1
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Király N, Thalwieser Z, Fonódi M, Csortos C, Boratkó A. Dephosphorylation of annexin A2 by protein phosphatase 1 regulates endothelial cell barrier. IUBMB Life 2021; 73:1257-1268. [PMID: 34331392 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Annexin A2 (ANXA2) is a multifunctional protein expressed in nearly all human tissues and cell types, playing a role in various signaling pathways. It is subjected to phosphorylation, but no specific protein phosphatase has been identified in its posttranslational regulation yet. Using pull-down assay followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis we found that ANXA2 interacts with TIMAP (TGF-beta-inhibited membrane-associated protein) in pulmonary artery endothelial cells. TIMAP is highly expressed in endothelial cells, where it acts as a regulatory and targeting subunit of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). TIMAP plays an important role in the regulation of the endothelial barrier maintenance through the dephosphorylation of its several substrate proteins. In the present work, phosphorylation of Ser25 side chain in ANXA2 by protein kinase C (PKC) was shown both in vivo and in vitro. Phosphorylation level of ANXA2 at Ser25 increased greatly by inhibition of PP1 and by depletion of its regulatory subunit, TIMAP, implying a role of this PP1 holoenzyme in the dephosphorylation of ANXA2. Immunofluorescence staining and subcellular fractionations revealed a diffuse subcellular localization for the endogenous ANXA2, but phospho-Ser25 ANXA2 was mainly detected in the membrane. ANXA2 depletion lowered the basal endothelial barrier and inhibited cell migration, but had no significant effect on cell proliferation or viability. ANXA2 depleted cells failed to respond to PMA treatment, indicating an intimately involvement of phospho-ANXA2 in PKC signaling. Moreover, phosphorylation of ANXA2 disrupted its interaction with S100A10 suggesting a phosphorylation dependent multiple regulatory role of ANXA2 in endothelial cells. Our results demonstrate the pivotal role of PKC-ANXA2-PP1 pathway in endothelial cell signaling, especially in barrier function and cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolett Király
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Thalwieser
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Márton Fonódi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csilla Csortos
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anita Boratkó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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2
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Berg Klenow M, Iversen C, Wendelboe Lund F, Mularski A, Busk Heitmann AS, Dias C, Nylandsted J, Simonsen AC. Annexins A1 and A2 Accumulate and Are Immobilized at Cross-Linked Membrane-Membrane Interfaces. Biochemistry 2021; 60:1248-1259. [PMID: 33861586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rapid membrane repair is required to ensure cell survival after rupture of the plasma membrane. The annexin family of proteins is involved in plasma membrane repair (PMR) and is activated by the influx of Ca2+ from the extracellular medium at the site of injury. Annexins A1 and A2 (ANXA1 and ANXA2, respectively) are structurally similar and bind to negatively charged phosphatidylserine (PS) to induce membrane cross-linking and to promote fusion, which are both essential processes that occur during membrane repair. The degree of annexin accumulation and the annexin mobility at cross-linked membranes are important aspects of ANXA1 and ANXA2 function in repair. Here, we quantify ANXA1- and ANXA2-induced membrane cross-linking between giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). Time-lapse measurements show that ANXA1 and ANXA2 can induce membrane cross-linking on a time scale compatible with PMR. Cross-linked membrane-membrane interfaces between the GUVs persist in time without fusion, and quantification of confocal microscopy images demonstrates that ANXA1, ANXA2, and, to a lesser extent, PS lipids accumulate at the double membrane interface. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching shows that the annexins are fully immobilized at the double membrane interface, whereas PS lipids display a 75% decrease in mobility. In addition, the complete immobilization of annexins between two membranes indicates a high degree of network formation between annexins, suggesting that membrane cross-linking is mainly driven by protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Berg Klenow
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy (FKF), University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Iversen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy (FKF), University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Frederik Wendelboe Lund
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy (FKF), University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Anna Mularski
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy (FKF), University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Anne Sofie Busk Heitmann
- Membrane Integrity, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Catarina Dias
- Membrane Integrity, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jesper Nylandsted
- Membrane Integrity, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3C, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Adam Cohen Simonsen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy (FKF), University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
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3
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Zibouche M, Illien F, Ayala-Sanmartin J. Annexin A2 expression and partners during epithelial cell differentiation. Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 97:612-620. [DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2018-0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The members of the annexin family of calcium- and phospholipid-binding proteins participate in different cellular processes. Annexin A2 binds to S100A10, forming a functional heterotetrameric protein that has been involved in many cellular functions, such as exocytosis, endocytosis, cell junction formation, and actin cytoskeleton dynamics. Herein, we studied annexin A2 cellular movements and looked for its partners during epithelial cell differentiation. By using immunofluorescence, mass spectrometry (MS), and western blot analyses after S100A10 affinity column separation, we identified several annexin A2–S100A10 partner candidates. The association of putative annexin A2–S100A10 partner candidates obtained by MS after column affinity was validated by immunofluorescence and sucrose density gradient separation. The results show that three proteins are clearly associated with annexin A2: E-cadherin, actin, and caveolin 1. Overall, the data show that annexin A2 can associate with molecular complexes containing actin, caveolin 1, and flotillin 2 before epithelial differentiation and with complexes containing E-cadherin, actin, and caveolin 1, but not flotillin 2 after cell differentiation. The results indicate that actin, caveolin 1, and E-cadherin are the principal protein partners of annexin A2 in epithelial cells and that the serine phosphorylation of the N-terminal domain does not play an essential role during epithelial cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik Zibouche
