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Zhang M, Zuo Y, Chen S, Li Y, Xing Y, Yang L, Wang H, Guo R. Antibody-drug conjugates in urothelial carcinoma: scientometric analysis and clinical trials analysis. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1323366. [PMID: 38665947 PMCID: PMC11044263 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1323366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In 2020, bladder cancer, which commonly presents as urothelial carcinoma, became the 10th most common malignancy. For patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma, the standard first-line treatment remains platinum-based chemotherapy, with immunotherapy serving as an alternative in cases of programmed death ligand 1 expression. However, treatment options become limited upon resistance to platinum and programmed death 1 or programmed death ligand 1 agents. Since the FDA's approval of Enfortumab Vedotin and Sacituzumab Govitecan, the therapeutic landscape has expanded, heralding a shift towards antibody-drug conjugates as potential first-line therapies. Our review employed a robust scientometric approach to assess 475 publications on antibody-drug conjugates in urothelial carcinoma, revealing a surge in related studies since 2018, predominantly led by U.S. institutions. Moreover, 89 clinical trials were examined, with 36 in Phase II and 13 in Phase III, exploring antibody-drug conjugates as both monotherapies and in combination with other agents. Promisingly, novel targets like HER-2 and EpCAM exhibit substantial therapeutic potential. These findings affirm the increasing significance of antibody-drug conjugates in urothelial carcinoma treatment, transitioning them from posterior-line to frontline therapies. Future research is poised to focus on new therapeutic targets, combination therapy optimization, treatment personalization, exploration of double antibody-coupled drugs, and strategies to overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanye Zuo
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Siyi Chen
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yaonan Li
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Xing
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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2
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Schmitt S, Machui P, Mai I, Herterich S, Wunder S, Cyprys P, Gerlach M, Ochtrop P, Hackenberger CP, Schumacher D, Helma J, Vogl AM, Kasper MA. Design and Evaluation of Phosphonamidate-Linked Exatecan Constructs for Highly Loaded, Stable, and Efficacious Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Mol Cancer Ther 2024; 23:199-211. [PMID: 37828728 PMCID: PMC10831470 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Topoisomerase I (TOP1) Inhibitors constitute an emerging payload class to engineer antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) as next-generation biopharmaceutical for cancer treatment. Existing ADCs are using camptothecin payloads with lower potency and suffer from limited stability in circulation. With this study, we introduce a novel camptothecin-based linker-payload platform based on the highly potent camptothecin derivative exatecan. First, we describe general challenges that arise from the hydrophobic combination of exatecan and established dipeptidyl p-aminobenzyl-carbamate (PAB) cleavage sites such as reduced antibody conjugation yields and ADC aggregation. After evaluating several linker-payload structures, we identified ethynyl-phosphonamidates in combination with a discrete PEG24 chain to compensate for the hydrophobic PAB-exatecan moiety. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the identified linker-payload structure enables the construction of highly loaded DAR8 ADCs with excellent solubility properties. Head-to-head comparison with Enhertu, an approved camptothecin-based ADC, revealed improved target-mediated killing of tumor cells, excellent bystander killing, drastically improved linker stability in vitro and in vivo and superior in vivo efficacy over four tested dose levels in a xenograft model. Moreover, we show that ADCs based on the novel exatecan linker-payload platform exhibit antibody-like pharmacokinetic properties, even when the ADCs are highly loaded with eight drug molecules per antibody. This ADC platform constitutes a new and general solution to deliver TOP1 inhibitors with highest efficiency to the site of the tumor, independent of the antibody and its target, and is thereby broadly applicable to various cancer indications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christian P.R. Hackenberger
- Chemical Biology Department, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Wang W, Ling X, Wang R, Xiong H, Hu L, Yang Z, Wang H, Zhang Y, Wu W, Singh PK, Wang J, Li F, Li Q. Structure-Activity Relationship of FL118 Platform Position 7 Versus Position 9-Derived Compounds and Their Mechanism of Action and Antitumor Activity. J Med Chem 2023; 66:16888-16916. [PMID: 38100041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Structurally, FL118 is a camptothecin analogue and possesses exceptional antitumor efficacy against human cancer through a novel mechanism of action (MOA). In this report, we have synthesized and characterized 24 FL118 Position 7-substituted and 24 FL118 Position 9-substituted derivatives. The top compounds were further characterized for their MOA in colorectal cancer (CRC) models using CRC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models and pancreatic cancer PDX models to evaluate their antitumor activities. Four FL118 Position 7-substituted derivatives showed significantly better antitumor efficacy than the FL118 Position 9-substituted derivatives. The four identified compounds also appeared to have better antitumor activity than their parental platform FL118. Interestingly, RNA-Seq analyses indicated that three of the four compounds exerted antitumor effects via an MOA similar to FL118, which provided an intriguing opportunity for follow-up studies. Extended in vivo studies revealed that FL77-6 (7-(4-ethylphenyl)-FL118), FL77-9 (7-(4-methoxylphenyl)-FL118), and FL77-24 (7-(3, 5-dimethoxyphenyl)-FL118) exhibit potential for further development toward clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals & Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiang Ling
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals & Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Canget BioTekpharma, LLC, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | - Ruojiong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals & Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Haonan Xiong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals & Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Liuzhi Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals & Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhikun Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals & Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals & Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- Department of Bioinformatics & Biostatistics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York 14263, United States
| | - Wenjie Wu
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York 14263, United States
- Canget BioTekpharma, LLC, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | - Prashant K Singh
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York 14263, United States
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics & Biostatistics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York 14263, United States
| | - Fengzhi Li
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York 14263, United States
- Developmental Therapeutics (DT) Program, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York 14263, United States
| | - QingYong Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals & Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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4
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Zhang Y, Ding M, Wang L, Yin S, Zhang L, Cao X, Chen Z, Li W, Guo Q, Zhu S, Lu W, Yang T. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel quaternary ammonium antibody drug conjugates based on camptothecin derivatives. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292871. [PMID: 38113206 PMCID: PMC10729962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as a highly promising class of cancer therapeutics, comprising antibodies, effector molecules, and linkers. Among them, DS-8201a with DXd as the effector molecule, has shown remarkable anti-tumor efficacy against solid tumors, sparking a surge of interest in ADCs with camptothecin derivatives as ADC effector molecules. In this study, we introduced and successfully constructed quaternary ammonium ADCs utilizing camptothecin derivatives WL-14 and CPTS-1 for the first time. All four ADCs displayed excellent stability under physiological conditions and in plasma, facilitating their prolonged circulation in vivo. Moreover, the four ADCs, employing Val-Cit or Val-Ala dipeptide linkers effectively achieved complete release of the effector molecules via cathepsin B. Although, the in vitro antitumor activity of these ADCs was comparatively limited, the development of quaternary ammonium ADCs based on novel camptothecin derivatives as effector molecules is still a viable and promising strategy. Significantly, our study provides valuable insights into the crucial role of linker optimization in ADCs design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- R&D Department of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Fudan-Zhangjiang Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyuan Ding
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Sicheng Yin
- R&D Department of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Fudan-Zhangjiang Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- R&D Department of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Fudan-Zhangjiang Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Xuemei Cao
