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Ellenburg WH, Oprian DD. Understanding mechanisms of terpene synthases using substrate analogs. Methods Enzymol 2024; 699:187-205. [PMID: 38942503 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Terpene synthases (TS) transform achiral prenyl substrates into elaborate hydrocarbon scaffolds with multiple stereocenters through a series of cyclization reactions and carbon skeleton rearrangements. The reactions involve high-energy carbocation intermediates that must be stabilized by the enzyme along the pathway to the desired products. A variety of substrate analogs have been used to investigate TS mechanism. This article will focus on a class of analogs which strategically replace hydrogen atoms with fluorine to inhibit the generation of specific carbocation intermediates. We will explore the synthesis and use of the analogs to study TS mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel D Oprian
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States.
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2
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Koizumi Y, Nakajima Y, Tanaka Y, Matsui K, Sakabe M, Maeda K, Sato M, Koshino H, Sato S, Kimura M, Takahashi-Ando N. A Role in 15-Deacetylcalonectrin Acetylation in the Non-Enzymatic Cyclization of an Earlier Bicyclic Intermediate in Fusarium Trichothecene Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4288. [PMID: 38673874 PMCID: PMC11050026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The trichothecene biosynthesis in Fusarium begins with the cyclization of farnesyl pyrophosphate to trichodiene, followed by subsequent oxygenation to isotrichotriol. This initial bicyclic intermediate is further cyclized to isotrichodermol (ITDmol), a tricyclic precursor with a toxic trichothecene skeleton. Although the first cyclization and subsequent oxygenation are catalyzed by enzymes encoded by Tri5 and Tri4, the second cyclization occurs non-enzymatically. Following ITDmol formation, the enzymes encoded by Tri101, Tri11, Tri3, and Tri1 catalyze 3-O-acetylation, 15-hydroxylation, 15-O-acetylation, and A-ring oxygenation, respectively. In this study, we extensively analyzed the metabolites of the corresponding pathway-blocked mutants of Fusarium graminearum. The disruption of these Tri genes, except Tri3, led to the accumulation of tricyclic trichothecenes as the main products: ITDmol due to Tri101 disruption; a mixture of isotrichodermin (ITD), 7-hydroxyisotrichodermin (7-HIT), and 8-hydroxyisotrichodermin (8-HIT) due to Tri11 disruption; and a mixture of calonectrin and 3-deacetylcalonectrin due to Tri1 disruption. However, the ΔFgtri3 mutant accumulated substantial amounts of bicyclic metabolites, isotrichotriol and trichotriol, in addition to tricyclic 15-deacetylcalonectrin (15-deCAL). The ΔFgtri5ΔFgtri3 double gene disruptant transformed ITD into 7-HIT, 8-HIT, and 15-deCAL. The deletion of FgTri3 and overexpression of Tri6 and Tri10 trichothecene regulatory genes did not result in the accumulation of 15-deCAL in the transgenic strain. Thus, the absence of Tri3p and/or the presence of a small amount of 15-deCAL adversely affected the non-enzymatic second cyclization and C-15 hydroxylation steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Koizumi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Yuichi Nakajima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (Y.N.); (Y.T.); (K.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Yuya Tanaka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (Y.N.); (Y.T.); (K.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Kosuke Matsui
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (Y.N.); (Y.T.); (K.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Masato Sakabe
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Japan;
| | - Kazuyuki Maeda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (Y.N.); (Y.T.); (K.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Masayuki Sato
- Plant & Microbial Engineering Research Unit, Discovery Research Institute (DRI) RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Hiroyuki Koshino
- Molecular Structure Characterization Unit, Technology Platform Division, Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS) RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Soichi Sato
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.S.)
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Japan;
| | - Makoto Kimura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (Y.N.); (Y.T.); (K.M.); (K.M.)
- Plant & Microbial Engineering Research Unit, Discovery Research Institute (DRI) RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Naoko Takahashi-Ando
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.S.)