- CNRS, Université Sorbonne, École normale supérieure, Université PSL, Laboratoire des biomolécules, Paris 75005, France
- CNRS, Université Sorbonne, École normale supérieure, Université PSL, Laboratoire des biomolécules, Paris 75005, France
| | - Françoise Illien
- CNRS, Université Sorbonne, École normale supérieure, Université PSL, Laboratoire des biomolécules, Paris 75005, France
- CNRS, Université Sorbonne, École normale supérieure, Université PSL, Laboratoire des biomolécules, Paris 75005, France
| | - Jesus Ayala-Sanmartin
- CNRS, Université Sorbonne, École normale supérieure, Université PSL, Laboratoire des biomolécules, Paris 75005, France
- CNRS, Université Sorbonne, École normale supérieure, Université PSL, Laboratoire des biomolécules, Paris 75005, France
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4
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Boye TL, Jeppesen JC, Maeda K, Pezeshkian W, Solovyeva V, Nylandsted J, Simonsen AC. Annexins induce curvature on free-edge membranes displaying distinct morphologies. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10309. [PMID: 29985397 PMCID: PMC6037701 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28481-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexins are a family of proteins characterized by their ability to bind anionic membranes in response to Ca2+-activation. They are involved in a multitude of cellular functions including vesiculation and membrane repair. Here, we investigate the effect of nine annexins (ANXA1-ANXA7, ANXA11, ANXA13) on negatively charged double supported membrane patches with free edges. We find that annexin members can be classified according to the membrane morphology they induce and matching a dendrogam of the annexin family based on full amino acid sequences. ANXA1 and ANXA2 induce membrane folding and blebbing initiated from membrane structural defects inside patches while ANXA6 induces membrane folding originating both from defects and from the membrane edges. ANXA4 and ANXA5 induce cooperative roll-up of the membrane starting from free edges, producing large rolls. In contrast, ANXA3 and ANXA13 roll the membrane in a fragmented manner producing multiple thin rolls. In addition to rolling, ANXA7 and ANXA11 are characterized by their ability to form fluid lenses localized between the membrane leaflets. A shared feature necessary for generating these morphologies is the ability to induce membrane curvature on free edged anionic membranes. Consequently, induction of membrane curvature may be a significant property of the annexin protein family that is important for their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Louise Boye
- Membrane Integrity Group, Unit for Cell Death and Metabolism, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas Camillus Jeppesen
- University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark.,Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kenji Maeda
- Membrane Integrity Group, Unit for Cell Death and Metabolism, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Weria Pezeshkian
- University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark.,Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Vita Solovyeva
- University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jesper Nylandsted
- Membrane Integrity Group, Unit for Cell Death and Metabolism, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Adam Cohen Simonsen
- University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark. .,Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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López-Rodríguez JC, Martínez-Carmona FJ, Rodríguez-Crespo I, Lizarbe MA, Turnay J. Molecular dissection of the membrane aggregation mechanisms induced by monomeric annexin A2. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:863-873. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Annexin A2 Mediates the Localization of Measles Virus Matrix Protein at the Plasma Membrane. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00181-18. [PMID: 29491166 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00181-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Annexins are a family of structurally related proteins that bind negatively charged membrane phospholipids in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Annexin A2 (AnxA2), a member of this family, has been implicated in a variety of cellular functions, including the organization of membrane domains, vesicular trafficking, and cell-cell adhesion. AnxA2 generally forms a heterotetrameric complex with a small Ca2+-binding protein, S100A10. Measles virus (MV), a member of the family Paramyxoviridae, is an enveloped virus with a nonsegmented negative-strand RNA genome. Knockdown of AnxA2 greatly reduced MV growth in cells without affecting its entry and viral RNA production. In MV-infected, AnxA2 knockdown cells, the expression level of the matrix (M) protein, but not other viral proteins, was reduced compared with that in control cells, and the distribution of the M protein at the plasma membrane was decreased. The M protein lines the inner surface of the envelope and plays an important role in virus assembly by connecting the nucleocapsid to the envelope proteins. The M protein bound to AnxA2 independently of AnxA2's phosphorylation or its association with S100A10 and was colocalized with AnxA2 within cells. Truncation of the N-terminal 10 amino acid residues, but not the N-terminal 5 residues, compromised the ability of the M protein to interact with AnxA2 and localize at the plasma membrane. These results indicate that AnxA2 mediates the localization of the MV M protein at the plasma membrane by interacting with its N-terminal region (especially residues at positions 6 to 10), thereby aiding in MV assembly.IMPORTANCE MV is an important human pathogen, still claiming ∼100,000 lives per year despite the presence of effective vaccines, and it causes occasional outbreaks even in developed countries. Replication of viruses largely relies on the functions of host cells. Our study revealed that the reduction of the host protein annexin A2 compromises the replication of MV within the cell. Further studies demonstrated that annexin A2 interacts with the MV M protein and mediates the localization of the M protein at the plasma membrane where MV particles are formed. The M protein lines the inner surface of the MV envelope membrane and plays a role in MV particle formation. Our results provide useful information for the understanding of the MV replication process and potential development of antiviral agents.