- R&D Department of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Fudan-Zhangjiang Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyang Chen
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Weinan Li
- R&D Department of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Fudan-Zhangjiang Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Qingsong Guo
- R&D Department of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Fudan-Zhangjiang Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Shulei Zhu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Design and Manufacturing, East China Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wei Lu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Design and Manufacturing, East China Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Tong Yang
- R&D Department of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Fudan-Zhangjiang Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
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5
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Dong H, Huang X, Wu X. Development of a novel sialic acid-conjugated camptothecin prodrug for enhanced cancer chemotherapy. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:6160-6166. [PMID: 37548235 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01072d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Camptothecin (CPT) is an attractive natural drug for cancer chemotherapy. However, the poor water solubility, non-targeting feature, and adverse side effects of CPT are significant obstacles to developing an effective anticancer drug. Here, for the first time, 9-thiol-sialic acid (9-SH-Sia) is coupled to CPT by forming a disulfide releasable carbonate linkage, resulting in a novel CPT prodrug (CPT-ss-Sia) that self-assembles into nanostructures in an aqueous solution. Strikingly, CPT-ss-Sia exhibited excellent in vitro properties, including enhanced water solubility, glutathione (GSH)-triggered CPT release, and increased E-lactone ring stability. Furthermore, CPT-ss-Sia had good cancer cell-killing ability comparable to CPT. Intravenous administration of CPT-ss-Sia significantly inhibited the growth of multiple types of tumors. Histological analysis showed that CPT-ss-Sia treatment significantly reduced lesions in tumor-bearing mice compared to CPT treatment. Notably, CPT-ss-Sia treatment did not adversely affect the body weight of the mice. This is the first report of the 9-SH-Sia conjugate-based prodrug. Overall, CPT-ss-Sia has broad clinical application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Dong
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-based Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Departments of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Xuanjun Wu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-based Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
- Suzhou Research Institute, Shandong University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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6
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Payload diversification: a key step in the development of antibody-drug conjugates. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:3. [PMID: 36650546 PMCID: PMC9847035 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01397-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) is a fast moving class of targeted biotherapeutics that currently combines the selectivity of monoclonal antibodies with the potency of a payload consisting of cytotoxic agents. For many years microtubule targeting and DNA-intercalating agents were at the forefront of ADC development. The recent approval and clinical success of trastuzumab deruxtecan (Enhertu®) and sacituzumab govitecan (Trodelvy®), two topoisomerase 1 inhibitor-based ADCs, has shown the potential of conjugating unconventional payloads with differentiated mechanisms of action. Among future developments in the ADC field, payload diversification is expected to play a key role as illustrated by a growing number of preclinical and clinical stage unconventional payload-conjugated ADCs. This review presents a comprehensive overview of validated, forgotten and newly developed payloads with different mechanisms of action.
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7
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Pryyma A, Matinkhoo K, Bu YJ, Merkens H, Zhang Z, Bénard F, Perrin DM. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of octreotate conjugates of bioactive synthetic amatoxins for targeting somatostatin receptor (sstr2) expressing cells. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:69-78. [PMID: 35128410 PMCID: PMC8729174 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00036e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted cancer therapy represents a paradigm-shifting approach that aims to deliver a toxic payload selectively to target-expressing cells thereby sparing normal tissues the off-target effects associated with traditional chemotherapeutics. Since most targeted constructs rely on standard microtubule inhibitors or DNA-reactive molecules as payloads, new toxins that inhibit other intracellular targets are needed to realize the full potential of targeted therapy. Among these new payloads, α-amanitin has gained attraction as a payload in targeted therapy. Here, we conjugate two synthetic amanitins at different sites to demonstrate their utility as payloads in peptide drug conjugates (PDCs). As an exemplary targeting agent, we chose octreotate, a well-studied somatostatin receptor (sstr2) peptide agonist for the conjugation to synthetic amatoxins via three tailor-built linkers. The linker chemistry permitted the evaluation of one non-cleavable and two cleavable self-immolative conjugates. The immolating linkers were chosen to take advantage of either the reducing potential of the intracellular environment or the high levels of lysosomal proteases in tumor cells to trigger toxin release. Cell-based assays on target-positive Ar42J cells revealed target-specific reduction in viability with up to 1000-fold enhancement in bioactivity compared to the untargeted amatoxins. Altogether, this preliminary study enabled the development of a highly modular synthetic platform for the construction of amanitin-based conjugates that can be readily extended to various targeting moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Pryyma
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Kaveh Matinkhoo
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Yong Jia Bu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Helen Merkens
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Vancouver BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Zhengxing Zhang
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Vancouver BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Francois Bénard
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Vancouver BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - David M Perrin
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
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8
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Gavriel A, Sambrook M, Russell AT, Hayes W. Recent advances in self-immolative linkers and their applications in polymeric reporting systems. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00414c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Interest in self-immolative chemistry has grown over the past decade with more research groups harnessing the versatility to control the release of a compound from a larger chemical entity, given...
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9
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McCombs JR, Chang HP, Shah DK, Owen SC. Antibody-drug conjugate and free geldanamycin combination therapy enhances anti-cancer efficacy. Int J Pharm 2021; 610:121272. [PMID: 34763035 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibody drug-conjugates (ADCs) targeting human epidermal growth factor (HER2) are a rapidly expanding class of cancer therapeutics. Such ADCs are known to suffer from inefficient trafficking to the lysosome due to HER2 endosomal recycling, leaving most bound ADCs at the cell surface or in early endosomes. This study aims to increase the maximum cytotoxicity of ADC treatment by co-delivering a small molecule inhibitor targeting the primary chaperone of HER2, heat shock protein 90 (HSP90). We hypothesized that inhibiting HSP90 could aid ADC cytotoxicity by overcoming HER2 endosomal recycling. Flow cytometric studies tracking HER2 surface expression revealed ∼ 10 nM geldanamycin (GA) as the threshold for inhibiting HSP90 mediated HER2 recycling. Cytotoxicity studies in HER2 overexpressing cancer cell lines NCI-N87, MDA-MB-453, and SKOV3 demonstrated that co-administration of ADC alongside 100 nM GA significantly increased cytotoxicity compared to ADC alone. In all cases, baseline cytotoxicity was observed even in low HER2 expressing line MDA-MB-231 cells, indicating possible off-target effects. To mitigate this baseline cytotoxicity, a "pulse treatment" regime was adopted where cells are pre-loaded with T-DM1 or T-MMAE ADCs for 4 h, followed by a 4-hour pulse treatment with ADC and 100 nM GA to initiate trafficking of HER2 bound ADC to the lysosome. Afterwards, GA is removed, and ADC treatment is continued. GA pulse co-treatment decreased the amount of ADC required to achieve maximum cytotoxicity while minimizing baseline cytotoxicity. No such co-treatment regime featuring a pulse sequence has been explored before. Such co-treatments could offer a viable solution to increase ADC efficacy in hard to treat or resistant HER2-positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R McCombs
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, United States
| | - Hsuan Ping Chang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, United States
| | - Dhaval K Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, United States
| | - Shawn C Owen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, United States.