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Japan;
- Plant & Microbial Engineering Research Unit, Discovery Research Institute (DRI) RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan;
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3
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Sangster JJ, Marshall JR, Turner NJ, Mangas-Sanchez J. New Trends and Future Opportunities in the Enzymatic Formation of C-C, C-N, and C-O bonds. Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100464. [PMID: 34726813 PMCID: PMC9401909 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Organic chemistry provides society with fundamental products we use daily. Concerns about the impact that the chemical industry has over the environment is propelling major changes in the way we manufacture chemicals. Biocatalysis offers an alternative to other synthetic approaches as it employs enzymes, Nature's catalysts, to carry out chemical transformations. Enzymes are biodegradable, come from renewable sources, operate under mild reaction conditions, and display high selectivities in the processes they catalyse. As a highly multidisciplinary field, biocatalysis benefits from advances in different areas, and developments in the fields of molecular biology, bioinformatics, and chemical engineering have accelerated the extension of the range of available transformations (E. L. Bell et al., Nat. Rev. Meth. Prim. 2021, 1, 1-21). Recently, we surveyed advances in the expansion of the scope of biocatalysis via enzyme discovery and protein engineering (J. R. Marshall et al., Tetrahedron 2021, 82, 131926). Herein, we focus on novel enzymes currently available to the broad synthetic community for the construction of new C-C, C-N and C-O bonds, with the purpose of providing the non-specialist with new and alternative tools for chiral and sustainable chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack J Sangster
- Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - James R Marshall
- Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Nicholas J Turner
- Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Juan Mangas-Sanchez
- Institute of Chemical Synthesis and Homogeneous Catalysis, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.,ARAID Foundation, Zaragoza, Spain
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4
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Zhang Q, Catti L, Syntrivanis LD, Tiefenbacher K. En route to terpene natural products utilizing supramolecular cyclase mimetics. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:1619-1627. [PMID: 31021352 DOI: 10.1039/c9np00003h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: literature up to 2018 Terpenes are a class of natural products characterized by remarkable structural diversity. Much of this diversity arises biosynthetically from a handful of linear precursors through the so-called tail-to-head terpene cyclization reaction. This reaction is one of the most complex observed in nature, and historically attempts to replicate it with non-enzymatic means have met with little success. In recent years, however, the development of manmade binding pockets that allow such reactions to take place has been reported. This Highlight provides an overview of this nascent field, and outlines the challenges that need to be overcome moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, China
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5
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Li W, Xu R, Yan X, Liang D, Zhang L, Qin X, Caiyin Q, Zhao G, Xiao W, Hu Z, Qiao J. De novo leaf and root transcriptome analysis to explore biosynthetic pathway of Celangulin V in Celastrus angulatus maxim. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:7. [PMID: 30611193 PMCID: PMC6321707 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5397-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Celastrus angulatus Maxim is a kind of crucial and traditional insecticidal plant widely distributed in the mountains of southwest China. Celangulin V is the efficient insecticidal sesquiterpenoid of C. angulatus and widely used in pest control in China, but the low yield and discontinuous supply impeded its further popularization and application. Fortunately, the development of synthetic biology provided an opportunity for sustainable supply of Celangulin V, for which understanding its biosynthetic pathway is indispensable. Results In this study, six cDNA libraries were prepared from leaf and root of C. angulatus before global transcriptome analyses using the BGISEQ-500 platform. A total of 104,950 unigenes were finally obtained with an average length of 1200 bp in six transcriptome databases of C. angulatus, in which 51,817 unigenes classified into 25 KOG classifications, 39,866 unigenes categorized into 55 GO functional groups, and 48,810 unigenes assigned to 135 KEGG pathways, 145 of which were putative biosynthetic genes of sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid. 16 unigenes were speculated to be related to Celangulin V biosynthesis. De novo assembled sequences were verified by Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. Conclusions This study is the first report on transcriptome analysis of C. angulatus, and 16 unigenes probably involved in the biosynthesis of Celangulin V were finally collected. The transcriptome data will make great contributions to research for this specific insecticidal plant and the further gene mining for biosynthesis of Celangulin V and other sesquiterpene polyol esters. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5397-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Ranran Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoguang Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinggele Caiyin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangrong Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhai Xiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaonong Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Institute of Pesticide Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Qiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China. .,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
![]()
The
year 2017 marks the twentieth anniversary of terpenoid cyclase
structural biology: a trio of terpenoid cyclase structures reported
together in 1997 were the first to set the foundation for understanding
the enzymes largely responsible for the exquisite chemodiversity of
more than 80000 terpenoid natural products. Terpenoid cyclases catalyze
the most complex chemical reactions in biology, in that more than
half of the substrate carbon atoms undergo changes in bonding and
hybridization during a single enzyme-catalyzed cyclization reaction.
The past two decades have witnessed structural, functional, and computational
studies illuminating the modes of substrate activation that initiate
the cyclization cascade, the management and manipulation of high-energy
carbocation intermediates that propagate the cyclization cascade,
and the chemical strategies that terminate the cyclization cascade.