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Protein phosphorylation and its role in the regulation of Annexin A2 function. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2515-2529. [PMID: 28867585 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Annexin A2 (AnxA2) is a multifunctional protein involved in endocytosis, exocytosis, membrane domain organisation, actin remodelling, signal transduction, protein assembly, transcription and mRNA transport, as well as DNA replication and repair. SCOPE OF REVIEW The current knowledge of the role of phosphorylation in the functional regulation of AnxA2 is reviewed. To provide a more comprehensive treatment of this topic, we also address in depth the phosphorylation process in general and discuss its possible conformational effects. Furthermore, we discuss the apparent limitations of the methods used to investigate phosphoproteins, as exemplified by the study of AnxA2. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS AnxA2 is subjected to complex regulation by post-translational modifications affecting its cellular functions, with Ser11, Ser25 and Tyr23 representing important phosphorylation sites. Thus, Ser phosphorylation of AnxA2 is involved in the recruitment and docking of secretory granules, the regulation of its association with S100A10, and sequestration of perinuclear, translationally inactive mRNP complexes. By contrast, Tyr phosphorylation of AnxA2 regulates its role in actin dynamics and increases its association with endosomal compartments. Modification of its three main phosphorylation sites is not sufficient to discriminate between its numerous functions. Thus, fine-tuning of AnxA2 function is mediated by the joint action of several post-translational modifications. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE AnxA2 participates in malignant cell transformation, and its overexpression and/or phosphorylation is associated with cancer progression and metastasis. Thus, tight regulation of AnxA2 function is an integral aspect of cellular homeostasis. The presence of AnxA2 in cancer cell-derived exosomes, as well as the potential regulation of exosomal AnxA2 by phosphorylation or other PTMs, are topics of great interest.
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8
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Regulation of the Equilibrium between Closed and Open Conformations of Annexin A2 by N-Terminal Phosphorylation and S100A4-Binding. Structure 2017; 25:1195-1207.e5. [PMID: 28669632 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Annexin A2 (ANXA2) has a versatile role in membrane-associated functions including membrane aggregation, endo- and exocytosis, and it is regulated by post-translational modifications and protein-protein interactions through the unstructured N-terminal domain (NTD). Our sequence analysis revealed a short motif responsible for clamping the NTD to the C-terminal core domain (CTD). Structural studies indicated that the flexibility of the NTD and CTD are interrelated and oppositely regulated by Tyr24 phosphorylation and Ser26Glu phosphomimicking mutation. The crystal structure of the ANXA2-S100A4 complex showed that asymmetric binding of S100A4 induces dislocation of the NTD from the CTD and, similar to the Ser26Glu mutation, unmasks the concave side of ANXA2. In contrast, pTyr24 anchors the NTD to the CTD and hampers the membrane-bridging function. This inhibition can be restored by S100A4 and S100A10 binding. Based on our results we provide a structural model for regulation of ANXA2-mediated membrane aggregation by NTD phosphorylation and S100 binding.
