1
|
Yi YQQ, Qi D, Wei H, Xie L, Chen Y, Yang J, Hu Z, Liu Y, Meng X, Su W, Cui Z. Molecular Design of Diazo Compound for Carbene-Mediated Cross-Linking of Hole-Transport Polymer in QLED with Reduced Energy Barrier and Improved Charge Balance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:39149-39158. [PMID: 35973830 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c11108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric hole-transport materials (HTMs) have been widely used in quantum-dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs). However, their solution processability normally causes interlayer erosion and unstable film state, leading to undesired device performance. Besides, the imbalance of hole and electron transport in QLEDs also damages the device interfaces. In this study, we designed a bis-diazo compound, X1, as carbene cross-linker for polymeric HTM. Irradiated by ultraviolet and heating, a poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-alt(4,4'-(N-(4-butylphenyl))] (TFB)/X1 blend can achieve fast "electronically clean" cross-linking with ∼100% solvent resistance. The cross-linking reduced the stacking behaviors of TFB and thus led to a lower hole-transport mobility, whereas it was a good match of electron mobility. The carbene-mediated TFB cross-linking also downshifted the HOMO level from -5.3 to -5.5 eV, delivering a smaller hole-transport energy barrier. Benefiting from these, the cross-linked QLED showed enhanced device performances over the pristine device, with EQE, power efficiency, and current efficiency being elevated by nearly 20, 15, and 83%, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about a bis-diazo compound based carbene cross-linker built into a polymeric HTM for a QLED with enhanced device performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Qiu-Qiang Yi
- Printable Electronics Research Center, Nano Devices and Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dawei Qi
- Printable Electronics Research Center, Nano Devices and Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
- College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, Zhejiang, China
| | - Honghui Wei
- Printable Electronics Research Center, Nano Devices and Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
- College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liming Xie
- Printable Electronics Research Center, Nano Devices and Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yiyao Chen
- Vacuum Interconnected Nanotech Workstation (Nano-X), Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Printable Electronics Research Center, Nano Devices and Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zishou Hu
- Printable Electronics Research Center, Nano Devices and Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Printable Electronics Research Center, Nano Devices and Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiuqing Meng
- College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenming Su
- Printable Electronics Research Center, Nano Devices and Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zheng Cui
- Printable Electronics Research Center, Nano Devices and Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hook AL, Hogwood J, Gray E, Mulloy B, Merry CLR. High sensitivity analysis of nanogram quantities of glycosaminoglycans using ToF-SIMS. Commun Chem 2021; 4:67. [PMID: 36697531 PMCID: PMC9814553 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-021-00506-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are important biopolymers that differ in the sequence of saccharide units and in post polymerisation alterations at various positions, making these complex molecules challenging to analyse. Here we describe an approach that enables small quantities (<200 ng) of over 400 different GAGs to be analysed within a short time frame (3-4 h). Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) together with multivariate analysis is used to analyse the entire set of GAG samples. Resultant spectra are derived from the whole molecules and do not require pre-digestion. All 6 possible GAG types are successfully discriminated, both alone and in the presence of fibronectin. We also distinguish between pharmaceutical grade heparin, derived from different animal species and from different suppliers, to a sensitivity as low as 0.001 wt%. This approach is likely to be highly beneficial in the quality control of GAGs produced for therapeutic applications and for characterising GAGs within biomaterials or from in vitro cell culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L. Hook
- grid.4563.40000 0004 1936 8868Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - John Hogwood
- grid.70909.370000 0001 2199 6511National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Elaine Gray
- grid.70909.370000 0001 2199 6511National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, UK ,grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London, UK
| | - Barbara Mulloy
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London, UK
| | - Catherine L. R. Merry
- grid.4563.40000 0004 1936 8868Stem Cell Glycobiology Group, Biodiscovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Surface-attached hydrogel coatings via C,H-insertion crosslinking for biomedical and bioanalytical applications (Review). Biointerphases 2018; 13:010801. [DOI: 10.1116/1.4999786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
4
|