The role of the terpenoid cyclase as a template for catalysis is paramount
to its function, and protein engineering can be used to reprogram
the cyclization cascade to generate alternative and commercially important
products. Here, I review key advances in terpenoid cyclase structural
and chemical biology, focusing mainly on terpenoid cyclases and related
prenyltransferases for which X-ray crystal structures have informed
and advanced our understanding of enzyme structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Christianson
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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7
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Maeda K, Nakajima Y, Motoyama T, Kondoh Y, Kawamura T, Kanamaru K, Ohsato S, Nishiuchi T, Yoshida M, Osada H, Kobayashi T, Kimura M. Identification of a trichothecene production inhibitor by chemical array and library screening using trichodiene synthase as a target protein. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 138:1-7. [PMID: 28456298 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Trichothecene mycotoxins often accumulate in apparently normal grains of cereal crops. In an effort to develop an agricultural chemical to reduce trichothecene contamination, we screened trichothecene production inhibitors from the compounds on the chemical arrays. By using the trichodiene (TDN) synthase tagged with hexahistidine (rTRI5) as a target protein, 32 hit compounds were obtained from chemical library of the RIKEN Natural Product Depository (NPDepo) by chemical array screening. At 10μgmL-1, none of the 32 chemicals inhibited trichothecene production by Fusarium graminearum in liquid culture. Against the purified rTRI5 enzyme, however, NPD10133 [progesterone 3-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime amide-bonded to phenylalanine] showed weak inhibitory activity at 10μgmL-1 (18.7μM). For the screening of chemicals inhibiting trichothecene accumulation in liquid culture, 20 analogs of NPD10133 selected from the NPDepo chemical library were assayed. At 10μM, only NPD352 [testosterone 3-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime amide-bonded to phenylalanine methyl ester] inhibited rTRI5 activity and trichothecene production. Kinetic analysis suggested that the enzyme inhibition was of a mixed-type. The identification of NPD352 as a TDN synthase inhibitor lays the foundation for the development of a more potent inhibitor via systematic introduction of wide structural diversity on the gonane skeleton and amino acid residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Maeda
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Yuichi Nakajima
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; Chemical Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takayuki Motoyama
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Kondoh
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Kawamura
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kanamaru
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ohsato
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Division of Functional Genomics, Advanced Science Research Centre, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0934, Japan
| | - Minoru Yoshida
- Chemical Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kobayashi
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Makoto Kimura
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
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Vattekkatte A, Garms S, Boland W. Alternate Cyclization Cascade Initiated by Substrate Isomer in Multiproduct Terpene Synthase from Medicago truncatula. J Org Chem 2017; 82:2855-2861. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abith Vattekkatte
- Department of Bioorganic
Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Garms
- Department of Bioorganic
Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Department of Bioorganic
Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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9
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Ramamoorthy G, Phan RM, Poulter CD. Synthesis and Enzymatic Studies of Isoprenoid Thiolo Bisubstrate Analogues. J Org Chem 2016; 81:5093-100. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard M. Phan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - C. Dale Poulter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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10
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Beran F, Rahfeld P, Luck K, Nagel R, Vogel H, Wielsch N, Irmisch S, Ramasamy S, Gershenzon J, Heckel DG, Köllner TG. Novel family of terpene synthases evolved from trans-isoprenyl diphosphate synthases in a flea beetle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:2922-7. [PMID: 26936952 PMCID: PMC4801258 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1523468113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sesquiterpenes play important roles in insect communication, for example as pheromones. However, no sesquiterpene synthases, the enzymes involved in construction of the basic carbon skeleton, have been identified in insects to date. We investigated the biosynthesis of the sesquiterpene (6R,7S)-himachala-9,11-diene in the crucifer flea beetle Phyllotreta striolata, a compound previously identified as a male-produced aggregation pheromone in several Phyllotreta species. A (6R,7S)-himachala-9,11-diene-producing sesquiterpene synthase activity was detected in crude beetle protein extracts, but only when (Z,E)-farnesyl diphosphate [(Z,E)-FPP] was offered as a substrate. No sequences resembling sesquiterpene synthases from plants, fungi, or bacteria were found in the P. striolata transcriptome, but we identified nine divergent putative trans-isoprenyl diphosphate synthase (trans-IDS) transcripts. Four of these putative trans-IDSs exhibited terpene synthase (TPS) activity when heterologously expressed. Recombinant PsTPS1 converted (Z,E)-FPP to (6R,7S)-himachala-9,11-diene and other sesquiterpenes observed in beetle extracts. RNAi-mediated knockdown of PsTPS1 mRNA in P. striolata males led to reduced emission of aggregation pheromone, confirming a significant role of PsTPS1 in pheromone biosynthesis. Two expressed enzymes showed genuine IDS activity, with PsIDS1 synthesizing (E,E)-FPP, whereas PsIDS3 produced neryl diphosphate, (Z,Z)-FPP, and (Z,E)-FPP. In a phylogenetic analysis, the PsTPS enzymes and PsIDS3 were clearly separated from a clade of known coleopteran trans-IDS enzymes including PsIDS1 and PsIDS2. However, the exon-intron structures of IDS and TPS genes in P. striolata are conserved, suggesting that this TPS gene family evolved from trans-IDS ancestors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Beran
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Peter Rahfeld
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Katrin Luck
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Raimund Nagel
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Natalie Wielsch
- Department of Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sandra Irmisch
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - David G Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