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10
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Liu L, Xie F, Xiao D, Xu X, Su Z, Wang Y, Fan S, Zhou X, Li S. Synthesis and evaluation of highly releasable and structurally stable antibody-SN-38-conjugates. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:2603-2617. [PMID: 34894942 PMCID: PMC8676668 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.2008053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Camptothecins, traditional chemotherapy drugs, have been clinically used in antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), which refreshes the recognition that ADCs preferably incorporate highly potent payloads. However, SN-38, active metabolite of irinotecan from camptothecins, tended to be incorporated into ADCs with an unstable acid sensitive bond, not with the widely used Cathepsin B (CTSB) sensitive bond, which may pose the risk of off-target. Herein, we reported a novel strategy to construct highly releasable and structurally stable SN-38-conjugates, in which CTSB linkers directly connected to the 10-OH group through ether bond, not to the common 20-OH group of lactones of SN-38. In this paper, rapid release of SN-38 was skillfully demonstrated by utilizing the fluorescence properties of SN-38. The SN-38-ether-ADC displayed highly stable serum stability with the half-life over 10 days. Moreover, the drug-antibody-ratio (DAR) of ADC could be elevated to 7.1 through the introduction of polyethylene glycol (PEG) moieties without aggregation. The optimized ADC exhibited potent in vitro activities up to 5.5 nM, comparable to SN-38. Moreover, this ADC group significantly delayed tumor growth in vivo. In conclusion, the novel strategy has the potential to promote the development of SN38-ADCs and enrich the conjugation approaches for hydroxyl-bearing payloads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianqi Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Xie
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Dian Xiao
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Su
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanming Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyong Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Xinbo Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Song Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
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11
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Li XF, Liu CF, Rao GW. Monoclonal Antibodies, Small Molecule Inhibitors and Antibody-drug Conjugates as HER2 Inhibitors. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:3339-3360. [PMID: 32900344 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200908112847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-2 is found in a variety of cancers, often portending poor clinical outcomes. Therefore, HER2 is an attractive target for treatment. This review describes the research progress of HER2 targeted inhibitors in recent years. Excellent reviews are available, so we focus on the development, mechanisms of action, and structure-activity relationships of different types of inhibitors, including monoclonal antibodies, small molecule inhibitors, and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). In addition, the differences among them are compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Fang Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Chen-Fu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Guo-Wu Rao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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12
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The Chemistry Behind ADCs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050442. [PMID: 34067144 PMCID: PMC8152005 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Combining the selective targeting of tumor cells through antigen-directed recognition and potent cell-killing by cytotoxic payloads, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged in recent years as an efficient therapeutic approach for the treatment of various cancers. Besides a number of approved drugs already on the market, there is a formidable follow-up of ADC candidates in clinical development. While selection of the appropriate antibody (A) and drug payload (D) is dictated by the pharmacology of the targeted disease, one has a broader choice of the conjugating linker (C). In the present paper, we review the chemistry of ADCs with a particular emphasis on the medicinal chemistry perspective, focusing on the chemical methods that enable the efficient assembly of the ADC from its three components and the controlled release of the drug payload.
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13
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Rana A, Bhatnagar S. Advancements in folate receptor targeting for anti-cancer therapy: A small molecule-drug conjugate approach. Bioorg Chem 2021; 112:104946. [PMID: 33989916 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Targeted delivery combined with controlled release of drugs has a crucial role in future of personalized medicine. The majority of cancer drugs are intended to interfere with one or more cellular events. Anticancer agents can also be toxic to healthy cells, as healthy cells may also need to proliferate and avoid apoptosis. The focus of this review covers the principles, advantages, drawbacks and summarize criteria that must be met for design of small molecule-drug conjugates (SMDCs) to achieve the desired therapeutic potency with minimal toxicity. SMDCs are composed of a targeting ligand, a releasable bridge, a spacer, and a therapeutic payload. We summarize the criteria for the effective design that influences the selection of tumor specific receptor and optimum elements in the design of SMDCs. We also discuss the criteria for selecting the optimal therapeutic drug payload, spacer and linker. The linker chemistries and cleavage strategies are also discussed. Finally, we review the folate receptor targeting SMDCs that are in preclinical development and in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash Rana
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Sector125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Seema Bhatnagar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Sector125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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14
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Considerations for the Nonclinical Safety Evaluation of Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Antibodies (Basel) 2021; 10:antib10020015. [PMID: 33921632 PMCID: PMC8167597 DOI: 10.3390/antib10020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The targeted delivery of drugs by means of linking them to antibodies (Abs) to form antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) has become an important approach in oncology and could potentially be used in other therapeutic areas. Targeted therapy is aimed at improving clinical efficacy while minimizing adverse reactions. The nonclinical safety assessment of ADCs presents several unique challenges involving the need to examine a complex molecule, each component of which can contribute to the effects observed, in appropriate animal models. Some considerations for the nonclinical safety evaluation of ADCs based on a literature review of ADCs in clinical development (currently or previously) are discussed.
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15
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Bargh JD, Walsh SJ, Ashman N, Isidro-Llobet A, Carroll JS, Spring DR. A dual-enzyme cleavable linker for antibody-drug conjugates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:3457-3460. [PMID: 33687404 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00957e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2024]
Abstract
A novel enzyme cleavable linker for antibody-drug conjugates is reported. The 3-O-sulfo-β-galactose linker is cleaved sequentially by two lysosomal enzymes - arylsulfatase A and β-galactosidase - to release the payload in targeted cells. An α-HER2 antibody-drug conjugate synthesised using this highly hydrophilic dual-cleavable linker exhibited excellent cytotoxicity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Bargh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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16
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Lyski RD, Bou LB, Lau UY, Meyer DW, Cochran JH, Okeley NM, Emmerton KK, Zapata F, Simmons JK, Trueblood ES, Ortiz DJ, Zaval MC, Snead KM, Jin S, Farr LM, Ryan MC, Senter PD, Jeffrey SC. Development of Novel Antibody-Camptothecin Conjugates. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 20:329-339. [PMID: 33273058 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a highly active and well-tolerated camptothecin (CPT) drug-linker designed for antibody-mediated drug delivery in which the lead molecule consists of a 7-aminomethyl-10,11-methylenedioxy CPT (CPT1) derivative payload attached to a novel hydrophilic protease-cleavable valine-lysine-glycine tripeptide linker. A defined polyethylene glycol stretcher was included to improve the properties of the drug-linker, facilitating high antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) drug loading, while reducing the propensity for aggregation. A CPT1 ADC with 8 drug-linkers/mAb displayed a pharmacokinetic profile coincident with parental unconjugated antibody and had high serum stability. The ADCs were broadly active against cancer cells in vitro and in mouse xenograft models, giving tumor regressions and complete responses at low (≤3 mg/kg, single administration) doses. Pronounced activities were obtained in both solid and hematologic tumor models and in models of bystander killing activity and multidrug resistance. Payload release studies demonstrated that two CPTs, CPT1 and the corresponding glycine analog (CPT2), were released from a cAC10 ADC by tumor cells. An ADC containing this drug-linker was well tolerated in rats at 60 mg/kg, given weekly four times. Thus, ADCs comprised of this valine-lysine-glycine linker with CPT drug payloads have promise in targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Uland Y Lau