Waldbaur A, Waterkotte B, Schmitz K, Rapp BE. Maskless projection lithography for the fast and flexible generation of grayscale protein patterns. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:1570-8. [PMID: 22411542 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201102163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Protein patterns of different shapes and densities are useful tools for studies of cell behavior and to create biomaterials that induce specific cellular responses. Up to now the dominant techniques for creating protein patterns are mostly based on serial writing processes or require templates such as photomasks or elastomer stamps. Only a few of these techniques permit the creation of grayscale patterns. Herein, the development of a lithography system using a digital mirror device which allows fast patterning of proteins by immobilizing fluorescently labeled molecules via photobleaching is reported. Grayscale patterns of biotin with pixel sizes in the range of 2.5 μm are generated within 10 s of exposure on an area of about 5 mm(2) . This maskless projection lithography method permits the rapid and inexpensive generation of protein patterns definable by any user-defined grayscale digital image on substrate areas in the mm(2) to cm(2) range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ansgar Waldbaur
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Morvan F, Vidal S, Souteyrand E, Chevolot Y, Vasseur JJ. DNA glycoclusters and DNA-based carbohydrate microarrays: From design to applications. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra21550k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
|
6
|
Morvan F, Chevolot Y, Zhang J, Meyer A, Vidal S, Praly JP, Vasseur JJ, Souteyrand E. Glycoarray by DNA-directed immobilization. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 808:195-219. [PMID: 22057527 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-373-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Glycoarrays have become a powerful platform to investigate the interactions of many biological events involving carbohydrates. The carbohydrates immobilization on the surface of the substrates is a key step of glycoarray fabrication. Plenty of strategies have been applied to the immobilization process. Herein a protocol for the synthesis of oligonucleotide glycomimetic conjugates is proposed. The resulting molecules are immobilized by hybridization on a DNA microarray (DNA-directed immobilization; DDI). DDI has been proved to be a very efficient and site-selective. This protocol provides detailed procedures for the preparation of fluorescent oligonucleotide trigalactosylmimetic conjugates and for the preparation of carbohydrate microarrays by DDI on glass slides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Morvan
- Institut des Biomoléules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS Université Montpellier 1, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zeng X, Andrade CAS, Oliveira MDL, Sun XL. Carbohydrate–protein interactions and their biosensing applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:3161-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5594-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
8
|
Pourceau G, Chevolot Y, Goudot A, Giroux F, Meyer A, Moulés V, Lina B, Cecioni S, Vidal S, Yu H, Chen X, Ferraris O, Praly JP, Souteyrand E, Vasseur JJ, Morvan F. Measurement of Enzymatic Activity and Specificity of Human and Avian Influenza Neuraminidases from Whole Virus by Glycoarray and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. Chembiochem 2011; 12:2071-80. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
9
|
Deng L, Norberg O, Uppalapati S, Yan M, Ramström O. Stereoselective synthesis of light-activatable perfluorophenylazide-conjugated carbohydrates for glycoarray fabrication and evaluation of structural effects on protein binding by SPR imaging. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:3188-98. [PMID: 21423935 PMCID: PMC4030401 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05040k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of light-activatable perfluorophenylazide (PFPA)-conjugated carbohydrate structures have been synthesized and applied to glycoarray fabrication. The glycoconjugates were structurally varied with respect to anomeric attachment, S-, and O-linked carbohydrates, respectively, as well as linker structure and length. Efficient stereoselective synthetic routes were developed, leading to the formation of the PFPA-conjugated structures in good yields over few steps. The use of glycosyl thiols as donors proved especially efficient and provided the final compounds in up to 70% total yield with high anomeric purities. PFPA-based photochemistry was subsequently used to generate carbohydrate arrays on a polymeric surface, and surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) was applied for evaluation of carbohydrate-protein interactions using the plant lectin Concanavalin A (Con A) as a probe. The results indicate better performance and equal efficiency of S- and O-linked structures with intermediate linker length.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingquan Deng
- Department of Chemistry, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, S-10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oscar Norberg
- Department of Chemistry, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, S-10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Suji Uppalapati