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11
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Shukla V, Pala Z, Alok A, Desai N. Screening of Different <i>Artemisia</i> spp. from Western Ghats of Maharashtra for an Anti-Malarial Compound—Artemisinin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2015.69162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Vattekkatte A, Gatto N, Köllner TG, Degenhardt J, Gershenzon J, Boland W. Substrate geometry controls the cyclization cascade in multiproduct terpene synthases from Zea mays. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:6021-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00711a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiproduct terpene synthases on incubation with (2Z) substrates showed enhanced enzymatic turnover with distinct preference for cyclic products than corresponding (2E) substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abith Vattekkatte
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- D-07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Nathalie Gatto
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- D-07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Tobias G. Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- D-07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Jörg Degenhardt
- Institute for Pharmacy
- University of Halle
- D-06120 Halle
- Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- D-07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- D-07745 Jena
- Germany
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13
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Gonzalez V, Touchet S, Grundy DJ, Faraldos JA, Allemann RK. Evolutionary and Mechanistic Insights from the Reconstruction of α-Humulene Synthases from a Modern (+)-Germacrene A Synthase. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:14505-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5066366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Gonzalez
- School of Chemistry and ‡Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Sabrina Touchet
- School of Chemistry and ‡Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. Grundy
- School of Chemistry and ‡Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Juan A. Faraldos
- School of Chemistry and ‡Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Rudolf K. Allemann
- School of Chemistry and ‡Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
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14
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Chooi YH, Muria-Gonzalez MJ, Solomon PS. A genome-wide survey of the secondary metabolite biosynthesis genes in the wheat pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum.. Mycology 2014; 5:192-206. [PMID: 25379341 PMCID: PMC4205913 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2014.928386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The model pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum is a necrotroph and the causal agent of the wheat disease Septoria nodorum blotch (SNB). The sequenced P. nodorum genome has revealed that the fungus harbours a large number of secondary metabolite genes. Secondary metabolites are known to play important roles in the virulence of plant pathogens, but limited knowledge is available about the SM repertoire of this wheat pathogen. Here, we review the secondary metabolites that have been isolated from P. nodorum and related species of the same genus and provide an in-depth genome-wide overview of the secondary metabolite gene clusters encoded in the P. nodorum genome. The secondary metabolite gene survey reveals that P. nodorum is capable of producing a diverse range of small molecules and exciting prospects exist for discovery of novel virulence factors and bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yit-Heng Chooi
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University , Canberra , 0200 , Australia
| | - Mariano Jordi Muria-Gonzalez
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University , Canberra , 0200 , Australia
| | - Peter S Solomon
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University , Canberra , 0200 , Australia
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15
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Chen YL, Chiu HT. Trichodiene Synthase: Synthesis and Inhibition Kinetics of 12-Fluoro-farnesylphosphonophosphate for Sesquiterpene Cyclases. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200600154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Faraldos JA, Gonzalez V, Li A, Yu F, Köksal M, Christianson DW, Allemann RK. Probing the mechanism of 1,4-conjugate elimination reactions catalyzed by terpene synthases. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:20844-8. [PMID: 23214943 DOI: 10.1021/ja311022s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reaction mechanisms of (E)-β-farnesene synthase (EBFS) and isoprene synthase (ISPS), enzymes that catalyze a formal regiospecific 1,4-conjugate elimination of hydrogen diphosphate from (E,E)-farnesyl and dimethylallyl diphosphate (FDP and DMADP) to generate the semiochemicals (E)-β-farnesene and isoprene, respectively, were probed with substrate analogs and kinetic measurements. The results support stepwise reaction mechanisms through analogous enzyme-bound allylic cationic intermediates. For EBFS, we demonstrate that the elimination reaction can proceed via the enzyme-bound intermediate trans-nerolidyl diphosphate, while for ISPS the intermediacy of 2-methylbut-3-enyl 2-diphosphate can be inferred from the product outcome when deuterated DMADPs are used as substrates. Possible implications derived from the mechanistic details of the EBFS-catalyzed reaction for the evolution of sesquiterpene synthases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Faraldos
- School of Chemistry and Cardiff Catalysis Institute, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
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17
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Yoosuf-Aly Z, Faraldos JA, Miller DJ, Allemann RK. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of the alarm pheromone (+)-verbenone from geranyl diphosphate. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:7040-2. [PMID: 22684271 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc32883f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme-guided asymmetric synthesis of (+)-verbenone from geranyl diphosphate in a simple two-step, one pot transformation highlights the potential of chemoenzymatic procedures for the generation of high-value terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfa Yoosuf-Aly
- School of Chemistry and Cardiff Catalysis Institute, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
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18
