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Polysialylation and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 79:100892. [PMID: 32863045 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Polysialic acid (polySia, PSA) is a unique constituent of the glycocalyx on the surface of bacterial and vertebrate cells. In vertebrates, its biosynthesis is highly regulated, not only in quantity and quality, but also in time and location, which allows polySia to be involved in various important biological phenomena. Therefore, impairments in the expression and structure of polySia sometimes relate to diseases, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and cancer. Some bacteria express polySia as a tool for protecting themselves from the host immune system during invasion. PolySia is proven to be a biosafe material; polySia, as well as polySia-recognizing molecules, are key therapeutic agents. This review first comprehensive outlines the occurrence, features, biosynthesis, and functions of polySia and subsequently focuses on the related diseases.
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Turupcu A, Blaukopf M, Kosma P, Oostenbrink C. Molecular Conformations of Di-, Tri-, and Tetra- α-(2→8)-Linked Sialic Acid from NMR Spectroscopy and MD Simulations. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010030. [PMID: 31861593 PMCID: PMC6981865 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
By using molecular dynamics simulations with an efficient enhanced sampling technique and in combination with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy quantitative structural information on α-2,8-linked sialic acids is presented. We used a bottom-up approach to obtain a set of larger ensembles for tetra- and deca-sialic acid from model dimer and trimer systems that are in agreement with the available J-coupling constants and nuclear Overhauser effects. The molecular dynamic (MD) simulations with enhanced sampling are used to validate the force field used in this study for its further use. This empowered us to couple NMR observables in the MD framework via J-coupling and distance restraining simulations to obtain conformations that are supported by experimental data. We used these conformations in thermodynamic integration and one-step perturbation simulations to calculate the free-energy of suggested helical conformations. This study brings most of the available NMR experiments together and supplies information to resolve the conflict on the structures of poly-α-2,8-linked sialic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegül Turupcu
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Molecular Modeling and Simulation, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 1190 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Markus Blaukopf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (M.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Paul Kosma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (M.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Chris Oostenbrink
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Molecular Modeling and Simulation, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 1190 Vienna, Austria;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-47654-89411
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3
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Lei Y, Wu M, Wang J, Zhang H, Zhan X, Sun Z, Wu J. Preparation and property of a biantenna macromolecule based on polysialic acid. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 155:1342-1349. [PMID: 31730980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polysialic acid (PSA), an acidic polysaccharide usually exists as a double-chain structure on cell adhesion molecules in vertebrates. The available PSA produced from Escherichia coli fermentation, however, is monochain PSA. In this work, a biomimetic biantenna type PSA (biPSA) was synthesized in vitro under mild conditions, and the terminal nonreducing ends of sialic acid residue were retained. The structure of biPSA was characterized through infrared spectroscopy, and NMR, and the double-chain structure of biPSA was confirmed by the doubled molecular weight and particle size of biPSA. Analysis through circular dichroism, isothermal titration calorimetry, and thermostability experiments revealed that the obtained biPSA was more stable in aqueous solution than PSA, especially after complexation with Ca2+, which increased the variation in enthalpy and entropy. However, the addition of Cu2+ had a negligible effect on configuration of PSA and biPSA. The addition of Ca2+ promoted cell proliferation in a culture of microglia BV-2 cells with biPSA in medium. By contrast, the addition of Cu2+ had toxic effects. Supplementation with biPSA can maintain cell viability for a longer period than supplementation with monochain PSA. This work indicates that biPSA is a potential substitute for monochain PSA in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Lei
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Miaosen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Junyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaobei Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhenglong Sun
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Jianrong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Abstract
Complex carbohydrates are ubiquitous in nature, and together with proteins and nucleic acids they comprise the building blocks of life. But unlike proteins and nucleic acids, carbohydrates form nonlinear polymers, and they are not characterized by robust secondary or tertiary structures but rather by distributions of well-defined conformational states. Their molecular flexibility means that oligosaccharides are often refractory to crystallization, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy augmented by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is the leading method for their characterization in solution. The biological importance of carbohydrate-protein interactions, in organismal development as well as in disease, places urgency on the creation of innovative experimental and theoretical methods that can predict the specificity of such interactions and quantify their strengths. Additionally, the emerging realization that protein glycosylation impacts protein function and immunogenicity places the ability to define the mechanisms by which glycosylation impacts these features at the forefront of carbohydrate modeling. This review will discuss the relevant theoretical approaches to studying the three-dimensional structures of this fascinating class of molecules and interactions, with reference to the relevant experimental data and techniques that are key for validation of the theoretical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Woods
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Georgia , 315 Riverbend Road , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
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5
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Yu H, An Y, Battistel MD, Cipollo JF, Freedberg DI. Improving Analytical Characterization of Glycoconjugate Vaccines through Combined High-Resolution MS and NMR: Application to Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup B Oligosaccharide-Peptide Glycoconjugates. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5040-5047. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Yu
