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Raithatha S, Hagel JM, Matinkhoo K, Yu L, Press D, Cook SG, Sharma G, Dhananjaya D, Jensen G, Lee JB, Cai C, Gallant J, Bains J, Tucker JE, Facchini PJ. Novel Psilocin Prodrugs with Altered Pharmacological Properties as Candidate Therapies for Treatment-Resistant Anxiety Disorders. J Med Chem 2024; 67:1024-1043. [PMID: 37983270 PMCID: PMC10823477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The psychedelic prodrug psilocybin has shown therapeutic benefits for the treatment of numerous psychiatric conditions. Despite positive clinical end points targeting depression and anxiety, concerns regarding the duration of the psychedelic experience produced by psilocybin, associated with enduring systemic exposure to the active metabolite psilocin, pose a barrier to its therapeutic application. Our objective was to create a novel prodrug of psilocin with similar therapeutic benefits but a reduced duration of psychedelic effects compared with psilocybin. Here, we report the synthesis and functional screening of 28 new chemical entities. Our strategy was to introduce a diversity of cleavable groups at the 4-hydroxy position of the core indole moiety to modulate metabolic processing. We identified several novel prodrugs of psilocin with altered pharmacokinetic profiles and reduced pharmacological exposure compared with psilocybin. These candidate prodrugs have the potential to maintain the long-term benefits of psilocybin therapy while attenuating the duration of psychedelic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jillian M. Hagel
- Enveric
Biosciences, Inc., 3655
36 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2L 1Y8, Canada
| | - Kaveh Matinkhoo
- Enveric
Biosciences, Inc., 3655
36 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2L 1Y8, Canada
| | - Lisa Yu
- Enveric
Biosciences, Inc., 3655
36 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2L 1Y8, Canada
| | - David Press
- Enveric
Biosciences, Inc., 3655
36 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2L 1Y8, Canada
| | - Sarah G. Cook
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Govinda Sharma
- Enveric
Biosciences, Inc., 3655
36 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2L 1Y8, Canada
| | - D. Dhananjaya
- Enveric
Biosciences, Inc., 3655
36 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2L 1Y8, Canada
| | - Glynnis Jensen
- Enveric
Biosciences, Inc., 3655
36 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2L 1Y8, Canada
| | - Jessica B. Lee
- Enveric
Biosciences, Inc., 3655
36 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2L 1Y8, Canada
| | - Charlie Cai
- Enveric
Biosciences, Inc., 3655
36 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2L 1Y8, Canada
| | - Jonathan Gallant
- Enveric
Biosciences, Inc., 3655
36 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2L 1Y8, Canada
| | - Jaideep Bains
- Hotchkiss
Brain Institute and Department of Physiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Joseph E. Tucker
- Enveric
Biosciences, Inc., 3655
36 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2L 1Y8, Canada
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Peter J. Facchini
- Enveric
Biosciences, Inc., 3655
36 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2L 1Y8, Canada
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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Pryyma A, Matinkhoo K, Bu YJ, Merkens H, Zhang Z, Bénard F, Perrin DM. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of octreotate conjugates of bioactive synthetic amatoxins for targeting somatostatin receptor (sstr2) expressing cells. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:69-78. [PMID: 35128410 PMCID: PMC8729174 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00036e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted cancer therapy represents a paradigm-shifting approach that aims to deliver a toxic payload selectively to target-expressing cells thereby sparing normal tissues the off-target effects associated with traditional chemotherapeutics. Since most targeted constructs rely on standard microtubule inhibitors or DNA-reactive molecules as payloads, new toxins that inhibit other intracellular targets are needed to realize the full potential of targeted therapy. Among these new payloads, α-amanitin has gained attraction as a payload in targeted therapy. Here, we conjugate two synthetic amanitins at different sites to demonstrate their utility as payloads in peptide drug conjugates (PDCs). As an exemplary targeting agent, we chose octreotate, a well-studied somatostatin receptor (sstr2) peptide agonist for the conjugation to synthetic amatoxins via three tailor-built linkers. The linker chemistry permitted the evaluation of one non-cleavable and two cleavable self-immolative conjugates. The immolating linkers were chosen to take advantage of either the reducing potential of the intracellular environment or the high levels of lysosomal proteases in tumor cells to trigger toxin release. Cell-based assays on target-positive Ar42J cells revealed target-specific reduction in viability with up to 1000-fold enhancement in bioactivity compared to the untargeted amatoxins. Altogether, this preliminary study enabled the development of a highly modular synthetic platform for the construction of amanitin-based conjugates that can be readily extended to various targeting moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Pryyma
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Kaveh Matinkhoo
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Yong Jia Bu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Helen Merkens
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Vancouver BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Zhengxing Zhang
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Vancouver BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Francois Bénard
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Vancouver BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - David M Perrin
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
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Matinkhoo K, Pryyma A, Wong AAWL, Perrin DM. Synthesis and evaluation of " Ama-Flash", a photocaged amatoxin prodrug for light-activated RNA Pol II inhibition and cell death. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9558-9561. [PMID: 34477193 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03279h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Amanitin is used extensively as a research tool to inhibit RNA Pol II thereby implicating its role in mRNA transcription. Recently, amanitin has gained traction as a toxic payload for targeted therapy. Here we report the first-ever photocaged amanitin analog, that is non-toxic and can be pre-loaded into cells. Light provides a means to inhibit RNA Pol II and provoke cell death on-demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Matinkhoo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Alla Pryyma