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, P.O. Box 751, Portland, Oregon, 97207-0751, USA
| | - Mingdi Yan
- Department of Chemistry, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, S-10044, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, P.O. Box 751, Portland, Oregon, 97207-0751, USA
| | - Olof Ramström
- Department of Chemistry, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, S-10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dmitrienko EV, Pyshnaia IA, Pyshnyĭ DV. [Oligonucleotide derivatives in the nucleic acid hybridization analysis. I. Covalent immobilization of oligonucleotide probes onto the nylon]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2011; 36:700-13. [PMID: 21063457 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162010050134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The features of UV-induced immobilization of oligonucleotides on a nylon membranes and the effectiveness of enzymatic labeling of immobilized probes at heterophase detection of nucleic acids are studied. Short terminal oligothymidilate (up to 10 nt) sequences are suggested to attach to the probe via a flexible ethylene glycol based linker. The presence of such fragment enhances the intensity of immobilization and reduces UV-dependent degradation of the targeted (sequence-specific) part of the probe by reducing the dose needed for the immobilization of DNA. The optimum dose of UV-irradiation is determined to be ~0.4 J/cm(2) at the wavelength 254 nm. This dose provides high level of hybridization signal for immobilized probes with various nucleotide composition of the sequence specific moiety. The amide groups of the polyamide are shown to play the key role in the photoinduced immobilization of nucleic acids, whereas the primary amino groups in the structure of PA is not the center responsible for the covalent binding of DNA by UV-irradiation, as previously believed. Various additives in the soaking solution during the membrane of UV-dependent immobilization of probes are shown to influence its effectiveness. The use of alternative to UV-irradiation system of radical generation are shown to provide the immobilization of oligonucleotides onto the nylon membrane.
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Zhang J, Pourceau G, Meyer A, Vidal S, Praly JP, Souteyrand E, Vasseur JJ, Morvan F, Chevolot Y. Specific recognition of lectins by oligonucleotide glycoconjugates and sorting on a DNA microarray. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:6795-7. [PMID: 19885482 DOI: 10.1039/b915132j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Two glycoconjugates bearing different DNA tags are mixed in solution with lectins; both interact with their specific lectin and the resulting complexes are sorted, according to their DNA sequences, at the surface of micro-reactors bearing the immobilised complementary DNA sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- INL UMR5270 CNRS Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 36 avenue G. de Collongue, 69134 Ecully cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
DNA-directed immobilisation of glycomimetics for glycoarrays application: comparison with covalent immobilisation, and development of an on-chip IC50 measurement assay. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24:2515-21. [PMID: 19201595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glycoarrays are powerful tools for the understanding of protein/carbohydrate interactions and should find applications in the diagnosis of diseases involving these interactions. Immobilisation of the carbohydrate probe is a key issue in the elaboration of high performance devices. In the present study, we have compared the fluorescent signal intensity and determined the lower detection limit of glycoconjugates immobilised at two concentrations (0.5 and 25 microM) by DNA-directed immobilisation (DDI), to glycoconjugates covalently immobilised on the solid support (borosilicate glass slide). At 0.5 microM, DDI led to a stronger fluorescence signal (by a factor of 4.5) and to a lower detection limit (20 nM) than covalent immobilisation (higher than 200 nM). We also report the development of an IC(50) measurement assay of DDI immobilised glycoconjugates. We found that the relative affinity per galactose residue of RCA 120 for glycoconjugates bearing one or three galactose residues was different by a factor of 23 when measured under IC(50) conditions or by direct fluorescence reading.
Collapse
|
14
|
Carroll GT, Wang D, Turro NJ, Koberstein JT. Photo-Generation of Carbohydrate Microarrays. MICROARRAYS 2009. [PMCID: PMC7122957 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-72719-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The unparalleled structural diversity of carbohydrates among biological molecules has been recognized for decades. Recent studies have highlighted carbohydrate signaling roles in many important biological processes, such as fertilization, embryonic development, cell differentiation and cellȁ4cell communication, blood coagulation, inflammation, chemotaxis, as well as host recognition and immune responses to microbial pathogens. In this chapter, we summarize recent progress in the establishment of carbohydrate-based microarrays and the application of these technologies in exploring the biological information content in carbohydrates. A newly established photochemical platform of carbohydrate microarrays serves as a model for a focused discussion.