- Neoleukin Therapeutics, Inc., Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Steven Jin
- Seagen Inc., Bothell, Seattle, Washington
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17
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Vamisetti GB, Satish G, Sulkshane P, Mann G, Glickman MH, Brik A. On-Demand Detachment of Succinimides on Cysteine to Facilitate (Semi)Synthesis of Challenging Proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19558-19569. [PMID: 33136379 PMCID: PMC7705887 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
maleimide group is a widely used reagent for bioconjugation
of peptides, proteins, and oligonucleotides employing Michael addition
and Diels–Alder cycloaddition reactions. However, the utility
of this functionality in chemical synthesis of peptides and proteins
remains unexplored. We report, for the first time that PdII complexes can mediate the efficient removal of various succinimide
derivatives in aqueous conditions. Succinimide removal by PdII was applied for the synthesis of two ubiquitin activity-based probes
(Ub-ABPs) employing solid phase chemical ligation (SPCL). SPCL was
achieved through a sequential three segment ligation on a polymer
support via a maleimide anchor. The obtained probes successfully formed
the expected covalent complexes with deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs)
USP2 and USP7, highlighting the use of our new method for efficient
preparation of unique synthetic proteins. Importantly, we demonstrate
the advantages of our newly developed method for the protection and
deprotection of native cysteine with a succinimide group in a peptide
fragment derived from thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) obtained via intein based
expression to enable ligation/desulfurization and subsequent disulfide
bond formation in a one-pot process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganga B Vamisetti
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Gandhesiri Satish
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Prasad Sulkshane
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Guy Mann
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Michael H Glickman
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Ashraf Brik
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200008, Israel
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18
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Yang X, Pan Z, Choudhury MR, Yuan Z, Anifowose A, Yu B, Wang W, Wang B. Making smart drugs smarter: The importance of linker chemistry in targeted drug delivery. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:2682-2713. [PMID: 32803765 PMCID: PMC7817242 DOI: 10.1002/med.21720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Smart drugs, such as antibody-drug conjugates, for targeted therapy rely on the ability to deliver a warhead to the desired location and to achieve activation at the same site. Thus, designing a smart drug often requires proper linker chemistry for tethering the warhead with a vehicle in such a way that either allows the active drug to retain its potency while being tethered or ensures release and thus activation at the desired location. Recent years have seen much progress in the design of new linker activation strategies. Herein, we review the recent development of chemical strategies used to link the warhead with a delivery vehicle for preferential cleavage at the desired sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manjusha Roy Choudhury
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Petit Science Center, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Zhengnan Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Petit Science Center, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Abiodun Anifowose
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Petit Science Center, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Bingchen Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Petit Science Center, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Wenyi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Petit Science Center, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Petit Science Center, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
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19
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Gonzaga RV, do Nascimento LA, Santos SS, Machado Sanches BA, Giarolla J, Ferreira EI. Perspectives About Self-Immolative Drug Delivery Systems. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:3262-3281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Akaiwa M, Dugal-Tessier J, Mendelsohn BA. Antibody-Drug Conjugate Payloads; Study of Auristatin Derivatives. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2020; 68:201-211. [PMID: 32115527 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c19-00853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Auristatins are important payloads used in antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), and the most well-known compound family member, monomethyl auristatin (MMAE), is used in two Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved ADCs, Adcetris® and Polivy®. Multiple other auristatin-based ADCs are currently being evaluated in human clinical trials and further studies on this class of molecule are underway by several academic and industrial research groups. Our group's main focus is to investigate the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of novel auristatins with the goal of applying these to next generation ADCs. Modifications of the auristatin backbone scaffold have been widely reported in the chemical literature focusing on the terminal subunits: P1 (N-terminus) and P5 (C-terminus). Our approach was to modulate the activity and hydrophilic character through modifications of the central subunits P2-P3-P4 and thorough SAR study on the P5 subunit. Novel hydrophilic auristatins were observed to have greater potency in vitro and displayed enhanced in vivo antitumor activity when conjugated via protease-cleavable linkers and delivered intracellularly. Analysis of ADC aggregation also indicated that novel hydrophilic payloads enabled the synthesis of high-drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) ADCs that were resistant to aggregation. Modification of the central peptide subunits also resulted in auristatins with potent cytotoxic activity in vitro and these azide-modified auristatins contain a handle for linker attachment from the central portion of the auristatin backbone.
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21
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Bispecific Antibodies and Antibody-Drug Conjugates for Cancer Therapy: Technological Considerations. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030360. [PMID: 32111076 PMCID: PMC7175114 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of monoclonal antibodies to specifically bind a target antigen and neutralize or stimulate its activity is the basis for the rapid growth and development of the therapeutic antibody field. In recent years, traditional immunoglobulin antibodies have been further engineered for better efficacy and safety, and technological developments in the field enabled the design and production of engineered antibodies capable of mediating therapeutic functions hitherto unattainable by conventional antibody formats. Representative of this newer generation of therapeutic antibody formats are bispecific antibodies and antibody–drug conjugates, each with several approved drugs and dozens more in the clinical development phase. In this review, the technological principles and challenges of bispecific antibodies and antibody–drug conjugates are discussed, with emphasis on clinically validated formats but also including recent developments in the fields, many of which are expected to significantly augment the current therapeutic arsenal against cancer and other diseases with unmet medical needs.
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22
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Bargh JD, Walsh SJ, Isidro-Llobet A, Omarjee S, Carroll JS, Spring DR. Sulfatase-cleavable linkers for antibody-drug conjugates. Chem Sci 2020; 11:2375-2380. [PMID: 34084399 PMCID: PMC8157321 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc06410a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a class of targeted drug delivery agents combining the cell-selectivity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and the cytotoxicity of small molecules. These two components are joined by a covalent linker, whose nature is critical to the efficacy and safety of the ADC. Enzyme-cleavable dipeptidic linkers have emerged as a particularly effective ADC linker type due to their ability to selectively release the payload in the lysosomes of target cells. However, these linkers have a number of drawbacks, including instability in rodent plasma and their inherently high hydrophobicity. Here we show that arylsulfate-containing ADC linkers are cleaved by lysosomal sulfatase enzymes to tracelessly release their payload, while circumventing the instability problems associated with dipeptide-linkers. When incorporated with trastuzumab and the highly potent monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) payload, the arylsulfate-containing ADC 2 and ADC 3 were more cytotoxic than the non-cleavable ADC 4 against HER2-positive cells, while maintaining selectivity over HER2-negative cells. We propose that the stability, solubility and synthetic tractability of our arylsulfate linkers make them an attractive new motif for cleavable ADC linkers, with clear benefits over the widely used dipeptidic linkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Bargh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Stephen J Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge Robinson Way Cambridge CB2 0RE UK
| | | | - Soleilmane Omarjee
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge Robinson Way Cambridge CB2 0RE UK
| | - Jason S Carroll
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge Robinson Way Cambridge CB2 0RE UK
| | - David R Spring