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Yanming An
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Marcos D. Battistel
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - John F. Cipollo
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Darón I. Freedberg
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
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6
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Wu J, Fu X, Jiang Y, Ma X, Zhang H, Zhan X. Dipotassium phosphate improves the molecular weight stability of polysialic acid in Escherichia coli K235 culture broth. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 247:30-35. [PMID: 28946091 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work elucidated the intrinsic mechanism underlying the influence of K2HPO4 on PSA production and molecular weight (MW) stability. Among the different potassium salts mixed with K2HPO4 in the initial medium, those with buffering capacity were favorable for PSA production. In the bioreactor culture with pH control, adding an appropriate concentration of K2HPO4 could enhance PSA production. A dual-phase pH control strategy with ammonia water and KOH could also increase the yield and maintain the MW stability of PSA. Zeta potential test, UV/circular dichroism spectra, and transmission electric microscopy were utilized to explore the configuration of K2HPO4-PSA complex. The results from this study can serve a good basis for the industrial-scale production of PSA with stable MW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xudong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaobei Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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de Vries I, Busse C, Kopatz J, Neumann H, Beutel S, Scheper T. Polysialic acid production using Escherichia coli K1 in a disposable bag reactor. Eng Life Sci 2017; 17:723-731. [PMID: 32624817 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201600220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysialic acid (polySia), consisting of α-(2,8)-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid monomers plays a crucial role in many biological processes. This study presents a novel process for the production of endogenous polySia using Escherichia coli K1 in a disposable bag reactor with wave-induced mixing. Disposable bag reactors provide easy and fast production in terms of regulatory requirements as GMP, flexibility, and can easily be adjusted to larger production capacities not only by scale up but also by parallelization. Due to the poor oxygen transfer rate compared to a stirred tank reactor, pure oxygen was added during the cultivation to avoid oxygen limitation. During the exponential growth phase the growth rate was 0.61 h-1. Investigation of stress-related product release from the cell surface showed no significant differences between the disposable bag reactor with wave-induced mixing and the stirred tank reactor. After batch cultivation a cell dry weight of 6.8 g L-1 and a polySia concentration of 245 mg L-1 were reached. The total protein concentration in the supernatant was 132 mg L-1. After efficient and time-saving downstream processing characterization of the final product showed a protein content of below 0.04 mgprotein/gpolySia and a maximal chain length of ∼90 degree of polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo de Vries
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Leibniz University Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Christoph Busse
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Leibniz University Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Jens Kopatz
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology University of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Harald Neumann
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology University of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Sascha Beutel
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Leibniz University Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Leibniz University Hannover Hannover Germany
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8
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van Witteloostuijn SB, Pedersen SL, Jensen KJ. Half-Life Extension of Biopharmaceuticals using Chemical Methods: Alternatives to PEGylation. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:2474-2495. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Søren B. van Witteloostuijn
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark
- Gubra ApS; Hørsholm Kongevej 11B 2970 Hørsholm Denmark
| | | | - Knud J. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark
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9
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Schnaar RL, Gerardy-Schahn R, Hildebrandt H. Sialic acids in the brain: gangliosides and polysialic acid in nervous system development, stability, disease, and regeneration. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:461-518. [PMID: 24692354 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00033.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 507] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Every cell in nature carries a rich surface coat of glycans, its glycocalyx, which constitutes the cell's interface with its environment. In eukaryotes, the glycocalyx is composed of glycolipids, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans, the compositions of which vary among different tissues and cell types. Many of the linear and branched glycans on cell surface glycoproteins and glycolipids of vertebrates are terminated with sialic acids, nine-carbon sugars with a carboxylic acid, a glycerol side-chain, and an N-acyl group that, along with their display at the outmost end of cell surface glycans, provide for varied molecular interactions. Among their functions, sialic acids regulate cell-cell interactions, modulate the activities of their glycoprotein and glycolipid scaffolds as well as other cell surface molecules, and are receptors for pathogens and toxins. In the brain, two families of sialoglycans are of particular interest: gangliosides and polysialic acid. Gangliosides, sialylated glycosphingolipids, are the most abundant sialoglycans of nerve cells. Mouse genetic studies and human disorders of ganglioside metabolism implicate gangliosides in axon-myelin interactions, axon stability, axon regeneration, and the modulation of nerve cell excitability. Polysialic acid is a unique homopolymer that reaches >90 sialic acid residues attached to select glycoproteins, especially the neural cell adhesion molecule in the brain. Molecular, cellular, and genetic studies implicate polysialic acid in the control of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, intermolecular interactions at cell surfaces, and interactions with other molecules in the cellular environment. Polysialic acid is essential for appropriate brain development, and polymorphisms in the human genes responsible for polysialic acid biosynthesis are associated with psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, autism, and bipolar disorder. Polysialic acid also appears to play a role in adult brain plasticity, including regeneration. Together, vertebrate brain sialoglycans are key regulatory components that contribute to proper development, maintenance, and health of the nervous system.