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9
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Chehab T, Santos NC, Holthenrich A, Koerdt SN, Disse J, Schuberth C, Nazmi AR, Neeft M, Koch H, Man KNM, Wojcik SM, Martin TFJ, van der Sluijs P, Brose N, Gerke V. A novel Munc13-4/S100A10/annexin A2 complex promotes Weibel-Palade body exocytosis in endothelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1688-1700. [PMID: 28450451 PMCID: PMC5469611 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-02-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The tethering factor Munc13-4 is recruited to Weibel–Palade body (WPB) fusion sites after secretagogue stimulation to promote WPB exocytosis. Annexin A2-S100A10 is a novel Munc13-4 interaction partner assisting Munc13-4 tethering at the plasma membrane. Endothelial cells respond to blood vessel injury by the acute release of the procoagulant von Willebrand factor, which is stored in unique secretory granules called Weibel–Palade bodies (WPBs). Stimulated WPB exocytosis critically depends on their proper recruitment to the plasma membrane, but factors involved in WPB–plasma membrane tethering are not known. Here we identify Munc13-4, a protein mutated in familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis 3, as a WPB-tethering factor. Munc13-4 promotes histamine-evoked WPB exocytosis and is present on WPBs, and secretagogue stimulation triggers an increased recruitment of Munc13-4 to WPBs and a clustering of Munc13-4 at sites of WPB–plasma membrane contact. We also identify the S100A10 subunit of the annexin A2 (AnxA2)-S100A10 protein complex as a novel Munc13-4 interactor and show that AnxA2-S100A10 participates in recruiting Munc13-4 to WPB fusion sites. These findings indicate that Munc13-4 supports acute WPB exocytosis by tethering WPBs to the plasma membrane via AnxA2-S100A10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Chehab
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nina Criado Santos
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Anna Holthenrich
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sophia N Koerdt
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jennifer Disse
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Schuberth
- Institute of Cell Dynamics and Imaging, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ali Reza Nazmi
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Maaike Neeft
- Department of Cell Biology, Center of Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Henriette Koch
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kwun Nok M Man
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sonja M Wojcik
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas F J Martin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Peter van der Sluijs
- Department of Cell Biology, Center of Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Nils Brose
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Volker Gerke
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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10
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Miller VA, Madureira PA, Kamaludin AA, Komar J, Sharma V, Sahni G, Thelwell C, Longstaff C, Waisman DM. Mechanism of plasmin generation by S100A10. Thromb Haemost 2017; 117:1058-1071. [PMID: 28382372 DOI: 10.1160/th16-12-0936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plasminogen (Pg) is cleaved to form plasmin by the action of specific plasminogen activators such as the tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Although the interaction of tPA and Pg with the surface of the fibrin clot has been well characterised, their interaction with cell surface Pg receptors is poorly understood. S100A10 is a cell surface Pg receptor that plays a key role in cellular plasmin generation. In the present report, we have utilised domain-switched/deleted variants of tPA, truncated plasminogen variants and S100A10 site-directed mutant proteins to define the regions responsible for S100A10-dependent plasmin generation. In contrast to the established role of the finger domain of tPA in fibrin-stimulated plasmin generation, we show that the kringle-2 domain of tPA plays a key role in S100A10-dependent plasmin generation. The kringle-1 domain of plasminogen, indispensable for fibrin-binding, is also critical for S100A10-dependent plasmin generation. S100A10 retains activity after substitution or deletion of the carboxyl-terminal lysine suggesting that internal lysine residues contribute to its plasmin generating activity. These studies define a new paradigm for plasminogen activation by the plasminogen receptor, S100A10.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David M Waisman
- David M. Waisman*, Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Pathology, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, 5850 College Street, room 11-N2, PO Box 15000, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada, Tel.: +1 902 494 1803, Fax: +1 902 494 1355, E-mail:
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11
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Grindheim AK, Hollås H, Ramirez J, Saraste J, Travé G, Vedeler A. Effect of serine phosphorylation and Ser25 phospho-mimicking mutations on nuclear localisation and ligand interactions of annexin A2. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:2486-99. [PMID: 24780253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Annexin A2 (AnxA2) interacts with numerous ligands, including calcium, lipids, mRNAs and intracellular and extracellular proteins. Different post-translational modifications participate in the discrimination of the functions of AnxA2 by modulating its ligand interactions. Here, phospho-mimicking mutants (AnxA2-S25E and AnxA2-S25D) were employed to investigate the effects of Ser25 phosphorylation on the structure and function of AnxA2 by using AnxA2-S25A as a control. The overall α-helical structure of AnxA2 is not affected by the mutations, since the thermal stabilities and aggregation tendencies of the mutants differ only slightly from the wild-type (wt) protein. Unlike wt AnxA2, all mutants bind the anxA2 3' untranslated region and β-γ-G-actin with high affinity in a Ca(2+)-independent manner. AnxA2-S25E is not targeted to the nucleus in transfected PC12 cells. In vitro phosphorylation of AnxA2 by protein kinase C increases its affinity to mRNA and inhibits its nuclear localisation, in accordance with the data obtained with the phospho-mimicking mutants. Ca(2+)-dependent binding of wt AnxA2 to phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate, as well as weaker but still Ca(2+)-dependent binding to phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate, was demonstrated by a protein-lipid overlay assay, whereas binding of AnxA2 to these lipids, as well as its binding to liposomes, is inhibited by the Ser25 mutations. Thus, introduction of a modification (mutation or phosphorylation) at Ser25 appears to induce a conformational change leading to increased accessibility of the mRNA- and G-actin-binding sites in domain IV independent of Ca(2+) levels, while the Ca(2+)-dependent binding of AnxA2 to phospholipids is attenuated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Kari Grindheim
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5009 Bergen, Norway; Molecular Imaging Center (MIC), University of Bergen, N-5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Hanne Hollås
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Juan Ramirez
- Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire UMR 7242, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, F-67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Jaakko Saraste
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5009 Bergen, Norway; Molecular Imaging Center (MIC), University of Bergen, N-5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Gilles Travé
- Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire UMR 7242, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, F-67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Anni Vedeler
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5009 Bergen, Norway.