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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23
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Kommineni N, Pandi P, Chella N, Domb AJ, Khan W. Antibody drug conjugates: Development, characterization, and regulatory considerations. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nagavendra Kommineni
- Department of PharmaceuticsNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Palpandi Pandi
- Department of PharmaceuticsNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Naveen Chella
- Department of PharmaceuticsNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Abraham J. Domb
- School of Pharmacy‐ Faculty of MedicineThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem Israel
| | - Wahid Khan
- Department of PharmaceuticsNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
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24
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Synthesis and evaluation of pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer antibody-drug conjugates with dual β-glucuronide and dipeptide triggers. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 179:591-607. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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25
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Kastrati A, Bochet CG. Photochemical Amplifier Based on Self-Immolative Dendritic Spacers. J Org Chem 2019; 84:7776-7785. [PMID: 31184892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A self-immolative dendritic structure was synthesized. It is based on phenol derivatives with three hydroxymethyl arms at both ortho and para positions of the core unit, potentially releasing up to 27 leaving groups in a third-generation dendrimer. The triggering event is the photolysis of a photosentive ortho-nitrobenzyl group. In doing so, we expected to transform a weak chemical or photochemical input into a large chemical output, which fulfills the definition of a molecular amplifier. Such dendrimers could find application as an indicator, a drug-delivery vector, or a solubilizing agent. The prepared dendrimer indeed released up to 27 leaving groups upon photolysis at 360 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agonist Kastrati
- Department of Chemistry , University of Fribourg , Chemin du Musée 9 , CH-1700 Fribourg , Switzerland
| | - Christian G Bochet
- Department of Chemistry , University of Fribourg , Chemin du Musée 9 , CH-1700 Fribourg , Switzerland
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26
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Yaghoubi S, Karimi MH, Lotfinia M, Gharibi T, Mahi-Birjand M, Kavi E, Hosseini F, Sineh Sepehr K, Khatami M, Bagheri N, Abdollahpour-Alitappeh M. Potential drugs used in the antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) architecture for cancer therapy. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:31-64. [PMID: 31215038 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic small-molecule drugs have a major influence on the fate of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). An ideal cytotoxic agent should be highly potent, remain stable while linked to ADCs, kill the targeted tumor cell upon internalization and release from the ADCs, and maintain its activity in multidrug-resistant tumor cells. Lessons learned from successful and failed experiences in ADC development resulted in remarkable progress in the discovery and development of novel highly potent small molecules. A better understanding of such small-molecule drugs is important for development of effective ADCs. The present review discusses requirements making a payload appropriate for antitumor ADCs and focuses on the main characteristics of commonly-used cytotoxic payloads that showed acceptable results in clinical trials. In addition, the present study represents emerging trends and recent advances of payloads used in ADCs currently under clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Yaghoubi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | | | - Majid Lotfinia
- Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.,Core Research Lab, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Tohid Gharibi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Motahare Mahi-Birjand
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Kavi
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Koushan Sineh Sepehr
- Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Khatami
- NanoBioelectrochemistry Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Nader Bagheri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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27
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Peptide Conjugates with Small Molecules Designed to Enhance Efficacy and Safety. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24101855. [PMID: 31091786 PMCID: PMC6572008 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides constitute molecular diversity with unique molecular mechanisms of action that are proven indispensable in the management of many human diseases, but of only a mere fraction relative to more traditional small molecule-based medicines. The integration of these two therapeutic modalities offers the potential to enhance and broaden pharmacology while minimizing dose-dependent toxicology. This review summarizes numerous advances in drug design, synthesis and development that provide direction for next-generation research endeavors in this field. Medicinal studies in this area have largely focused upon the application of peptides to selectively enhance small molecule cytotoxicity to more effectively treat multiple oncologic diseases. To a lesser and steadily emerging extent peptides are being therapeutically employed to complement and diversify the pharmacology of small molecule drugs in diseases other than just cancer. No matter the disease, the purpose of the molecular integration remains constant and it is to achieve superior therapeutic outcomes with diminished adverse effects. We review linker technology and conjugation chemistries that have enabled integrated and targeted pharmacology with controlled release. Finally, we offer our perspective on opportunities and obstacles in the field.
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28
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Sengee M, Eksteen JJ, Nergård SL, Vasskog T, Sydnes LK. Preparation and Assessment of Self-Immolative Linkers for Therapeutic Bioconjugates with Amino- and Hydroxyl-Containing Cargoes. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1489-1499. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myagmarsuren Sengee
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, P.O. Box
6434, Tromsø Science Park, NO-9294 Tromsø, Norway
| | - J. Johannes Eksteen
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, P.O. Box
6434, Tromsø Science Park, NO-9294 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Silje Lillemark Nergård
- Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, P.O. Box 6050, Langnes, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Terje Vasskog
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, P.O. Box
6434, Tromsø Science Park, NO-9294 Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, P.O. Box 6050, Langnes, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Leiv K. Sydnes
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, P.O. Box
6434, Tromsø Science Park, NO-9294 Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway
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29
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Bargh JD, Isidro-Llobet A, Parker JS, Spring DR. Cleavable linkers in antibody–drug conjugates. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:4361-4374. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00676h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This tutorial review summarises the advances in the field of cleavable linker technologies for antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeremy S. Parker
- Early Chemical Development
- Pharmaceutical Sciences
- IMED Biotech Unit
- AstraZeneca
- Macclesfield
| | - David R. Spring
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB2 1EW
- UK
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30
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Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs): Potent biopharmaceuticals to target solid and hematological cancers- an overview. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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31
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Mondal D, Ford J, Pinney KG. Improved Methodology for the Synthesis of a Cathepsin B Cleavable Dipeptide Linker, Widely Used in Antibody-Drug Conjugate Research. Tetrahedron Lett 2018; 59:3594-3599. [PMID: 31156276 PMCID: PMC6541422 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent an emerging class of biopharmaceutical agents that deliver highly potent anticancer agents (payloads) selectively to tumors or components associated with the tumor microenvironment. The linker, responsible for the connection between the antibody and payload, is a crucial component of ADCs. In certain examples the linker is composed of a cleavable short peptide which imparts an additional aspect of selectivity. Especially prevalent is the cathepsin B cleavable Mc-Val-Cit-PABOH linker utilized in many pre-clinical ADC candidates, as well as the FDA approved ADC ADCETRIS® (brentuximab vedotin). An alternative route for the synthesis of the cathepsin B cleavable Mc-Val-Cit-PABOH linker is reported herein that involved six steps from l-Citrulline and proceeded with a 50% overall yield. In this modified route, the spacer (a para-aminobenzyl alcohol moiety) was incorporated via HATU coupling followed by dipeptide formation. Importantly, this route avoided undesirable epimerization and proceeded with improved overall yield. Utilizing this methodology, a drug-linker construct incorporating a potent small-molecule inhibitor of tubulin polymerization (referred to as KGP05), was synthesized as a representative example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deboprosad Mondal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place # 97348, Waco, Texas 76798-7438, United States