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10
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Ray GJ, Ravenscroft N, Siekmann J, Zhang Z, Sanders P, Shaligram U, Szabo CM, Kosma P. Complete structural elucidation of an oxidized polysialic acid drug intermediate by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:665-76. [PMID: 24679150 DOI: 10.1021/bc400456g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polysialic acid (PSA) is a high molecular weight glycan composed of repeat units of α(2→8) linked 5-N-acetyl-neuraminic acid. Mild periodate oxidation of PSA selectively targets the end sialic acid ring containing three adjacent alcohols generating a putative aldehyde, which can be used for terminal attachment of PSA to therapeutic proteins. The work presented here permitted complete NMR peak assignments of not only the repeat units, but also the two terminal units at each end of oxidized PSA, an intermediate, which can be used to improve drug performance. The assignments were made using a variety of NMR techniques on oligomers of sialic acid as well as oxidized PSA with molecular masses of 4 and 20 kDa. This enabled structure elucidation that showed the actual moiety formed was not the expected aldehyde or its hydrate, but is a hemiacetal between the oxidation site on the terminal sialic acid ring and the penultimate ring. The existence of a hemiacetal structure has major implications on stability, reactivity, and conjugation chemistry of oxidized PSA. The assignment process also revealed deuterium exchange of the axial hydrogen at the 3- (methylene) position of the ring, which was in agreement with the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Joseph Ray
- Baxter Healthcare Corporation , Round Lake, 60073, Illinois, United States
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11
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Sato C, Kitajima K. Disialic, oligosialic and polysialic acids: distribution, functions and related disease. J Biochem 2013; 154:115-36. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvt057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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12
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Johal AR, Jarrell HC, Letts JA, Khieu NH, Landry RC, Jachymek W, Yang Q, Jennings HJ, Brisson JR, Evans SV. The antigen-binding site of an N-propionylated polysialic acid-specific antibody protective against group B meningococci is consistent with extended epitopes†. Glycobiology 2013; 23:946-54. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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14
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Bice I, Celik H, Wolff C, Beutel S, Zahid M, Hitzmann B, Rinas U, Kasper C, Gerardy-Schahn R, Scheper T. Downstream processing of high chain length polysialic acid using membrane adsorbers and clay minerals for application in tissue engineering. Eng Life Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201200041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ismet Bice
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Leibniz University Hannover; Hannover; Germany
| | - Hilal Celik
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Leibniz University Hannover; Hannover; Germany
| | - Christoph Wolff
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Leibniz University Hannover; Hannover; Germany
| | - Sascha Beutel
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Leibniz University Hannover; Hannover; Germany
| | - Maria Zahid
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Leibniz University Hannover; Hannover; Germany
| | - Bernd Hitzmann
- Process Analysis and Cereal Technology; University of Hohenheim; Stuttgart; Germany
| | | | - Cornelia Kasper
- Department of Biotechnology; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Vienna; Austria
| | | | - Thomas Scheper
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Leibniz University Hannover; Hannover; Germany
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15
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Sialyldisaccharide conformations: a molecular dynamics perspective. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2012; 26:375-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-012-9563-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Isomura R, Kitajima K, Sato C. Structural and functional impairments of polysialic acid by a mutated polysialyltransferase found in schizophrenia. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:21535-45. [PMID: 21464126 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.221143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysialic acid (polySia), a unique acidic glycan modifying neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), is known to regulate embryonic neural development and adult brain functions. Polysialyltransferase STX is responsible for the synthesis of polySia, and two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the coding region of STX are reported from schizophrenic patients: SNP7 and SNP9, respectively, giving STX(G421A) with E141K and STX(C621G) with silent mutations. In this study, we focused on these mutations and a binding activity of polySia to neural materials, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Here we describe three new findings. First, STX(G421A) shows a dramatic decrease in polySia synthetic activity on NCAM, whereas STX(C621G) does not. The STX(G421A)-derived polySia-NCAM contains a lower amount of polySia with a shorter chain length. Second, polySia shows a dopamine (DA) binding activity, which is a new function of polySia as revealed by frontal affinity chromatography for measuring the polySia-neurotransmitter interactions. Interestingly, the STX(G421A)-derived polySia-NCAM completely loses the DA binding activity, whereas it greatly diminishes but does not lose the BDNF binding activity. Third, an impairment of the polySia structure with an endosialidase modulates the DA-mediated Akt signaling. Taken together, impairment of the amount and quality of polySia may be involved in psychiatric disorders through impaired binding to BDNF and DA, which are deeply involved in schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders, such as depression and bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Isomura