Collapse
|
15
|
Laurent N, Voglmeir J, Flitsch SL. Glycoarrays--tools for determining protein-carbohydrate interactions and glycoenzyme specificity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:4400-12. [PMID: 18802573 DOI: 10.1039/b806983m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate arrays (glycoarrays) have recently emerged as a high-throughput tool for studying carbohydrate-binding proteins and carbohydrate-processing enzymes. A number of sophisticated array platforms that allow for qualitative and quantitative analysis of carbohydrate binding and modification on the array surface have been developed, including analysis by fluorescence spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. These platforms, together with examples of biologically-relevant applications are reviewed in this Feature Article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Laurent
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre and School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, UK M1 7DN
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
A multidisciplinary approach for molecular diagnostics based on biosensors and microarrays. Ing Rech Biomed 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmret.2007.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
17
|
|
18
|
Carroll GT, Wang D, Turro NJ, Koberstein JT. Photons to illuminate the universe of sugar diversity through bioarrays. Glycoconj J 2007; 25:5-10. [PMID: 17610157 PMCID: PMC7088275 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-007-9052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Revised: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this mini-review, we summarize the photochemical approaches for developing high-throughput carbohydrate microarray technologies. Newly established methods for photo-immobilizing unmodified monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides onto photoactive surfaces and coupling of photoactive carbohydrates onto polymer surfaces are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory T Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, MC 3157, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wei S, Wang J, Guo DJ, Chen YQ, Xiao SJ. Grafting Organic and Biomolecules on H-Terminated Porous Silicon from a Diazirine. CHEM LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2006.1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
20
|
Carroll GT, Wang D, Turro NJ, Koberstein JT. Photochemical micropatterning of carbohydrates on a surface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:2899-905. [PMID: 16519501 DOI: 10.1021/la0531042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we demonstrate a versatile method for the immobilization and patterning of unmodified carbohydrates onto glass substrates. The method employs a novel self-assembled monolayer to present photoactive phthalimide chromophores at the air-monolayer interface. Upon exposure to UV radiation, the phthalimide end-groups graft to surface-adsorbed carbohydrates, presumably by a hydrogen abstraction mechanism followed by radical recombination to form a covalent bond. Immobilized carbohydrate thin films are evidenced by fluorescence, ellipsometry and contact-angle measurements. Surface micropatterns of mono-, oligo-, and polysaccharides are generated by exposure through a contact photomask and are visualized by condensing water onto the surface. The efficiency of covalent coupling is dependent on the thermodynamic state of the surface. The amount of surface-grafted carbohydrate is enhanced when carbohydrate surface interactions are increased by the incorporation of amine-terminated molecules into the monolayer. Glass substrates modified with mixed monolayers of this nature are used to construct carbohydrate microarrays by spotting the carbohydrates with a robot and subsequently illuminating them with UV light to covalently link the carbohydrates. Surface-immobilized polysaccharides display well-defined antigenic determinants for antibody recognition. We demonstrate, therefore, that this novel technology combines the ability to create carbohydrate microarrays using the current state-of-the-art technology of robotic microspotting and the ability to control the shape of immobilized carbohydrate patterns with a spatial resolution defined by the UV wavelength and a shape defined by a photomask.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory T Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, MC 3157, 10027, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Blencowe A, Hayes W. Development and application of diazirines in biological and synthetic macromolecular systems. SOFT MATTER 2005; 1:178-205. [PMID: 32646075 DOI: 10.1039/b501989c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many different reagents and methodologies have been utilised for the modification of synthetic and biological macromolecular systems. In addition, an area of intense research at present is the construction of hybrid biosynthetic polymers, comprised of biologically active species immobilised or complexed with synthetic polymers. One of the most useful and widely applicable techniques available for functionalisation of macromolecular systems involves indiscriminate carbene insertion processes. The highly reactive and non-specific nature of carbenes has enabled a multitude of macromolecular structures to be functionalised without the need for specialised reagents or additives. The use of diazirines as stable carbene precursors has increased dramatically over the past twenty years and these reagents are fast becoming the most popular photophors for photoaffinity labelling and biological applications in which covalent modification of macromolecular structures is the basis to understanding structure-activity relationships. This review reports the synthesis and application of a diverse range of diazirines in macromolecular systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Blencowe
- School of Chemistry, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire, UKRG6 6AD.
