patients it was normal, indicating that it is a specific and valuable tumor marker in differential diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.
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37
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Chen YF, Feng ZT, Wen SH, Lu GJ. Effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide, somatostatin, neurotensin, cholecystokinin octapeptide, and secretin on intestinal absorption of amino acid in rat. Dig Dis Sci 1987; 32:1125-9. [PMID: 2888609 DOI: 10.1007/bf01300199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), somatostatin (SRIF), neurotensin (NT), cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8), and secretin (SEC) on the intestinal absorption of amino acid were investigated. Six groups of Wistar rats were studied: (1) controls; (2) VIP treated; (3) SRIF treated; (4) NT treated; (5) CCK-8 treated; (6) SEC treated. [3H]Leucine was given intraluminally through a cannula at the ligament of Treitz, a number of blood samples were obtained through a superior mesenteric vein catheter 1-60 min after administration of [3H]leucine, and the radioactivity of plasma was measured to evaluate the absorption of [3H]leucine. It was shown that VIP and SRIF significantly inhibited the absorption of [3H]leucine (by 59.1% and 38.7%, respectively), whereas NT, CCK-8, and SEC significantly enhanced absorption (by 44.2%, 49.6%, and 39.1%, respectively). Radioimmunoassays of VIP, SRIF, and NT showed that at least some of the hormones or peptides exerted their effects on absorption of leucine at or near their physiological concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y F Chen
- Department of Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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38
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Chen YF, Hou X, Lu GJ. [Preparation of anti-VIP rabbit antiserum and its characterization]. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao 1987; 9:362-5. [PMID: 2968861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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39
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Chen SP, Cai Q, Chen YF, Lu GJ. [Observation of cholinergic effect on the postprandial release of neurotensin in man]. Sheng Li Xue Bao 1987; 39:380-4. [PMID: 3686057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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40
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Chen YF, Liu TH, Chen SP, Pan GZ, Lu XH, Lu GJ, Zhong SX, Cai LX, Cui QC, Ran QY. Watery diarrhea syndrome caused by multihormonal malignant pancreatic islet cell tumor secreting somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, serotonin, and prostaglandin E--a clinicopathological, biochemical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study. Pancreas 1986; 1:80-9. [PMID: 2883647 DOI: 10.1097/00006676-198601000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiological, biochemical, histological, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical characters of a case of malignant pancreatic islet cell tumor with watery diarrhea syndrome were carefully investigated. Four hormones or mediators--somatostatin (SST), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), serotonin, and prostaglandin E--were markedly elevated in the circulation. The diagnosis was further confirmed by exploratory laparotomy and autopsy. The contents of SST and VIP in tumor tissues were very high. Gel chromatography of tumor extract revealed single peaks for both SST and VIP. Immunohistochemical studies of tumor tissues showed numerous immunoreactive cells to anti-SST, moderate amount of VIP-positive cells, and a few hCG-, insulin-, and glucagon-positive cells. In conclusion, this is an unusual case of Verner-Morrison syndrome in which three kinds of bioactive hormones or mediators were simultaneously secreted; peptides, amine, and prostaglandin.
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Chen SP, Chen MC, Lu GJ, Wang CC, Gu ZF, Wang JL. [Effect of secretin, cholecystokinin octapeptide and electrical vagal stimulation on the pancreatic polypeptide levels of pancreatic juice and serum in dogs]. Sheng Li Xue Bao 1985; 37:403-9. [PMID: 3837338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Lu XH, Chen MZ, Bi ZH, Lu GJ, Fan J, Wen SH. [Secretin test and its applications]. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao 1984; 6:372-4. [PMID: 6241092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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43
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Xu WY, Chen MZ, Lu GJ. [Significance of quantitative determination of serum lipoprotein-X in the differential diagnosis of jaundice]. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 1983; 22:491-4. [PMID: 6653214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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44
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Zhou ZC, Zhang XQ, Chen MZ, Lu XH, Lu GJ, Bi ZH. [The exocrine pancreatic function (PABA) test and its clinical applications]. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao 1982; 4:352-7. [PMID: 6221814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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45
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Yu ZJ, Zhang XQ, Chen MZ, Pan GZ, Bi ZH, Lu GJ, Wen SH. [Clinical significance of serum gastrin determination]. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao 1982; 4:358-62. [PMID: 6221815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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46
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Lu GJ, Zhou ZC, Chen MZ, Bi ZH, Lu XH. [Synthesis of a diagnostic drug for evaluating pancreatic exocrine function]. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao 1982; 4:238-40. [PMID: 6217913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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