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Eckert T, Lu CP, Chen CS, Wu SH, Gervay-Hague J. NMR studies of the reversible and regioselective lactonization of α-2,8-linked trisialic acid in aqueous acid. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Sato C, Kitajima K. New Functions of Polysialic Acid and Its Relationship to Schizophrenia. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2011. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.23.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Yongye AB, Gonzalez-Outeiriño J, Glushka J, Schultheis V, Woods RJ. The conformational properties of methyl alpha-(2,8)-di/trisialosides and their N-acyl analogues: implications for anti-Neisseria meningitidis B vaccine design. Biochemistry 2009; 47:12493-514. [PMID: 18954144 DOI: 10.1021/bi800431c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The conformational properties of di- and trisaccharide fragments of the polysialic acid O-antigen capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of Neisseria meningitidis B (NmB) have been investigated by a combination of solution phase NMR spectroscopy and explicit-solvent molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Simulations employing 100 ns of conventional MD, as well as 160 ns of replica exchange MD (REMD), with the GLYCAM06 force field were shown to be in agreement with experimental NMR scalar J-coupling and NOE values. The presence of conformational families has been determined by monitoring interglycosidic torsion angles, by comparing structural superimpositions, as well as via a Bayesian statistical analysis of the torsional data. Attempts to augment the immunogenicity of NmB CPS often involve chemical modifications of the N-acetyl moiety. Here the effects of these chemical group modifications on the conformational properties of the trisialoside have been probed via REMD simulations of the N-glycolyl, N-propionyl, N-propyl and N-butanoyl analogues. Although there were conformational families unique to each non-native analogue, the chemical modifications resulted in largely equivalent overall conformational phase-spaces compared to the native trisialoside. On the basis of the conformational distributions, these shared conformational properties suggest that a recurrent global conformational epitope may be present in both the native and chemically modified CPS fragments. Explanations are therefore provided for monoclonal antibody cross-reactivity, in terms of recognition of a shared global CPS conformation, as well as for lack of cross-reactivity, in terms of fine structural differences associated with the N-acyl groups, which may be dominant in highly matured antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin B Yongye
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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20
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MacKenzie CR, Jennings HJ. Characterization of polysaccharide conformational epitopes by surface plasmon resonance. Methods Enzymol 2003; 363:340-54. [PMID: 14579587 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(03)01063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
SPR techniques can provide a wealth of insight into the nature of protein-carbohydrate interactions. Information not obtained readily by other methodologies can be gathered relatively quickly in a label-free manner with low sample consumption. This chapter focused on two applications in which SPR has been used to map conformational epitopes on bacterial polysaccharides recognized by protective antibodies. In one example, methods for demonstrating the conformational nature of the epitope recognized by an anti-GBS antibody were described. Dramatic epitopic stabilization at 2 repeating units with further significant stabilization between 7 and 20 repeating units was demonstrated. In a second example, SPR methods were employed in characterization of the epitope recognized by a protective antibody against the group B meningococcus. It was shown that the antibody bound a long epitope, in excess of eight monosaccharides and probably helical, on NPr-GBMP but did not bind to GBMP. The binding of the protective antibody to GBMP only when GBMP is cell associated, or with an attached lipid, indicated that the protective GBM epitope consists of more than GBMP. NPr-GBMP mimics a cell surface complex consisting of extended helical portions of the GBMP in association with a second molecule, possibly a phosphoglycerolipid. SPR experiments indicated that the protective nature of certain antibodies induced by the NPr-GBMP vaccine is attributable to their recognition of an abundant internal epitope on NPr-GBMP and cell-associated GBMP. A nonprotective antibody, specific for NPr-GBMP, recognized a terminal and consequently minor epitope on the polysaccharide. Low levels of this nonprotective antibody binding to cells and unpurified polysaccharide confirmed recognition of a minor epitope on the natural antigen as well. In contrast, a protective antibody exhibited a high level of binding to the cell-associated antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Roger MacKenzie
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A OR6, Canada
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21
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Brisson JR, Jennings HJ. NMR and molecular modeling of complex carbohydrates and carbohydrate-protein interactions. Applications to anti-bacteria vaccines. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 491:543-50. [PMID: 14533821 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1267-7_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to characterize the conformational epitope of the group B meningococcal polysaccharide and of the type III group B Streptococcus capsular polysaccharide NMR measurements were done on a wide variety of native and modified polysaccharides and oligosaccharides. Since these saccharides are highly mobile and exist as random coils in solution, the analysis of the NMR data and molecular modeling was done to take into account this inherent flexibility. The conformational model of extended high-order helices being selected upon binding to a protein, although still hypothetical at this stage, has proven useful in explaining the serology for the conformational epitopes for polysaccharides of group B Neisseria meningitidis, group B Streptococcus type III and Streptococcus pneumoniae type 14.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Brisson
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6.