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McAndrew RP, Peralta-Yahya PP, DeGiovanni A, Pereira JH, Hadi MZ, Keasling JD, Adams PD. Structure of a three-domain sesquiterpene synthase: a prospective target for advanced biofuels production. Structure 2012; 19:1876-84. [PMID: 22153510 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2011.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The sesquiterpene bisabolene was recently identified as a biosynthetic precursor to bisabolane, an advanced biofuel with physicochemical properties similar to those of D2 diesel. High-titer microbial bisabolene production was achieved using Abies grandis α-bisabolene synthase (AgBIS). Here, we report the structure of AgBIS, a three-domain plant sesquiterpene synthase, crystallized in its apo form and bound to five different inhibitors. Structural and biochemical characterization of the AgBIS terpene synthase Class I active site leads us to propose a catalytic mechanism for the cyclization of farnesyl diphosphate into bisabolene via a bisabolyl cation intermediate. Further, we describe the nonfunctional AgBIS Class II active site whose high similarity to bifunctional diterpene synthases makes it an important link in understanding terpene synthase evolution. Practically, the AgBIS crystal structure is important in future protein engineering efforts to increase the microbial production of bisabolene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P McAndrew
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Avenue, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
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19
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Faraldos JA, Miller DJ, González V, Yoosuf-Aly Z, Cascón O, Li A, Allemann RK. A 1,6-ring closure mechanism for (+)-δ-cadinene synthase? J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:5900-8. [PMID: 22397618 DOI: 10.1021/ja211820p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant (+)-δ-cadinene synthase (DCS) from Gossypium arboreum catalyzes the metal-dependent cyclization of (E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate (FDP) to the cadinane sesquiterpene δ-cadinene, the parent hydrocarbon of cotton phytoalexins such as gossypol. In contrast to some other sesquiterpene cyclases, DCS carries out this transformation with >98% fidelity but, as a consequence, leaves no mechanistic traces of its mode of action. The formation of (+)-δ-cadinene has been shown to occur via the enzyme-bound intermediate (3R)-nerolidyl diphosphate (NDP), which in turn has been postulated to be converted to cis-germacradienyl cation after a 1,10-cyclization. A subsequent 1,3-hydride shift would then relocate the carbocation within the transient macrocycle to expedite a second cyclization that yields the cadinenyl cation with the correct cis stereochemistry found in (+)-δ-cadinene. An elegant 1,10-mechanistic pathway that avoids the formation of (3R)-NDP has also been suggested. In this alternative scenario, the final cadinenyl cation is proposed to be formed through the intermediacy of trans, trans-germacradienyl cation and germacrene D. In addition, an alternative 1,6-ring closure mechanism via the bisabolyl cation has previously been envisioned. We report here a detailed investigation of the catalytic mechanism of DCS using a variety of mechanistic probes including, among others, deuterated and fluorinated FDPs. Farnesyl diphosphate analogues with fluorine at C2 and C10 acted as inhibitors of DCS, but intriguingly, after prolonged overnight incubations, they yielded 2F-germacrene(s) and a 10F-humulene, respectively. The observed 1,10-, and to a lesser extent, 1,11-cyclization activity of DCS with these fluorinated substrates is consistent with the postulated macrocyclization mechanism(s) en route to (+)-δ-cadinene. On the other hand, mechanistic results from incubations of DCS with 6F-FPP, (2Z,6E)-FDP, neryl diphosphate, 6,7-dihydro-FDP, and NDP seem to be in better agreement with the potential involvement of the alternative biosynthetic 1,6-ring closure pathway. In particular, the strong inhibition of DCS by 6F-FDP, coupled to the exclusive bisabolyl- and terpinyl-derived product profiles observed for the DCS-catalyzed turnover of (2Z,6E)-farnesyl and neryl diphosphates, suggested the intermediacy of α-bisabolyl cation. DCS incubations with enantiomerically pure [1-(2)H(1)](1R)-FDP revealed that the putative bisabolyl-derived 1,6-pathway proceeds through (3R)-nerolidyl diphosphate (NDP), is consistent with previous deuterium-labeling studies, and accounts for the cis stereochemistry characteristic of cadinenyl-derived sesquiterpenes. While the results reported here do not unambiguously rule in favor of 1,6- or 1,10-cyclization, they demonstrate the mechanistic versatility inherent to DCS and highlight the possible existence of multiple mechanistic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Faraldos
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
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20
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Miller DJ, Allemann RK. Sesquiterpene synthases: Passive catalysts or active players? Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:60-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c1np00060h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Cascón O, Touchet S, Miller DJ, Gonzalez V, Faraldos JA, Allemann RK. Chemoenzymatic preparation of germacrene analogues. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:9702-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc35542f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Lopez-Gallego F, Agger SA, Abate-Pella D, Distefano MD, Schmidt-Dannert C. Sesquiterpene synthases Cop4 and Cop6 from Coprinus cinereus: catalytic promiscuity and cyclization of farnesyl pyrophosphate geometric isomers. Chembiochem 2010; 11:1093-106. [PMID: 20419721 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sesquiterpene synthases catalyze with different catalytic fidelity the cyclization of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) into hundreds of known compounds with diverse structures and stereochemistries. Two sesquiterpene synthases, Cop4 and Cop6, were previously isolated from Coprinus cinereus as part of a fungal genome survey. This study investigates the reaction mechanism and catalytic fidelity of the two enzymes. Cyclization of all-trans-FPP ((E,E)-FPP) was compared to the cyclization of the cis-trans isomer of FPP ((Z,E)-FPP) as a surrogate for the secondary cisoid neryl cation intermediate generated by sesquiterpene synthases, which are capable of isomerizing the C2--C3 pi bond of all-trans-FPP. Cop6 is a "high-fidelity" alpha-cuprenene synthase that retains its fidelity under various conditions tested. Cop4 is a catalytically promiscuous enzyme that cyclizes (E,E)-FPP into multiple products, including (-)-germacrene D and cubebol. Changing the pH of the reaction drastically alters the fidelity of Cop4 and makes it a highly selective enzyme. Cyclization of (Z,E)-FPP by Cop4 and Cop6 yields products that are very different from those obtained with (E,E)-FPP. Conversion of (E,E)-FPP proceeds via a (6R)-beta-bisabolyl carbocation in the case of Cop6 and an (E,E)-germacradienyl carbocation in the case of Cop4. However, (Z,E)-FPP is cyclized via a (6S)-beta-bisabolene carbocation by both enzymes. Structural modeling suggests that differences in the active site and the loop that covers the active site of the two enzymes might explain their different catalytic fidelities.