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12
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Illien F, Piao HR, Coué M, di Marco C, Ayala-Sanmartin J. Lipid organization regulates annexin A2 Ca2+-sensitivity for membrane bridging and its modulator effects on membrane fluidity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1818:2892-900. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Munera D, Martinez E, Varyukhina S, Mahajan A, Ayala-Sanmartin J, Frankel G. Recruitment and membrane interactions of host cell proteins during attachment of enteropathogenic and enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Biochem J 2012; 445:383-92. [PMID: 22587461 PMCID: PMC4568301 DOI: 10.1042/bj20120533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
EPEC (enteropathogenic Escherichia coli) and EHEC (enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli) are attaching and effacing pathogens frequently associated with infectious diarrhoea. EPEC and EHEC use a T3SS (type III secretion system) to translocate effectors that subvert different cellular processes to sustain colonization and multiplication. The eukaryotic proteins NHERF2 (Na(+)/H(+) exchanger regulatory factor 2) and AnxA2 (annexin A2), which are involved in regulation of intestinal ion channels, are recruited to the bacterial attachment sites. Using a stable HeLa-NHERF2 cell line, we found partial co-localization of AnxA2 and NHERF2; in EPEC-infected cells, AnxA2 and NHERF2 were extensively recruited to the site of bacterial attachment. We confirmed that NHERF2 dimerizes and found that NHERF2 interacts with AnxA2. Moreover, we found that AnxA2 also binds both the N- and C-terminal domains of the bacterial effector Tir through its C-terminal domain. Immunofluorescence of HeLa cells infected with EPEC showed that AnxA2 is recruited to the site of bacterial attachment in a Tir-dependent manner, but independently of Tir-induced actin polymerization. Our results suggest that AnxA2 and NHERF2 form a scaffold complex that links adjacent Tir molecules at the plasma membrane forming a lattice that could be involved in retention and dissemination of other effectors at the bacterial attachment site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Munera
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Eric Martinez
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Svetlana Varyukhina
- CNRS UMR7203, Groupe N. J. Conté, Laboratoire des BioMolécules and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Arvind Mahajan
- Cellular Microbiology Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, U.K
| | - Jesus Ayala-Sanmartin
- CNRS UMR7203, Groupe N. J. Conté, Laboratoire des BioMolécules and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gad Frankel
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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14
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Illien F, Finet S, Lambert O, Ayala-Sanmartin J. Different molecular arrangements of the tetrameric annexin 2 modulate the size and dynamics of membrane aggregation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2010; 1798:1790-6. [PMID: 20471359 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Annexin 2, a member of the annexin family of Ca2+-dependent membrane binding proteins is found in monomeric and heterotetrameric forms and has been involved in different membrane related functions. The heterotetrameric annexin 2 is composed of a dimer of S100A10, a member of the S100 family of Ca2+ binding proteins and two annexin 2 molecules ((Anx2-S100A10)2). Different molecular models including tetramers and octamers in which S100A10 is localized in the centre of the complex with the annexin 2 molecules positioned around S100A10 had been proposed. Herein, the organization of the (Anx2-S100A10)2 complex in conditions in which membranes are able to bridge was studied. We performed Cryo-electron microscopy observations of the tetrameric annexin 2 on the membrane surface, and study the S100A10 accessibility to antibodies by flow "cytometry". We also studied the kinetics and size evolution of vesicle aggregates by dynamic light scattering. The results show that the protein is able to organize in three different arrangements depending on the presence of Ca2+ and pH and that the aggregation is faster in the presence of Ca2+ compared with the aggregation in its absence. In one arrangement the S100A10 molecule is exposed to the solvent allowing its interaction with other proteins. The presented results will serve as a molecular basis to explain some of the functions of the tetrameric annexin 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Illien
- CNRS, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Groupe N. J. Conté, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CHU Saint Antoine, Paris, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure, Département de Chimie, Paris France
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15
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Umbrecht-Jenck E, Demais V, Calco V, Bailly Y, Bader MF, Chasserot-Golaz S. S100A10-mediated translocation of annexin-A2 to SNARE proteins in adrenergic chromaffin cells undergoing exocytosis. Traffic 2010; 11:958-71. [PMID: 20374557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2010.01065.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In neuroendocrine cells, annexin-A2 is implicated as a promoter of monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1)-containing lipid microdomains that are required for calcium-regulated exocytosis. As soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) require a specific lipid environment to mediate granule docking and fusion, we investigated whether annexin-A2-induced lipid microdomains might be linked to the SNAREs present at the plasma membrane. Stimulation of adrenergic chromaffin cells induces the translocation of cytosolic annexin-A2 to the plasma membrane, where it colocalizes with SNAP-25 and S100A10. Cross-linking experiments performed in stimulated chromaffin cells indicate that annexin-A2 directly interacts with S100A10 to form a tetramer at the plasma membrane. Here, we demonstrate that S100A10 can interact with vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP2) and show that VAMP2 is present at the plasma membrane in resting adrenergic chromaffin cells. Tetanus toxin that cleaves VAMP2 solubilizes S100A10 from the plasma membrane and inhibits the translocation of annexin-A2 to the plasma membrane. Immunogold labelling of plasma membrane sheets combined with spatial point pattern analysis confirmed that S100A10 is present in VAMP2 microdomains at the plasma membrane and that annexin-A2 is observed close to S100A10 and to syntaxin in stimulated chromaffin cells. In addition, these results showed that the formation of phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PIP(2)) microdomains colocalized with S100A10 in the vicinity of docked granules, suggesting a functional interplay between annexin-A2-mediated lipid microdomains and SNAREs during exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Umbrecht-Jenck