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Suresh MX, Veluraja K. Conformations of terminal sialyloligosaccharide fragments--a molecular dynamics study. J Theor Biol 2003; 222:389-402. [PMID: 12732484 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5193(03)00050-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to understand the conformational features of the terminal sialyloligosaccharide fragments NeuNAc alpha(2-3)Gal, NeuNAc alpha(2-6)Gal, NeuNAc alpha(2-8)NeuNAc and NeuNAc alpha(2-9)NeuNAc. The conformational regions A(i), B(i) and C(i) were identified in the Ramachandran plot. Analysis of the 1000 ps trajectories collected through simulation (2000 ps in the case of NeuNAc alpha (2-9)NeuNAc) revealed that these molecules have conformational propensity in region B(i). The occurrence of these molecules in the common conformational space leads to a structural similarity between them. This structural similarity may be an essential requirement for the neuraminidase activity towards sialyloligosaccharides. The local change in the conformation of the active site residues of neuraminidases may contribute for the specificity differences between different linkages of sialyloligosaccharides. A highly conserved water-mediated hydrogen bond observed in these structures between the sugar residues, acts as an additional stabilizing force.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Xavier Suresh
- Department of Physics, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli 627 012, India
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23
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Pon RA, Khieu NH, Yang QL, Brisson JR, Jennings HJ. Serological and conformational properties ofE. coliK92 capsular polysaccharide and itsN-propionylated derivative both illustrate that induced antibody does not recognize extended epitopes of polysialic acid: Implications for a comprehensive conjugate vaccine against groups B and CN. meningitidis. CAN J CHEM 2002. [DOI: 10.1139/v02-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The capsular polysaccharide of E. coli K92 (K92P) contains elements in common with the capsular polysaccharides of both groups B and C N. meningitidis, and may therefore form the basis of a bivalent vaccine. In an attempt to augment the cross-protective immune response to group B meningococci, the N-acetyl groups of the K92P were replaced by N-propionyl groups (NPrK92P) and conjugated to protein. This strategy had previously been applied with success to the poorly immunogenic capsular polysaccharide of group B meningococcus (GBMP), and the bactericidal epitope was found to be exclusively mimicked by extended helical segments of the NPrGBMP. The NPrK92P-conjugate, in relation to a K92P-conjugate, failed to enhance the response to GBMP but did generate a measurable response to NPrGBMP, but only at the expense of a greatly reduced GCMP response. Despite the presence of an immune response to NPrGBMP, the anti-NPrK92 serum was not bactericidal. Competitive inhibition studies with NPrGBMP oligosaccharides suggested the NPrK92 antibodies could not cross-react with the protective epitope on group B meningococci, as defined by extended helical segments of the NPrGBMP, but only recognized short non-bactericidal NPrGBMP epitopes. This hypothesis was supported from the conformational and molecular dynamics studies of the K92P, which demonstrated a lack of extended conformations that resemble the GBMP extended epitope. Indeed, the conformational properties of the K92P more closely resembled those of the GCMP, thereby explaining the observed moderate cross-protection of the K92P antiserum towards group C meningococci. Thus, on the basis of these results, it can be concluded that K92P, regardless of N-propionyl modification, will not serve as an effective single vaccine component against both groups B and C meningococci.Key words: conjugate vaccine, Neisseria meningitidis, polysialic acid, NMR, molecular dynamics.
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24
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Comparative analysis of ganglioside conformations by MD simulations: implications for specific recognition by proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(01)00813-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Charter NW, Mahal LK, Koshland DE, Bertozzi CR. Differential effects of unnatural sialic acids on the polysialylation of the neural cell adhesion molecule and neuronal behavior. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:9255-61. [PMID: 11786551 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111619200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we have examined how unnatural sialic acids can alter polysialic acid expression and influence the adhesive properties of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). Unnatural sialic acids are generated by metabolic conversion of synthetic N-acyl mannosamines and are typically incorporated into cell-surface glycoconjugates. However, N-butanoylmannosamine and N-pentanoylmannosamine are effective inhibitors of polysialic acid (PSA) synthesis in stably transfected HeLa cells expressing NCAM and the polysialyltransferase STX. These cells were used as substrates to examine the effect of inhibiting PSA synthesis on the development of neurons derived from the chick dorsal root ganglion. N-butanoylmannosamine blocked polysialylation of NCAM and significantly reduced neurite outgrowth comparable with enzymatic removal of PSA by endoneuraminidases. As a result, neurite outgrowth was similar to that observed for non-polysialylated NCAM. In contrast, previous studies have shown that N-propanoyl sialic acid (SiaProp), generated from N-propanoylmannosamine, is readily accepted by polysialyltransferases and permits the extension of poly(SiaProp) on NCAM. Despite being immunologically distinct, poly(SiaProp) can promote neurite outgrowth similarly to natural polysialic acid. Thus, subtle structural differences in PSA resulting from the incorporation of SiaProp residues do not alter the antiadhesive properties of polysialylated NCAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil W Charter
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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26