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23
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Köllner TG, Gershenzon J, Degenhardt J. Molecular and biochemical evolution of maize terpene synthase 10, an enzyme of indirect defense. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1139-1145. [PMID: 19646721 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Maize plants attacked by lepidopteran larvae emit a volatile mixture that consists mostly of the sesquiterpene olefins, (E)-alpha-bergamotene and (E)-beta-farnesene. These volatiles are produced by the herbivore-induced terpene synthase TPS10 and attract natural enemies to the damaged plants. A survey of volatiles in maize lines and species of teosinte showed that the TPS10 products (E)-alpha-bergamotene and (E)-beta-farnesene are consistently induced by herbivory, indicating that release of TPS10 volatiles is a defense trait conserved among maize and its wild relatives. Sequence comparison of TPS10 from maize and its apparent orthologs from four teosinte species demonstrated stabilizing selection on this defense trait. The teosinte volatiles and the enzymatic activity of the apparent TPS10 orthologs were not completely uniform but varied in the ratio of (E)-alpha-bergamotene to (E)-beta-farnesene products formed. We identified a single amino acid in the active center which determines the ratio of (E)-alpha-bergamotene to (E)-beta-farnesene and has changed during the evolution of maize and teosinte species. Feeding experiments with the substrate (Z,E)-farnesyl diphosphate revealed that this amino acid controls the rate of isomerization of the (E,E)-farnesyl carbocation intermediate to the (Z,E)-configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias G Köllner
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute for Pharmacy, Hoher Weg 8, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jörg Degenhardt
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute for Pharmacy, Hoher Weg 8, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany.
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24
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Vedula LS, Jiang J, Zakharian T, Cane DE, Christianson DW. Structural and mechanistic analysis of trichodiene synthase using site-directed mutagenesis: probing the catalytic function of tyrosine-295 and the asparagine-225/serine-229/glutamate-233-Mg2+B motif. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 469:184-94. [PMID: 17996718 PMCID: PMC2329581 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Trichodiene synthase from Fusarium sporotrichioides contains two metal ion-binding motifs required for the cyclization of farnesyl diphosphate: the "aspartate-rich" motif D(100)DXX(D/E) that coordinates to Mg2+A and Mg2+C, and the "NSE/DTE" motif N(225)DXXSXXXE that chelates Mg2+B (boldface indicates metal ion ligands). Here, we report steady-state kinetic parameters, product array analyses, and X-ray crystal structures of trichodiene synthase mutants in which the fungal NSE motif is progressively converted into a plant-like DDXXTXXXE motif, resulting in a degradation in both steady-state kinetic parameters and product specificity. Each catalytically active mutant generates a different distribution of sesquiterpene products, and three newly detected sesquiterpenes are identified. In addition, the kinetic and structural properties of the Y295F mutant of trichodiene synthase were found to be similar to those of the wild-type enzyme, thereby ruling out a proposed role for Y295 in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Sangeetha Vedula
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Jiaoyang Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912-9108, USA
| | - Tatiana Zakharian
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - David E. Cane
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912-9108, USA
| | - David W. Christianson
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Christianson
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA.