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, UPR 3212 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 5 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
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16
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Borot F, Vieu DL, Faure G, Fritsch J, Colas J, Moriceau S, Baudouin-Legros M, Brouillard F, Ayala-Sanmartin J, Touqui L, Chanson M, Edelman A, Ollero M. Eicosanoid release is increased by membrane destabilization and CFTR inhibition in Calu-3 cells. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7116. [PMID: 19847291 PMCID: PMC2760709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiinflammatory protein annexin-1 (ANXA1) and the adaptor S100A10 (p11), inhibit cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2α) by direct interaction. Since the latter is responsible for the cleavage of arachidonic acid at membrane phospholipids, all three proteins modulate eicosanoid production. We have previously shown the association of ANXA1 expression with that of CFTR, the multifactorial protein mutated in cystic fibrosis. This could in part account for the abnormal inflammatory status characteristic of this disease. We postulated that CFTR participates in the regulation of eicosanoid release by direct interaction with a complex containing ANXA1, p11 and cPLA2α. We first analyzed by plasmon surface resonance the in vitro binding of CFTR to the three proteins. A significant interaction between p11 and the NBD1 domain of CFTR was found. We observed in Calu-3 cells a rapid and partial redistribution of all four proteins in detergent resistant membranes (DRM) induced by TNF-α. This was concomitant with increased IL-8 synthesis and cPLA2α activation, ultimately resulting in eicosanoid (PGE2 and LTB4) overproduction. DRM destabilizing agent methyl-β-cyclodextrin induced further cPLA2α activation and eicosanoid release, but inhibited IL-8 synthesis. We tested in parallel the effect of short exposure of cells to CFTR inhibitors Inh172 and Gly-101. Both inhibitors induced a rapid increase in eicosanoid production. Longer exposure to Inh172 did not increase further eicosanoid release, but inhibited TNF-α-induced relocalization to DRM. These results show that (i) CFTR may form a complex with cPLA2α and ANXA1 via interaction with p11, (ii) CFTR inhibition and DRM disruption induce eicosanoid synthesis, and (iii) suggest that the putative cPLA2/ANXA1/p11/CFTR complex may participate in the modulation of the TNF-α-induced production of eicosanoids, pointing to the importance of membrane composition and CFTR function in the regulation of inflammation mediator synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Borot
- INSERM, U845, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Diane-Lore Vieu
- INSERM, U845, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Grazyna Faure
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Immunologie Structurale, CNRS, URA 2185, Paris, France
| | - Janine Fritsch
- INSERM, U845, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Julien Colas
- INSERM, U845, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Sandra Moriceau
- INSERM, U845, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | - Franck Brouillard
- INSERM, U845, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | - Lhousseine Touqui
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Défense Innée et Inflammation, INSERM, U874, Paris, France
| | - Marc Chanson
- Laboratoire d'Investigation Clinique III, Hôpitaux Universitaires et Faculté de Médecine, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Aleksander Edelman
- INSERM, U845, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Mario Ollero
- INSERM, U845, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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17
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Monastyrskaya K, Babiychuk EB, Draeger A. The annexins: spatial and temporal coordination of signaling events during cellular stress. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:2623-42. [PMID: 19381436 PMCID: PMC11115530 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Annexins are a family of structurally related, Ca2+-sensitive proteins that bind to negatively charged phospholipids and establish specific interactions with other lipids and lipid microdomains. They are present in all eukaryotic cells and share a common folding motif, the "annexin core", which incorporates Ca2+- and membrane-binding sites. Annexins participate in a variety of intracellular processes, ranging from the regulation of membrane dynamics to cell migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. Here we focus on the role of annexins in cellular signaling during stress. A chronic stress response triggers the activation of different intracellular pathways, resulting in profound changes in Ca2+ and pH homeostasis and the production of lipid second messengers. We review the latest data on how these changes are sensed by the annexins, which have the ability to simultaneously interact with specific lipid and protein moieties at the plasma membrane, contributing to stress adaptation via regulation of various signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Monastyrskaya
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3000 Bern 9, Switzerland.