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Vasudevan SV, Balaji PV. Molecular dynamics simulations of alpha2 --> 8-linked disialoside: conformational analysis and implications for binding to proteins. Biopolymers 2002; 63:168-80. [PMID: 11787005 DOI: 10.1002/bip.10019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Computational methods have played a key role in elucidating the various three-dimensional structures of oligosaccharides. Such structural information, together with other experimental data, leads to a better understanding of the role of oligosaccharide in various biological processes. The disialoside Neu5Ac-alpha2-->8-Neu5Ac appears as the terminal glycan in glycoproteins and glycolipids, and is known to play an important role in various events of cellular communication. Neurotoxins such as botulinum and tetanus require Neu5Ac-alpha2 --> 8-Neu5Ac for infecting the host. Glycoconjugates containing this disialoside and the enzymes catalyzing their biosynthesis are also regulated during cell growth, development, and differentiation. Unlike other biologically relevant disaccharides that have only two linkage bonds, the alpha2-->8-linked disialoside has four: C2-O, O-C8', C8'-C7', and C7'-C6'. The present report describes the results from nine 1 ns MD simulations of alpha2-->8-linked disialoside (Neu5Ac-alpha2-->8-Neu5Ac); simulations were run using GROMOS96 by explicitly considering the solvent molecules. Conformations around the O-C8' bond are restricted to the +sc/+ap regions due to stereochemical reasons. In contrast, conformations around the C2-O and C8'-C7' bonds were found to be largely unrestricted and all the three staggered regions are accessible. The conformations around the C7'-C6' bond were found to be in either the -sc or the anti region. These results are in excellent agreement with the available NMR and potential energy calculation studies. Overall, the disaccharide is flexible and adopts mainly two ensembles of conformations differing in the conformation around the C7'-C6' bond. The flexibility associated with this disaccharide allows for better optimization of intermolecular contacts while binding to proteins and this may partially compensate for the loss of conformational entropy that may be incurred due to disaccharide's flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeja V Vasudevan
- Biotechnology Center, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
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27
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Li X, Ohtake H, Takahashi H, Ikegami S. A facile synthesis of 1′-C-alkyl-α-disaccharides from 1-C-alkyl-hexopyranoses and methyl 1-C-methyl-hexopyranosides. Tetrahedron 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)00321-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Sugars, Polysaccharides, and Glycoproteins. Biochemistry 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012492543-4/50007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Liu T, Guo Z, Yang Q, Sad S, Jennings HJ. Biochemical engineering of surface alpha 2-8 polysialic acid for immunotargeting tumor cells. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:32832-6. [PMID: 10976100 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c000573200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To target tumor cells for immunotherapy, we evaluated the feasibility of altering the epitopes on the surface polysialic acid of tumor cells. A precursor (N-propionylmannosamine), when incubated with leukemic cells, RBL-2H3 and RMA, resulted in substitution of the N-acetyl groups of surface alpha2-8 polysialic acid with N-propionyl groups. Expression of the altered alpha2-8 N-propionylpolysialic acid on the surface of tumor cells induced their susceptibility to cell death mediated by monoclonal antibody 13D9 (mAb 13D9), which specifically recognizes alpha2-8 N-propionylated polysialic acid. The expression of alpha2-8 N-propionylated polysialic acid and the lysis of tumor cells by antibody-dependent cytotoxicity depended on the time and dose of incorporation of N-propionylated mannosamine. In vivo, mAb 13D9 effectively controlled metastasis of leukemic cells RMA when mice were administered the precursor N-propionylated mannosamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Liu
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
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30
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Hikita T, Tadano-Aritomi K, Iida-Tanaka N, Toyoda H, Suzuki A, Toida T, Imanari T, Abe T, Yanagawa Y, Ishizuka I. Determination of N-acetyl- and N-glycolylneuraminic acids in gangliosides by combination of neuraminidase hydrolysis and fluorometric high-performance liquid chromatography using a GM3 derivative as an internal standard. Anal Biochem 2000; 281:193-201. [PMID: 10870835 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2000.4561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A highly sensitive method for quantification of sialic acids in gangliosides was developed. The sialic acids, released by hydrolysis of gangliosides, were converted to fluorescent derivatives with 1,2-diamino-4,5-(methylenedioxy)benzene (DMB) and separated on a reversed-phase C18 column with an isocratic elution. As little as 0.1-1.0 nmol of sialic acid in ganglioside was quantified. The use of acetate buffer instead of water in the mobile phase could prevent damage on the column and reduce background peaks derived from the reagents. When gangliosides were subjected to acid hydrolysis, the velocity of hydrolysis varied depending on their structures and a part of the sialic acid liberated decomposed with prolonged heating time. Therefore gangliosides were hydrolyzed by Arthrobacter ureafaciens neuraminidase in the presence of sodium cholate after addition of an internal standard. For the internal standard, GM3 with N-propionylneuraminic acid (GM3(NeuPr)) was synthesized from GM3(NeuAc) by N-deacylation followed by N-propionylation. Folch partition was used to decrease lipophilic materials included in the sample, and the sialic acids released were recovered from the upper phase. The present method has a satisfactory sensitivity in the simultaneous quantification of NeuAc and NeuGc in purified gangliosides as well as in crude lipid fractions containing a variety of gangliosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hikita
- Department of Pediatrics, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Cheng MC, Lin CH, Wang HY, Lin HR, Wu SH. Regioselective Lactonization of Tetrasialic Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3757(20000218)112:4<788::aid-ange788>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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32