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26
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The Trichothecenes and Their Biosynthesis. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-49389-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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27
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Köllner TG, O'Maille PE, Gatto N, Boland W, Gershenzon J, Degenhardt J. Two pockets in the active site of maize sesquiterpene synthase TPS4 carry out sequential parts of the reaction scheme resulting in multiple products. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 448:83-92. [PMID: 16297849 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2005] [Revised: 10/12/2005] [Accepted: 10/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
One of the most interesting features of terpene synthases is their ability to form multiple products with different carbon skeletons from a single prenyl diphosphate substrate. The maize sesquiterpene synthase TPS4, for example, produces a mixture of 14 different olefinic sesquiterpenes. To understand the complex TPS4 reaction mechanism, we modeled the active site cavity and conducted docking simulations with the substrate farnesyl diphosphate, several predicted carbocation intermediates, and the final reaction products. The model suggests that discrete steps of the reaction sequence are controlled by two different active site pockets, with the conformational change of the bisabolyl cation intermediate causing a shift from one pocket to the other. Site-directed mutagenesis and measurements of mutant activity in the presence of (E,E)- and (Z,E)-farnesyl diphosphate as substrates were employed to test this model. Amino acid alterations in pocket I indicated that early steps of the catalytic process up to the formation of the monocyclic bisabolyl cation are probably localized in this compartment. Mutations in pocket II primarily inhibited the formation of bicylic compounds, suggesting that secondary cyclizations of the bisabolyl cation are catalyzed in pocket II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias G Köllner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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28
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Wu S, Schoenbeck MA, Greenhagen BT, Takahashi S, Lee S, Coates RM, Chappell J. Surrogate splicing for functional analysis of sesquiterpene synthase genes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 138:1322-33. [PMID: 15965019 PMCID: PMC1176406 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.059386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A method for the recovery of full-length cDNAs from predicted terpene synthase genes containing introns is described. The approach utilizes Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression coupled with a reverse transcription-polydeoxyribonucleotide chain reaction assay to facilitate expression cloning of processed transcripts. Subsequent expression of intronless cDNAs in a suitable prokaryotic host provides for direct functional testing of the encoded gene product. The method was optimized by examining the expression of an intron-containing beta-glucuronidase gene agroinfiltrated into petunia (Petunia hybrida) leaves, and its utility was demonstrated by defining the function of two previously uncharacterized terpene synthases. A tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) terpene synthase-like gene containing six predicted introns was characterized as having 5-epi-aristolochene synthase activity, while an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) gene previously annotated as a terpene synthase was shown to possess a novel sesquiterpene synthase activity for alpha-barbatene, thujopsene, and beta-chamigrene biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiqin Wu
- Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Program, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0312
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29
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O'Maille PE, Chappell J, Noel JP. A single-vial analytical and quantitative gas chromatography-mass spectrometry assay for terpene synthases. Anal Biochem 2004; 335:210-7. [PMID: 15556559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative assay for the analysis of sesquiterpene synthases, wherein each reaction mixture is formulated in glass gas chromatography vials, overlaid with organic solvent such as ethyl acetate, and subsequently vortexed to extract hydrocarbon reaction products into the organic phase after a suitable incubation period, was developed. The product-enriched organic phase is then sampled in an automated fashion and injected directly into a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer without further workup for analysis and quantification of hydrocarbon products. Application of the vial assay to the analysis of amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS), a sesquiterpene synthase, demonstrated the sensitivity of the assay for detection of major and minor reaction products and most notably for the identification of several sesquiterpene products that had escaped previous detection. A steady-state kinetic analysis of tobacco 5-epi-aristolochene synthase (TEAS), another sesquiterpene synthase, validated the quantitative nature of the assay, providing an alternative means to the established method of using radiolabeled substrate, extraction, and scintillation counting. This simplified assay provides a standardized method to facilitate analysis of terpene synthases and diverse mutant enzyme libraries by supplanting the common practice of using larger scale reactions, multiple extractions, and evaporative concentration of the organic phase prior to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E O'Maille
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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30
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Rynkiewicz MJ, Cane DE, Christianson DW. Structure of trichodiene synthase from Fusarium sporotrichioides provides mechanistic inferences on the terpene cyclization cascade. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:13543-8. [PMID: 11698643 PMCID: PMC61077 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.231313098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2001] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The x-ray crystal structure of recombinant trichodiene synthase from Fusarium sporotrichioides has been determined to 2.5-A resolution, both unliganded and complexed with inorganic pyrophosphate. This reaction product coordinates to three Mg(2+) ions near the mouth of the active site cleft. A comparison of the liganded and unliganded structures reveals a ligand-induced conformational change that closes the mouth of the active site cleft. Binding of the substrate farnesyl diphosphate similarly may trigger this conformational change, which would facilitate catalysis by protecting reactive carbocationic intermediates in the cyclization cascade. Trichodiene synthase also shares significant structural similarity with other sesquiterpene synthases despite a lack of significant sequence identity. This similarity indicates divergence from a common ancestor early in the evolution of terpene biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Rynkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