| | - Jacob Ford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place # 97348, Waco, Texas 76798-7438, United States
| | - Kevin G. Pinney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place # 97348, Waco, Texas 76798-7438, United States
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Hasan M, Leak RK, Stratford RE, Zlotos DP, Witt‐Enderby PA. Drug conjugates-an emerging approach to treat breast cancer. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2018; 6:e00417. [PMID: 29983986 PMCID: PMC6032357 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer treatment using a single drug is associated with a high failure rate due, in part, to the heterogeneity of drug response within individuals, nonspecific target action, drug toxicity, and/or development of resistance. Use of dual-drug therapies, including drug conjugates, may help overcome some of these roadblocks by more selective targeting of the cancer cell and by acting at multiple drug targets rather than one. Drug-conjugate approaches include linking drugs to antibodies (antibody-drug conjugates), radionuclides (radioimmunoconjugates), nanoparticles (nanoparticle-drug conjugates), or to other drugs (drug-drug conjugates). Although all of these conjugates might be designed as effective treatments against breast cancer, the focus of this review will be on drug-drug conjugates because of the increase in versatility of these types of drugs with respect to mode of action at the level of the cancer cell either by creating a novel pharmacophore or by increasing the potency and/or efficacy of the drugs' effects at their respective molecular targets. The development, synthesis, and pharmacological characteristics of drug-drug conjugates will be discussed in the context of breast cancer with the hope of enhancing drug efficacy and reducing toxicities to improve patient quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmud Hasan
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative, and Social SciencesDuquesne UniversityPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Rehana K. Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative, and Social SciencesDuquesne UniversityPittsburghPAUSA
| | | | - Darius P. Zlotos
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryThe German University in CairoNew Cairo CityCairoEgypt
| | - Paula A. Witt‐Enderby
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative, and Social SciencesDuquesne UniversityPittsburghPAUSA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer InstituteUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
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Friese OV, Smith JN, Brown PW, Rouse JC. Practical approaches for overcoming challenges in heightened characterization of antibody-drug conjugates with new methodologies and ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry. MAbs 2018; 10:335-345. [PMID: 29393747 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1433973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugation strategies are continuously evolving as researchers work to improve the safety and efficacy of the molecules. However, as a part of process and product development, confirmation of the resulting innovative structures requires new, specialized mass spectrometry (MS) approaches and methods, as compared to those already established for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and the heightened characterization practices used for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), in order to accurately elucidate the resulting conjugate forms, which can sometimes have labile chemical bonds and more extreme chemical properties like hydrophobic patches. Here, we discuss practical approaches for characterization of ADCs using new methodologies and ultrahigh-resolution MS, and provide specific examples of these approaches. Denaturing conditions of typical liquid chromatography (LC)/MS analyses impede the successful detection of intact, 4-chain ADCs generated via cysteine site-directed chemistry approaches where hinge region disulfide bonds are partially reduced. However, this class of ADCs is detected intact reliably under non-denaturing size-exclusion chromatography/MS conditions, also referred to as native MS. For ADCs with acid labile linkers such as one used for conjugation of calicheamicin, careful selection of mobile phase composition is critical to the retention of intact linker-payload during LC/MS analysis. Increasing the pH of the mobile phase prevented cleavage of a labile bond in the linker moiety, and resulted in retention of the intact linker-payload. In-source fragmentation also was observed with typical electrospray ionization (ESI) source parameters during intact ADC mass analysis for a particular surface-accessible linker-payload moiety conjugated to the heavy chain C-terminal tag, LLQGA (via transglutaminase chemistry). Optimization of additional ESI source parameters such as cone voltages, gas pressures and ion transfer parameters led to minimal fragmentation and optimal sensitivity. Ultrahigh-resolution (UHR) MS, combined with reversed phase-ultrahigh performance (RP-UHP)LC and use of the FabRICATOR® enzyme, provides a highly resolving, antibody subunit-domain mapping method that allows rapid confirmation of integrity and the extent of conjugation. For some ADCs, the hydrophobic nature of the linker-payload hinders chromatographic separation of the modified subunit/domains or causes very late elution/poor recovery. As an alternative to the traditionally used C4 UHPLC column chemistry, a diphenyl column resulted in the complete recovery of modified subunit/domains. For ADCs based on maleimide chemistry, control of pH during proteolytic digestion is critical to minimize ring-opening. The optimum pH to balance digestion efficiency and one that does not cause ring opening needed to be established for successful peptide mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Friese
- a Biotherapeutics Pharm. Sci. , Pfizer WRD , St Louis , MO , USA
| | | | - Paul W Brown
- a Biotherapeutics Pharm. Sci. , Pfizer WRD , St Louis , MO , USA
| | - Jason C Rouse
- b Biotherapeutics Pharm. Sci. , Pfizer WRD , Andover , MA , USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Madduri Srinivasarao
- Purdue Institute for Drug
Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Philip S. Low
- Purdue Institute for Drug
Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Sau S, Alsaab HO, Kashaw SK, Tatiparti K, Iyer AK. Advances in antibody-drug conjugates: A new era of targeted cancer therapy. Drug Discov Today 2017. [PMID: 28627385 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), a potent class of anticancer therapeutics, comprise a high-affinity antibody (Ab) and cytotoxic payload coupled via a suitable linker for selective tumor cell killing. In the initial phase of their development, two ADCs, Mylotarg®, and Adcetris® were approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating hematological cancer, but the real breakthrough came with the discovery of the breast cancer-targeting ADC, Kadcyla®. With advances in bioengineering, linker chemistry, and potent cytotoxic payload, ADC technology has become a more powerful tool for targeted cancer therapy. In addition, ADCs with improved safety using humanized Abs with a unified 'drug:antibody ratio' (DAR) have been achieved. Concomitantly, there has been a significant increase in the number of clinical trials with anticancer ADCs with high translation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaresh Sau
- Use-Inspired Biomaterials & Integrated Nano Delivery (U-BiND) Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 259 Mack Ave, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Hashem O Alsaab
- Use-Inspired Biomaterials & Integrated Nano Delivery (U-BiND) Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 259 Mack Ave, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 26571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sushil Kumar Kashaw
- Use-Inspired Biomaterials & Integrated Nano Delivery (U-BiND) Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 259 Mack Ave, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, MP 470003, India
| | - Katyayani Tatiparti
- Use-Inspired Biomaterials & Integrated Nano Delivery (U-BiND) Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 259 Mack Ave, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Arun K Iyer
- Use-Inspired Biomaterials & Integrated Nano Delivery (U-BiND) Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 259 Mack Ave, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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36
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Catabolism of antibody drug conjugates and characterization methods. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:2933-2945. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pillow TH, Schutten M, Yu SF, Ohri R, Sadowsky J, Poon KA, Solis W, Zhong F, Del Rosario G, Go MAT, Lau J, Yee S, He J, Liu L, Ng C, Xu K, Leipold DD, Kamath AV, Zhang D, Masterson L, Gregson SJ, Howard PW, Fang F, Chen J, Gunzner-Toste J, Kozak KK, Spencer S, Polakis P, Polson AG, Flygare JA, Junutula JR. Modulating Therapeutic Activity and Toxicity of Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Antibody-Drug Conjugates with Self-Immolative Disulfide Linkers. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:871-878. [PMID: 28223423 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel disulfide linker was designed to enable a direct connection between cytotoxic pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) drugs and the cysteine on a targeting antibody for use in antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). ADCs composed of a cysteine-engineered antibody were armed with a PBD using a self-immolative disulfide linker. Both the chemical linker and the antibody site were optimized for this new bioconjugation strategy to provide a highly stable and efficacious ADC. This novel disulfide ADC was compared with a conjugate containing the same PBD drug, but attached to the antibody via a peptide linker. Both ADCs had similar efficacy in mice bearing human tumor xenografts. Safety studies in rats revealed that the disulfide-linked ADC had a higher MTD than the peptide-linked ADC. Overall, these data suggest that the novel self-immolative disulfide linker represents a valuable way to construct ADCs with equivalent efficacy and improved safety. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(5); 871-8. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Rachana Ohri