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18
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Zibouche M, Vincent M, Illien F, Gallay J, Ayala-Sanmartin J. The N-terminal domain of annexin 2 serves as a secondary binding site during membrane bridging. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:22121-7. [PMID: 18508775 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexin A2 (AnxA2) is a Ca(2+)- and acidic phospholipid-binding protein involved in many cellular processes. It undergoes Ca(2+)-mediated membrane bridging at neutral pH and has been demonstrated to be involved in an H(+)-mediated mechanism leading to a novel AnxA2-membrane complex structure. We used fluorescence techniques to characterize this H(+)-dependent mechanism at the molecular level; in particular, the involvement of the AnxA2 N-terminal domain. This domain was labeled at Cys-8 either with acrylodan or pyrene-maleimide fluorescent probes. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence analysis for acrylodan and fluorescence quenching by doxyl-labeled phospholipids revealed direct interaction between the N-terminal domain and the membrane. The absence of pyrene excimer suggested that interactions between N termini are not involved in the H(+)-mediated mechanism. These findings differ from those previously observed for the Ca(2+)-mediated mechanism. Protein titration experiments showed that the protein concentration for half-maximal membrane aggregation was twice for Ca(2+)-mediated compared with H(+)-mediated aggregation, suggesting that AnxA2 was able to bridge membranes either as a dimer or as a monomer, respectively. An N-terminally deleted AnxA2 was 2-3 times less efficient than the wild-type protein for H(+)-mediated membrane aggregation. We propose a model of AnxA2-membrane assemblies, highlighting the different roles of the N-terminal domain in the H(+)- and Ca(2+)-mediated membrane bridging mechanisms.
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19
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Lamazière A, Wolf C, Lambert O, Chassaing G, Trugnan G, Ayala-Sanmartin J. The homeodomain derived peptide Penetratin induces curvature of fluid membrane domains. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1938. [PMID: 18398464 PMCID: PMC2276244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protein membrane transduction domains that are able to cross the plasma membrane are present in several transcription factors, such as the homeodomain proteins and the viral proteins such as Tat of HIV-1. Their discovery resulted in both new concepts on the cell communication during development, and the conception of cell penetrating peptide vectors for internalisation of active molecules into cells. A promising cell penetrating peptide is Penetratin, which crosses the cell membranes by a receptor and metabolic energy-independent mechanism. Recent works have claimed that Penetratin and similar peptides are internalized by endocytosis, but other endocytosis-independent mechanisms have been proposed. Endosomes or plasma membranes crossing mechanisms are not well understood. Previously, we have shown that basic peptides induce membrane invaginations suggesting a new mechanism for uptake, “physical endocytosis”. Methodology/Principal Findings Herein, we investigate the role of membrane lipid phases on Penetratin induced membrane deformations (liquid ordered such as in “raft” microdomains versus disordered fluid “non-raft” domains) in membrane models. Experimental data show that zwitterionic lipid headgroups take part in the interaction with Penetratin suggesting that the external leaflet lipids of cells plasma membrane are competent for peptide interaction in the absence of net negative charges. NMR and X-ray diffraction data show that the membrane perturbations (tubulation and vesiculation) are associated with an increase in membrane negative curvature. These effects on curvature were observed in the liquid disordered but not in the liquid ordered (raft-like) membrane domains. Conclusions/Significance The better understanding of the internalisation mechanisms of protein transduction domains will help both the understanding of the mechanisms of cell communication and the development of potential therapeutic molecular vectors. Here we showed that the membrane targets for these molecules are preferentially the fluid membrane domains and that the mechanism involves the induction of membrane negative curvature. Consequences on cellular uptake are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonin Lamazière
- INSERM, UMR538, CHU Saint Antoine, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CHU Saint Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Claude Wolf
- INSERM, UMR538, CHU Saint Antoine, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CHU Saint Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lambert
- UMR 5248 CBMN, CNRS, Université Bordeaux 1, ENITAB, IECB, Pessac, France
| | | | - Germain Trugnan
- INSERM, UMR538, CHU Saint Antoine, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CHU Saint Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Jesus Ayala-Sanmartin
- INSERM, UMR538, CHU Saint Antoine, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CHU Saint Antoine, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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20
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Ayala-Sanmartin J, Zibouche M, Illien F, Vincent M, Gallay J. Insight into the location and dynamics of the annexin A2 N-terminal domain during Ca(2+)-induced membrane bridging. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2007; 1778:472-82. [PMID: 18068113 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Annexin A2 (AnxA2) is a Ca(2+)- and phospholipid-binding protein involved in many cellular regulatory processes. Like other annexins, it is constituted by two domains: a conserved core, containing the Ca(2+) binding sites, and a variable N-terminal segment, containing sites for interactions with other protein partners like S100A10 (p11). A wealth of data exists on the structure and dynamics of the core, but little is known about the N-terminal domain especially in the Ca(2+)-induced membrane-bridging process. To investigate this protein region in the monomeric AnxA2 and in the heterotetramer (AnxA2-p11)(2), the reactive Cys8 residue was specifically labelled with the fluorescent probe acrylodan and the interactions with membranes were studied by steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence. In membrane junctions formed by the (AnxA2-p11)(2) heterotetramer, the flexibility of the N-terminal domain increased as compared to the protein in solution. In "homotypic" membrane junctions formed by monomeric AnxA2, acrylodan moved to a more hydrophobic environment than in the protein in solution and the flexibility of the N-terminal domain also increased. In these junctions, this domain is probably not in close contact with the membrane surface, as suggested by the weak quenching of acrylodan observed with doxyl-PCs, but pairs of N-termini likely interact, as revealed by the excimer-forming probe pyrene-maleimide bound to Cys8. We present a model of monomeric AnxA2 N-terminal domain organization in "homotypic" bridged membranes in the presence of Ca(2+).