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Examining the secondary structures of unnatural peptides and carbohydrate-based compounds utilizing circular dichroism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(99)00560-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Zhang Y, Lee YC. Acid-catalyzed lactonization of alpha2,8-linked oligo/polysialic acids studied by high performance anion-exchange chromatography. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:6183-9. [PMID: 10037703 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.10.6183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies from many laboratories revealed remarkable structural, distributional, and functional diversities of oligo/polysialic acids (OSA/PSA) that exist in organisms ranging from bacteria to man. These diversities are further complicated by the fact that OSA/PSA spontaneously form lactones under even mildly acidic conditions. By using high performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) with nitrate eluents, we found that lactonization of alpha2,8-linked OSA/PSA (oligo/poly-Neu5Ac, oligo/poly-Neu5Gc and oligo/poly-KDN) proceeds readily, and the lactonization process displays three discrete stages. The initial stage is characterized by limited lactonization occurring between two internal sialic acid residues, reflected by a regular pattern of lactone peaks interdigitated with non-lactonized peaks on HPAEC. In the middle stage, multiple lactonized species are formed from a molecule with a given degree of polymerization (DP), in which the maximum number of lactone rings formed equals DP minus 2. At the final stage, completely lactonized species become the major components, resulting in drastic changes in the physicochemical properties of the sample. Interestingly, the smallest lactonizable OSA are tetramer, trimer, and dimer at the initial, middle, and final stages, respectively. At any of the stages, OSA/PSA of higher DP lactonize more rapidly, but all the lactone rings rapidly open up when exposed to mild alkali. Lactonized OSA/PSA are resistant to both enzyme- and acid-catalyzed glycosidic bond cleavage. The latter fact was utilized to obtain more high DP oligo/poly(alpha2,8-Neu5Gc) chains from a polysialoglycoprotein. Our results should be useful in preparation, storage, and analysis of OSA/PSA. Possible biological significance and bioengineering potentials of lactonization are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Biology Department, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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34
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Mühlenhoff M, Eckhardt M, Gerardy-Schahn R. Polysialic acid: three-dimensional structure, biosynthesis and function. Curr Opin Struct Biol 1998; 8:558-64. [PMID: 9818258 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-440x(98)80144-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polysialic acid is a unique cell surface polysaccharide found in the capsule of neuroinvasive bacteria and as a highly regulated post-translational modification of the neural cell adhesion molecule. Recent progress has been achieved in research on both the physicochemical properties of polysialic acid and the biosynthetic pathways leading to polysialic acid expression in bacteria and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mühlenhoff
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany
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35
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Abstract
The unusual carbohydrate polysialic acid (PSA), attached uniquely to neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) through a developmentally regulated process, modulates neural cell interactions. Major advances in the past two years have increased our understanding of PSA biosynthesis and regulation. Of particular interest is the cloning of the genes encoding polysialyltransferases (PSTs) and the finding that a single enzyme is able to confer polysialylation to NCAM. The electrical activity of neurons and transmembrane signalling are probably major players in controlling both PSA biosynthesis and its expression at the cell surface. A direct causal relationship between PSA expression and activity-induced synaptic plasticity has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Z Kiss
- Department of Morphology, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland.
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36
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Pon RA, Lussier M, Yang QL, Jennings HJ. N-Propionylated group B meningococcal polysaccharide mimics a unique bactericidal capsular epitope in group B Neisseria meningitidis. J Exp Med 1997; 185:1929-38. [PMID: 9166422 PMCID: PMC2196336 DOI: 10.1084/jem.185.11.1929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The N-propionylated group B meningococcal polysaccharide (NPrGBMP) mimics a unique protective epitope on the surface of group B meningococci (GBM) and Escherichia coli K1. Using a series of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) induced by the NPrGBMP-monomeric tetanus toxoid (TT) conjugate vaccine it was demonstrated that mAbs having specificities for both extended and conventional short segments of the NPrGBMP were formed, but only the former were bactericidal, and/or gave passive protection against live challenge by GBM. The failure of mAbs specific for short epitopes to protect was further established when (NeuPr)4-TT was used as the vaccine. Of all the mAbs produced that were specific for short internal segments of the NPrGBMP, none were protective, despite the fact that most of them cross-react with the GBM capsular polysaccharide. In contrast, most of the protective mAbs produced by NPrGBMP- TT did not recognize the group B meningococcal polysaccharide (GBMP) unless it was present in its aggregated high molecular weight form. The bactericidal epitope mimicked by the NPrGBMP was shown to be ubiquitous in the capsule of both GBM and E. coli K1 using immunogold labeling techniques and, because of its unique properties, its identification could be significant in the development of a comprehensive conjugate vaccine against group B meningococcal meningitis. This is because most known human alpha(2-8)-polysialic acid self-antigens can be accommodated in 30-50 alpha(2-8)-linked sialic acid residues, which is roughly equivalent to an 11-kD length of the GBMP. It has been hypothesized that the formation of the protective epitope on the surface of GBM is due to the interaction of helical segments of the GBMP with another molecule and that the protective epitope is mimicked by the NPrGBMP. Support for the above hypothesis is provided by the fact that the protective NPrGBMP epitope has a similar unusual length dependency to that of the GBMP epitope.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigens, Bacterial/analysis
- Antigens, Bacterial/chemistry
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/analysis
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Bacterial Capsules/immunology
- Carbohydrate Sequence
- Cross Reactions
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Epitopes/immunology
- Escherichia coli/chemistry
- Escherichia coli/immunology
- Female
- Immunization, Passive
- Immunohistochemistry
- Meningococcal Infections/immunology
- Meningococcal Infections/prevention & control
- Mice
- Microscopy, Immunoelectron
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Weight
- Neisseria meningitidis/chemistry
- Neisseria meningitidis/immunology
- Oligosaccharides/chemistry
- Oligosaccharides/immunology
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/analysis
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/chemistry
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Pon
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