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Abstract
The 10-cyclopropylidene analog of farnesyl diphosphate was shown to be a mechanism-based inhibitor of trichodiene synthase with an inactivation rate (k(inact)) of 0.010 +/- 0.0003 min(-1) and an apparent Ki of 663 +/- 75 nM. The presence of three anomalous sesquiterpene products detected in incubation mixtures indicate that the compound also serves as a substrate of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Cane
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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33
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Mathis JR, Back K, Starks C, Noel J, Poulter CD, Chappell J. Pre-steady-state study of recombinant sesquiterpene cyclases. Biochemistry 1997; 36:8340-8. [PMID: 9204881 DOI: 10.1021/bi963019g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An Escherichia coli expression system was used to generate hexahistidyl-tagged plant sesquiterpene cyclases, which were readily purified by a single affinity chromatographic step. Genes for Hyoscyamus muticus vetispiradiene synthase (HVS), a chimeric 5-epi-aristolochene synthase (CH3), and a chimeric sesquiterpene cyclase possessing multifunctional epi-aristolochene and vetispiradiene activity (CH4) were expressed in bacterial cells, which resulted in the sesquiterpene cyclases accumulating to 50% of the total protein and 35% of the soluble protein. From initial velocity experiments, the Michaelis constant for HVS was 3.5 microM, while CH3 and CH4 exhibited smaller values of 0.7 and 0.4 microM, respectively. Steady-state catalytic constants were from 0.02 to 0.04 s-1. A combination of pre-steady-state rapid quench experiments, isotope trapping experiments, and experiments to measure the burst rate constant as a function of substrate concentration revealed that turnover in all three cyclases is limited by a step after the initial chemical step involving rupture of the carbon-oxygen bond in farnesyl diphosphate (FPP). Rate constants for the limiting step were 10-70-fold smaller than for the initial chemical step. Dissociation constants for the enzyme-substrate complex (20-70 microM) were determined from the pre-steady-state experiments and were significantly larger than the observed Michaelis constants. A mechanism that involves an initial, rapid equilibration of enzyme with substrate to form an enzyme-substrate complex, followed by a slower conversion of FPP to an enzyme-bound hydrocarbon and a subsequent rate-limiting step, is proposed for the three enzymes. Interestingly, the multifunctional chimeric enzyme CH4 exhibited both a tighter binding of FPP and a faster conversion of FPP to products than either of its wild-type parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Mathis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Dewick
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK
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McCaskill D, Croteau R. Prospects for the bioengineering of isoprenoid biosynthesis. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 1997; 55:107-46. [PMID: 9017926 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0102064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, our understanding of isoprenoid biosynthesis has progressed to the stage where specific strategies for the bioengineering of essential oil production can be considered. This review provides a current overview of the enzymology and regulation of essential oil isoprenoid biosynthesis. The reaction mechanisms of the synthases which produce many of the basic isoprenoid skeletons are described in detail. Coverage is also provided of the regulation of isoprenoid biosynthesis, including the roles played by tissue and subcellular compartmentation, and by partitioning of intermediates between different branches of isoprenoid metabolism. This provides necessary context for rationally targeting specific enzymes of metabolic pathways for bioengineering essential oil production. Wherever possible, emphasis is placed on research specific to essential oil isoprenoid biosynthesis, although relevant work related to other isoprenoids is also considered when it can provide useful insights. Finally, building upon this understanding of essential oil isoprenoid biosynthesis, several approaches to the bioengineering of isoprenoid metabolism are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- D McCaskill
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6340, USA
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Back K, Chappell J. Identifying functional domains within terpene cyclases using a domain-swapping strategy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:6841-5. [PMID: 8692906 PMCID: PMC39115 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.13.6841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic terpenes and terpenoids are found throughout nature. They comprise an especially important class of compounds from plants that mediate plant- environment interactions, and they serve as pharmaceutical agents with antimicrobial and anti-tumor activities. Molecular comparisons of several terpene cyclases, the key enzymes responsible for the multistep cyclization of C10, C15, and C20 allylic diphosphate substrates, have revealed a striking level of sequence similarity and conservation of exon position and size within the genes. Functional domains responsible for a terminal enzymatic step were identified by swapping regions approximating exons between a Nicotiana tabacum 5-epi-aristolochene synthase (TEAS) gene and a Hyoscyamus muticus vetispiradiene synthase (HVS) gene and by characterization of the resulting chimeric enzymes expressed in bacteria. While exon 4 of the TEAS gene conferred specificity for the predominant reaction products of the tobacco enzyme, exon 6 of the HVS gene conferred specificity for the predominant reaction products of the Hyoscyamus enzyme. Combining these two functional domains of the TEAS and HVS genes resulted in a novel enzyme capable of synthesizing reaction products reflective of both parent enzymes. The relative ratio of the TEAS and HVS reaction products was also influenced by the source of exon 5 present in the new chimeric enzymes. The association of catalytic activities with conserved but separate exonic domains suggests a general means for generating additional novel terpene cyclases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Back
- Plant Physiology/Biochemistry/Molecular Biology Program, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546-0091, USA
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