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Willy Solis
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Fiona Zhong
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Jeffrey Lau
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Sharon Yee
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Jintang He
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Luna Liu
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Carl Ng
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Keyang Xu
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Donglu Zhang
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Luke Masterson
- Spirogen Ltd., QMB Innovation Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Philip W Howard
- Spirogen Ltd., QMB Innovation Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fan Fang
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Shanghai, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul Polakis
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
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Wang YJ, Li YY, Liu XY, Lu XL, Cao X, Jiao BH. Marine Antibody-Drug Conjugates: Design Strategies and Research Progress. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E18. [PMID: 28098746 PMCID: PMC5295238 DOI: 10.3390/md15010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), constructed with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), linkers, and natural cytotoxins, are innovative drugs developed for oncotherapy. Owing to the distinctive advantages of both chemotherapy drugs and antibody drugs, ADCs have obtained enormous success during the past several years. The development of highly specific antibodies, novel marine toxins' applications, and innovative linker technologies all accelerate the rapid R&D of ADCs. Meanwhile, some challenges remain to be solved for future ADCs. For instance, varieties of site-specific conjugation have been proposed for solving the inhomogeneity of DARs (Drug Antibody Ratios). In this review, the usages of various natural toxins, especially marine cytotoxins, and the development strategies for ADCs in the past decade are summarized. Representative ADCs with marine cytotoxins in the pipeline are introduced and characterized with their new features, while perspective comments for future ADCs are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yu-Yan Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Xiao-Yu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xiao-Ling Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xin Cao
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Bing-Hua Jiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Mendelsohn BA, Barnscher SD, Snyder JT, An Z, Dodd JM, Dugal-Tessier J. Investigation of Hydrophilic Auristatin Derivatives for Use in Antibody Drug Conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:371-381. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. Mendelsohn
- Agensys Inc. an affiliate
of Astellas Pharma Inc., 1800 Stewart
Street, Santa Monica, California 90404, United States
| | - Stuart D. Barnscher
- Agensys Inc. an affiliate
of Astellas Pharma Inc., 1800 Stewart
Street, Santa Monica, California 90404, United States
| | - Josh T. Snyder
- Agensys Inc. an affiliate
of Astellas Pharma Inc., 1800 Stewart
Street, Santa Monica, California 90404, United States
| | - Zili An
- Agensys Inc. an affiliate
of Astellas Pharma Inc., 1800 Stewart
Street, Santa Monica, California 90404, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Dodd
- Agensys Inc. an affiliate
of Astellas Pharma Inc., 1800 Stewart
Street, Santa Monica, California 90404, United States
| | - Julien Dugal-Tessier
- Agensys Inc. an affiliate
of Astellas Pharma Inc., 1800 Stewart
Street, Santa Monica, California 90404, United States
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40
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Kumar A, White J, James Christie R, Dimasi N, Gao C. Antibody-Drug Conjugates. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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41
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Burke PJ, Hamilton JZ, Jeffrey SC, Hunter JH, Doronina SO, Okeley NM, Miyamoto JB, Anderson ME, Stone IJ, Ulrich ML, Simmons JK, McKinney EE, Senter PD, Lyon RP. Optimization of a PEGylated Glucuronide-Monomethylauristatin E Linker for Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 16:116-123. [PMID: 28062707 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of antibody-drug conjugates (ADC), such as brentuximab vedotin and ado-trastuzumab emtansine, has led to increased efforts to identify new payloads and develop improved drug-linker technologies. Most antibody payloads impart significant hydrophobicity to the ADC, resulting in accelerated plasma clearance and suboptimal in vivo activity, particularly for conjugates with high drug-to-antibody ratios (DAR). We recently reported on the incorporation of a discrete PEG24 polymer as a side chain in a β-glucuronidase-cleavable monomethylauristatin E (MMAE) linker to provide homogeneous DAR 8 conjugates with decreased plasma clearance and increased antitumor activity in xenograft models relative to a non-PEGylated control. In this work, we optimized the drug-linker by minimizing the size of the PEG side chain and incorporating a self-stabilizing maleimide to prevent payload de-conjugation in vivo Multiple PEG-glucuronide-MMAE linkers were prepared with PEG size up to 24 ethylene oxide units, and homogeneous DAR 8 ADCs were evaluated. A clear relationship was observed between PEG length and conjugate pharmacology when tested in vivo Longer PEG chains resulted in slower clearance, with a threshold length of PEG8 beyond which clearance was not impacted. Conjugates bearing PEG of sufficient length to minimize plasma clearance provided a wider therapeutic window relative to faster clearing conjugates bearing shorter PEGs. A lead PEGylated glucuronide-MMAE linker was identified incorporating a self-stabilizing maleimide and a PEG12 side chain emerged from these efforts, enabling highly potent, homogeneous DAR 8 conjugates and is under consideration for future ADC programs. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(1); 116-23. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Burke
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington.
| | | | - Scott C Jeffrey
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington
| | - Joshua H Hunter
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington
| | | | - Nicole M Okeley
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington
| | - Jamie B Miyamoto
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington
| | | | - Ivan J Stone
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington
| | | | | | - Erica E McKinney
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington
| | - Peter D Senter
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington
| | - Robert P Lyon
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington
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42
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Yang J, Kopeček J. Design of smart HPMA copolymer-based nanomedicines. J Control Release 2016; 240:9-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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43
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Ogitani Y, Abe Y, Iguchi T, Yamaguchi J, Terauchi T, Kitamura M, Goto K, Goto M, Oitate M, Yukinaga H, Yabe Y, Nakada T, Masuda T, Morita K, Agatsuma T. Wide application of a novel topoisomerase I inhibitor-based drug conjugation technology. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5069-5072. [PMID: 27599744 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.08.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To establish a novel and widely applicable payload-linker technology for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), we have focused our research on applying exatecan mesylate (DX-8951f), a potent topoisomerase I inhibitor, which exhibits extensive antitumor activity as well as significant myelotoxicity, as the payload part. Through this study, we discovered a promising exatecan derivative (DX-8951 derivative, DXd), that has the characteristics of low membrane permeability and shows considerably less myelotoxicity than that shown by exatecan mesylate in an in vitro human colony forming unit-granulocyte macrophage assay. DXd was further used for drug conjugation by using commercially or clinically useful monoclonal antibodies to evaluate the potency of the ADC. The result revealed that the DXd-ADCs targeting CD30, CD33, and CD70 were effective against each of their respective target-expressing tumor cell lines. Moreover, a novel DXd-ADC targeting B7-H3, which is a new target for ADCs, also showed potent antitumor efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, this study showed that this novel topoisomerase I inhibitor-based ADC technology is widely applicable to a diverse number of antibodies and is expected to mitigate myelotoxicity, thereby possibly resulting in better safety profiles than that of existing ADC technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Ogitani
- Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Yuki Abe
- Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Takuma Iguchi
- Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Junko Yamaguchi
- Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Tomoko Terauchi
- Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Michiko Kitamura
- Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Koichi Goto
- Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Mayumi Goto
- Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Masataka Oitate
- Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Hideo Yukinaga
- Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Yabe
- Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakada
- Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Takeshi Masuda
- Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Koji Morita
- Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Toshinori Agatsuma
- Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
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Puthenveetil S, Loganzo F, He H, Dirico K, Green M, Teske J, Musto S, Clark T, Rago B, Koehn F, Veneziale R, Falahaptisheh H, Han X, Barletta F, Lucas J, Subramanyam C, O'Donnell CJ, Tumey LN, Sapra P, Gerber HP, Ma D, Graziani EI. Natural Product Splicing Inhibitors: A New Class of Antibody-Drug Conjugate (ADC) Payloads. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1880-8. [PMID: 27412791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a considerable ongoing work to identify new cytotoxic payloads that are appropriate for antibody-based delivery, acting via mechanisms beyond DNA damage and microtubule disruption, highlighting their importance to the field of cancer therapeutics. New modes of action will allow a more diverse set of tumor types to be targeted and will allow for possible mechanisms to evade the drug resistance that will invariably develop to existing payloads. Spliceosome inhibitors are known to be potent antiproliferative agents capable of targeting both actively dividing and quiescent cells. A series of thailanstatin-antibody conjugates were prepared in order to evaluate their potential utility in the treatment of cancer. After exploring a variety of linkers, we found that the most potent antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) were derived from direct conjugation of the carboxylic acid-containing payload to surface lysines of the antibody (a "linker-less" conjugate). Activity of these lysine conjugates was correlated to drug-loading, a feature not typically observed for other payload classes. The thailanstatin-conjugates were potent in high target expressing cells, including multidrug-resistant lines, and inactive in nontarget expressing cells. Moreover, these ADCs were shown to promote altered splicing products in N87 cells in vitro, consistent with their putative mechanism of action. In addition, the exposure of the ADCs was sufficient to result in excellent potency in a gastric cancer xenograft model at doses as low as 1.5 mg/kg that was superior to the clinically approved ADC T-DM1. The results presented herein therefore open the door to further exploring splicing inhibition as a potential new mode-of-action for novel ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank Loganzo
- Oncology-Rinat Research & Development, Pfizer , 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Sylvia Musto
- Oncology-Rinat Research & Development, Pfizer , 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | | | | | | | - Robert Veneziale
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer , 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, New York 10977, United States
| | - Hadi Falahaptisheh
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer , 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, New York 10977, United States
| | | | | | - Judy Lucas
- Oncology-Rinat Research & Development, Pfizer , 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | | | | | | | - Puja Sapra
- Oncology-Rinat Research & Development, Pfizer , 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Hans Peter Gerber
- Oncology-Rinat Research & Development, Pfizer , 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Dangshe Ma
- Oncology-Rinat Research & Development, Pfizer , 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
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45
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Kolakowski RV, Haelsig KT, Emmerton KK, Leiske CI, Miyamoto JB, Cochran JH, Lyon RP, Senter PD, Jeffrey SC. The Methylene Alkoxy Carbamate Self-Immolative Unit: Utilization for the Targeted Delivery of Alcohol-Containing Payloads with Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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46
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Kolakowski RV, Haelsig KT, Emmerton KK, Leiske CI, Miyamoto JB, Cochran JH, Lyon RP, Senter PD, Jeffrey SC. The Methylene Alkoxy Carbamate Self-Immolative Unit: Utilization for the Targeted Delivery of Alcohol-Containing Payloads with Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:7948-51. [PMID: 27198854 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A strategy for the conjugation of alcohol-containing payloads to antibodies has been developed and involves the methylene alkoxy carbamate (MAC) self-immolative unit. A series of MAC β-glucuronide model constructs were prepared to evaluate stability and enzymatic release, and the results demonstrated high stability at physiological pH in a substitution-dependent manner. All the MAC model compounds efficiently released alcohol drug surrogates under the action of β-glucuronidase. To assess the MAC technology for ADCs, the potent microtubule-disrupting agent auristatin E (AE) was incorporated through the norephedrine alcohol. Conjugation of the MAC β-glucuronide AE drug linker to the anti-CD30 antibody cAC10, and an IgG control antibody, gave potent and immunologically specific activities in vitro and in vivo. These studies validate the MAC self-immolative unit for alcohol-containing payloads within ADCs, a class that has not been widely exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl T Haelsig
- Seattle Genetics, 21823 30th Dr SE, Bothell, WA, 98021, USA
| | - Kim K Emmerton
- Seattle Genetics, 21823 30th Dr SE, Bothell, WA, 98021, USA
| | - Chris I Leiske
- Seattle Genetics, 21823 30th Dr SE, Bothell, WA, 98021, USA
| | | | | | - Robert P Lyon
- Seattle Genetics, 21823 30th Dr SE, Bothell, WA, 98021, USA
| | - Peter D Senter
- Seattle Genetics, 21823 30th Dr SE, Bothell, WA, 98021, USA
| | - Scott C Jeffrey
- Seattle Genetics, 21823 30th Dr SE, Bothell, WA, 98021, USA.
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47
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Büyüktimkin B, Stewart J, Tabanor K, Kiptoo P, Siahaan TJ. Protein and Peptide Conjugates for Targeting Therapeutics and Diagnostics to Specific Cells. Drug Deliv 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118833322.ch20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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48
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Burke PJ, Hamilton JZ, Pires TA, Setter JR, Hunter JH, Cochran JH, Waight AB, Gordon KA, Toki BE, Emmerton KK, Zeng W, Stone IJ, Senter PD, Lyon RP, Jeffrey SC. Development of Novel Quaternary Ammonium Linkers for Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:938-45. [PMID: 26944920 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A quaternary ammonium-based drug-linker has been developed to expand the scope of antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) payloads to include tertiary amines, a functional group commonly present in biologically active compounds. The linker strategy was exemplified with a β-glucuronidase-cleavable auristatin E construct. The drug-linker was found to efficiently release free auristatin E (AE) in the presence of β-glucuronidase and provide ADCs that were highly stable in plasma. Anti-CD30 conjugates comprised of the glucuronide-AE linker were potent and immunologically specific in vitro and in vivo, displaying pharmacologic properties comparable with a carbamate-linked glucuronide-monomethylauristatin E control. The quaternary ammonium linker was then applied to a tubulysin antimitotic drug that contained an N-terminal tertiary amine that was important for activity. A glucuronide-tubulysin quaternary ammonium linker was synthesized and evaluated as an ADC payload, in which the resulting conjugates were found to be potent and immunologically specific in vitro, and displayed a high level of activity in a Hodgkin lymphoma xenograft. Furthermore, the results were superior to those obtained with a related tubulysin derivative containing a secondary amine N-terminus for conjugation using previously known linker technology. The quaternary ammonium linker represents a significant advance in linker technology, enabling stable conjugation of payloads with tertiary amine residues. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(5); 938-45. ©2016 AACR.
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49
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Yao H, Jiang F, Lu A, Zhang G. Methods to Design and Synthesize Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs). Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E194. [PMID: 26848651 PMCID: PMC4783928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have become a promising targeted therapy strategy that combines the specificity, favorable pharmacokinetics and biodistributions of antibodies with the destructive potential of highly potent drugs. One of the biggest challenges in the development of ADCs is the application of suitable linkers for conjugating drugs to antibodies. Recently, the design and synthesis of linkers are making great progress. In this review, we present the methods that are currently used to synthesize antibody-drug conjugates by using thiols, amines, alcohols, aldehydes and azides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houzong Yao
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Feng Jiang
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, the State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Aiping Lu
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ge Zhang
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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50
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Akash MSH, Rehman K, Parveen A, Ibrahim M. Antibody-drug conjugates as drug carrier systems for bioactive agents. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2015.1038818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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