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Antonio A W L Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - David M Perrin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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Matinkhoo K, Wong AAWL, Hambira CM, Kato B, Wei C, Müller C, Hechler T, Braun A, Gallo F, Pahl A, Perrin DM. Design, Synthesis, and Biochemical Evaluation of Alpha-Amanitin Derivatives Containing Analogs of the trans-Hydroxyproline Residue for Potential Use in Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Chemistry 2021; 27:10282-10292. [PMID: 34058032 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-amanitin, an extremely toxic bicyclic octapeptide extracted from the death-cap mushroom, Amanita phalloides, is a highly selective allosteric inhibitor of RNA polymerase II. Following on growing interest in using this toxin as a payload in antibody-drug conjugates, herein we report the synthesis and biochemical evaluation of several new derivatives of this toxin to probe the role of the trans-hydroxyproline (Hyp), which is known to be critical for toxicity. This structure activity relationship (SAR) study represents the first of its kind to use various Hyp-analogs to alter the conformational and H-bonding properties of Hyp in amanitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Matinkhoo
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T-1Z1, Canada
| | - Antonio A W L Wong
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T-1Z1, Canada
| | - Chido M Hambira
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T-1Z1, Canada
| | - Brandon Kato
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T-1Z1, Canada
| | - Charlie Wei
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T-1Z1, Canada
| | - Christoph Müller
- Heidelberg Pharma, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 22, 68526, Ladenburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Hechler
- Heidelberg Pharma, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 22, 68526, Ladenburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Braun
- Heidelberg Pharma, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 22, 68526, Ladenburg, Germany
| | - Francesca Gallo
- Heidelberg Pharma, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 22, 68526, Ladenburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Pahl
- Heidelberg Pharma, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 22, 68526, Ladenburg, Germany
| | - David M Perrin
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T-1Z1, Canada
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Hambira CM, Matinkhoo K, Pryyma A, Patrick BO, Perrin DM. Scaling Amatoxin Synthesis with an Improved Route to (2 S,3 R,4 R)-Dihydroxyisoleucine Exemplified by a Toxic, Clickable α-Amanitin Analogue. J Org Chem 2021; 86:5362-5370. [PMID: 33710901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c03022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here we report a scalable synthesis of the key amino acid residue, (2S,3R,4R)-4,5-dihydroxyisoleucine (DHIle) in α-amanitin, that in turn enables the scalable synthesis of an equipotent analogue, Asn(N-ethylazide)-S,6'-dideoxy-α-amanitin, suitable for CuAAC conjugation to empower studies on therapeutic antibody-drug conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chido M Hambira
- Chemistry Department, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z1, Canada
| | - Kaveh Matinkhoo
- Chemistry Department, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z1, Canada
| | - Alla Pryyma
- Chemistry Department, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z1, Canada
| | - Brian O Patrick
- Chemistry Department, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z1, Canada
| | - David M Perrin
- Chemistry Department, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z1, Canada
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Pryyma A, Matinkhoo K, Wong AAWL, Perrin DM. Meeting key synthetic challenges in amanitin synthesis with a new cytotoxic analog: 5'-hydroxy-6'-deoxy-amanitin. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11927-11935. [PMID: 34094418 PMCID: PMC8162882 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04150e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Appreciating the need to access synthetic analogs of amanitin, here we report the synthesis of 5'-hydroxy-6'-deoxy-amanitin, a novel, rationally-designed bioactive analog and constitutional isomer of α-amanitin, that is anticipated to be used as a payload for antibody drug conjugates. In completing this synthesis, we meet the challenge of diastereoselective sulfoxidation by presenting two high-yielding and diastereoselective sulfoxidation approaches to afford the more toxic (R)-sulfoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Pryyma
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver B.C. V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Kaveh Matinkhoo
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver B.C. V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Antonio A W L Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver B.C. V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - David M Perrin
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver B.C. V6T 1Z1 Canada
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Abstract
α-Amanitin is an extremely toxic bicyclic octapeptide isolated from the death-cap mushroom, Amanita phalloides. As a potent inhibitor of RNA polymerase II, α-amanitin is toxic to eukaryotic cells. Recent interest in α-amanitin arises from its promise as a payload for antibody-drug conjugates. For over 60 years, A. phalloides has been the only source of α-amanitin. Here we report a synthesis of α-amanitin, which surmounts the key challenges for installing the 6-hydroxy-tryptathionine sulfoxide bridge, enantioselective synthesis of (2 S,3 R,4 R)-4,5-dihydroxy-isoleucine, and diastereoselective sulfoxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Matinkhoo
- Chemistry Department , The University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T-1Z1 , Canada
| | - Alla Pryyma
- Chemistry Department , The University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T-1Z1 , Canada
| | - Mihajlo Todorovic
- Chemistry Department , The University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T-1Z1 , Canada
| | - Brian O Patrick
- Chemistry Department , The University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T-1Z1 , Canada
| | - David M Perrin
- Chemistry Department , The University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T-1Z1 , Canada
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Zhao L, May JP, Blanc A, Dietrich DJ, Loonchanta A, Matinkhoo K, Pryyma A, Perrin DM. Synthesis of a Cytotoxic Amanitin for Biorthogonal Conjugation. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1420-5. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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