| | - Wayne Hayes
- School of Chemistry, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire, UKRG6 6AD.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Heggli M, Tirelli N, Zisch A, Hubbell JA. Michael-type addition as a tool for surface functionalization. Bioconjug Chem 2003; 14:967-73. [PMID: 13129400 DOI: 10.1021/bc0340621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Michael-type addition (conjugate addition reaction between electron-poor olefins and nucleophiles, such as thiols) has been successfully used as a convenient tool for surface functionalization. Due to its mild character, this method is potentially useful for the introduction of sensitive groups, which can provide bioactivity and targeting possibilities to surfaces of, for example, colloidal carriers. As reaction partners, in our study we have used thiols, possibly present in peptidic structures, and acrylates, at the end of protein-repellant PEG chains. Satisfactory results were obtained with thiols in solution and acrylic groups bound to the surface. Alternatively, the use of thiols on the particles, even if generated in situ, did not provide useful results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Heggli
- Department of Materials, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) and University of Zurich, Moussonstrasse 18, CH-8044 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
This Communication describes a novel method for patterning proteins, ligands, or other organic/inorganic species onto solid substrates. The process works by linking the moiety of interest to a fluorophore that can be subsequently photobleached and bound to the interface. The technique can be performed in aqueous solution and allows several species to be addressed onto the surface simultaneously by using different frequencies of light. Because the method can be used with fluorophores excited by visible light, shorter and more damaging wavelengths can be avoided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Holden
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Engineering and Characterization of Polymer Surfaces for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-45668-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
|
25
|
Chevolot Y, Martins J, Milosevic N, Léonard D, Zeng S, Malissard M, Berger EG, Maier P, Mathieu HJ, Crout DH, Sigrist H. Immobilisation on polystyrene of diazirine derivatives of mono- and disaccharides: biological activities of modified surfaces. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:2943-53. [PMID: 11597476 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00172-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The potential of surface glycoengineering for biomaterials and biosensors originates from the importance of carbohydrate-protein interactions in biological systems. The strategy employed here utilises carbene generated by illumination of diazirine to achieve covalent bonding of carbohydrates. Here, we describe the synthesis of an aryl diazirine containing a disaccharide (lactose). Surface analysis techniques [X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS)] demonstrate its successful surface immobilisation on polystyrene (PS). Results are compared to those previously obtained with an aryl diazirine containing a monosaccharide (galactose). The biological activity of galactose- or lactose-modified PS samples is studied using rat hepatocytes, Allo A lectin and solid-phase semi-synthesis with alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase. Allo A shows some binding to galactose-modified PS but none to lactose-modified surfaces. Similar results are obtained with rat hepatocytes. In contrast, sialylation of lactose-modified PS is achieved but not with galactose-modified surfaces. The different responses indicate that the biological activity depends not only on the carbohydrate per se but also on the structure and length of the spacer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Chevolot
- Département des Matériaux, LMCH, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne-EPFL, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Léonard D, Chevolot Y, Heger F, Martins J, Crout DHG, Sigrist H, Mathieu HJ. ToF-SIMS and XPS study of photoactivatable reagents designed for surface glycoengineering. Part III. 5-Carboxamidopentyl-N-[m-[3-(trifluoromethyl)diazirin-3-yl]phenyl-β-D-galactopyranosyl]-(1->4)-1-thio-β-D-glucopyranoside (lactose aryl diazirine) on diam. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
27
|
|
28
|
Abstract
Photoactivatable ligands are important tools used in drug discovery and drug development. These ligands enable researchers to identify the targets of drugs, to determine the affinity and selectivity of the drug-target interaction, and to identify the binding site on the target. Examples are presented from three fundamentally different approaches: (1) photoaffinity labeling of target macromolecules; (2) photoactivation and release of 'caged ligands'; and (3) photoimmobilization of ligands onto surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Dormán
- ComGenex, Budapest, 1027 Bem rkp. 33-34, Hungary.
| | | |
Collapse
|