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37
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Molecular dynamics simulations of an α-(2 → 8)-linked sialic acid tetramer in vacuum and solvent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(96)04865-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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38
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Bystricky S, Pavliak V, Szu SC. Characterization of colominic acid by circular dichroism and viscosity analysis. Biophys Chem 1997; 63:147-52. [PMID: 9108689 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4622(96)02242-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Conformations of oligo- and poly-(alpha (2-->8)-D-Neu pNAc) (colominic acid) and its derivatives were studied by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and viscometry to understand the molecular basis of their unusual antigenic properties. No temperature-dependent conformational transition between 5 and 70 degrees C or divalent salt effect of Ca2+ or Mg2+ was observed in colominic acid or its N-deacetylated form by CD spectroscopy. However, CD spectroscopy indicated that the distribution of conformers in oligocolominic acid changes continuously from n = 2 to octamer, and there was no further change of the conformer distribution for n > 9. Colominic acid exhibited a much lower intrinsic viscosity compared with the values for other polyelectrolytes of similar linear charge density, such as polynucleic acids. The apparent absence of induced conformational transition by salt or temperature, and the high flexibility indicated that the binding of colominic acid to its antibodies may not contain a significant amount of specific conformationally controlled determinant. Instead, our data suggest that more than nine saccharide units are needed for a cooperative binding process.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bystricky
- Laboratory of Developmental and Molecular Immunity, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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39
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N-Propionylated group B meningococcal polysaccharide glycoconjugate vaccine against group B meningococcal meningitis. Int J Infect Dis 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1201-9712(97)90080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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40
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Schauer R, Kamerling JP. Chemistry, biochemistry and biology of sialic acids ☆. NEW COMPREHENSIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1997; 29. [PMCID: PMC7147860 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60624-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Schauer
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechls-Universität zu Kiel, Germany
| | - Johannis P. Kamerling
- Bijuoet Center, Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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41
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Kogan G, Uhrín D, Brisson JR, Paoletti LC, Blodgett AE, Kasper DL, Jennings HJ. Structural and immunochemical characterization of the type VIII group B Streptococcus capsular polysaccharide. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:8786-90. [PMID: 8621515 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.15.8786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The type VIII capsular polysaccharide has been isolated and purified from a newly described strain of group B Streptococcus which is a leading cause of sepsis and neonatal meningitis in Japan. The polysaccharide contains D-glucose, D-galactose, L-rhamnose, and sialic acid in the molar ratio 1:1:1:1. By means of high resolution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), 13C NMR, and homo- and heterocorrelated NMR, the repeating unit structure of the type VIII polysaccharide was delineated as the following, [formula: see text] Enzymatic studies established this polysaccharide as the first from which sialic acid, linked to a branched beta-D-galactopyranosyl residue, is known to be removed by bacterial neuraminidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kogan
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
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42
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Evans SV, Sigurskjold BW, Jennings HJ, Brisson JR, To R, Tse WC, Altman E, Frosch M, Weisgerber C, Kratzin HD. Evidence for the extended helical nature of polysaccharide epitopes. The 2.8 A resolution structure and thermodynamics of ligand binding of an antigen binding fragment specific for alpha-(2-->8)-polysialic acid. Biochemistry 1995; 34:6737-44. [PMID: 7538787 DOI: 10.1021/bi00020a019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The antigen binding fragment from an IgG2a kappa murine monoclonal antibody with specificity for alpha-(2-->8)-linked sialic acid polymers has been prepared and crystallized in the absence of hapten. Crystals were grown by vapor diffusion equilibrium with 16-18% polyethylene glycol 4000 solutions. The structure was solved by molecular replacement methods and refined to a conventional R factor of 0.164 for data to 2.8 A. The binding site is observed to display a shape and distribution of charges that is complementary to that of the predicted conformation of the oligosaccharide epitope. A thermodynamic description of ligand binding has been compiled for oligosaccharides ranging in length from 9 to 41 residues, and the data for the largest ligand has been used in a novel way to estimate the size of the antigen binding site. A model of antigen binding is presented that satisfies this thermodynamic data, as well as a previously reported requirement of conformational specificity of the oligosaccharide. X-ray crystallographic and thermodynamic evidence are consistent with a binding site that accommodates at least eight sialic acid residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Evans
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa
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43
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Wong CH, Halcomb RL, Ichikawa Y, Kajimoto T. Enzyme in der organischen Synthese: das Problem der molekularen Erkennung von Kohlenhydraten (Teil 1). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19951070405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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44
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Van Halbeek H. NMR developments in structural studies of carbohydrates and their complexes. Curr Opin Struct Biol 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-440x(94)90168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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45
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46
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