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21
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Krebs J, Heizmann CW. Calcium-binding proteins and the EF-hand principle. CALCIUM - A MATTER OF LIFE OR DEATH 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(06)41003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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22
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Konopka-Postupolska D. Annexins: putative linkers in dynamic membrane-cytoskeleton interactions in plant cells. PROTOPLASMA 2007; 230:203-15. [PMID: 17458635 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-006-0234-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane, the most external cellular structure, is at the forefront between the plant cell and its environment. Hence, it is naturally adapted to function in detection of external signals, their transduction throughout the cell, and finally, in cell reactions. Membrane lipids and the cytoskeleton, once regarded as simple and static structures, have recently been recognized as significant players in signal transduction. Proteins involved in signal detection and transduction are organised in specific domains at the plasma membrane. Their aggregation allows to bring together and orient the downstream and upstream members of signalling pathways. The cortical cytoskeleton provides a structural framework for rapid signal transduction from the cell periphery into the nucleus. It leads to intracellular reorganisation and wide-scale modulation of cellular metabolism which results in accumulation of newly synthesised proteins and/or secondary metabolites which, in turn, have to be distributed to the appropriate cell compartments. And again, in plant cells, the secretory vesicles that govern polar cellular transport are delivered to their target membranes by interaction with actin microfilaments. In search for factors that could govern subsequent steps of the cell response delineated above we focused on an evolutionary conserved protein family, the annexins, that bind in a calcium-dependent manner to membrane phospholipids. Annexins were proposed to regulate dynamic changes in membrane architecture and to organise the interface between secretory vesicles and the membrane. Certain proteins from this family were also identified as actin binding, making them ideal mediators in cell membrane and cytoskeleton interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Konopka-Postupolska
- Laboratory of Plant Pathogenesis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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23
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Hayes MJ, Shao D, Bailly M, Moss SE. Regulation of actin dynamics by annexin 2. EMBO J 2006; 25:1816-26. [PMID: 16601677 PMCID: PMC1456940 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexin 2 is a ubiquitous Ca(2+)-binding protein that is essential for actin-dependent vesicle transport. Here, we show that in spontaneously motile cells annexin 2 is concentrated in dynamic actin-rich protrusions, and that depletion of annexin 2 using siRNA leads to the accumulation of stress fibres and loss of protrusive and retractile activity. Cells co-expressing annexin 2-CFP and actin-YFP exhibit Ca(2+)-dependent fluorescense resonance energy transfer throughout the cytoplasm and in membrane ruffles and protrusions, suggesting that annexin 2 may directly interact with actin. This notion was supported by biochemical studies, in which we show that annexin 2 reduces the polymerisation rate of actin monomers in a dose-dependent manner. By measuring actin polymerisation rates in the presence of barbed-end and pointed-end cappers, we further demonstrate that annexin 2 specifically inhibits filament elongation at the barbed ends. These results show that annexin 2 has an essential role in maintaining the plasticity of the dynamic membrane-associated actin cytoskeleton, and that its activity in this context may be at least partly explained through direct interactions with polymerised and monomeric actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Hayes
- Division of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dongmin Shao
- Division of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Maryse Bailly
- Division of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen E Moss
- Division of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
- Division of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK. Tel.: +44 207 608 6973; Fax: +44 207 608 4034; E-mail:
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24
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Falsey RR, Marron MT, Gunaherath GMKB, Shirahatti N, Mahadevan D, Gunatilaka AAL, Whitesell L. Actin microfilament aggregation induced by withaferin A is mediated by annexin II. Nat Chem Biol 2005; 2:33-8. [PMID: 16408090 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2005] [Accepted: 11/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton supports diverse cellular processes such as endocytosis, oriented growth, adhesion and migration. The dynamic nature of the cytoskeleton, however, has made it difficult to define the roles of the many accessory molecules that modulate actin organization, especially the multifunctional adapter protein annexin II. We now report that the compound withaferin A (1) can alter cytoskeletal architecture in a previously unknown manner by covalently binding annexin II and stimulating its basal F-actin cross-linking activity. Drug-mediated disruption of F-actin organization is dependent on annexin II expression by cells and markedly limits their migratory and invasive capabilities at subcytotoxic concentrations. Given the extensive ethnobotanical history of withaferin-containing plant preparations in the treatment of cancer and inflammatory and neurological disorders, we suggest that annexin II represents a feasible, previously unexploited target for therapeutic intervention by small-molecule drugs.
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25
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Abstract
Annexin A2 (ANXA2) is a Ca(2+)-binding protein that is up-regulated in virally transformed cell lines and in human tumors. Here, we show that ANXA2 binds directly to both ribonucleotide homopolymers and human c-myc RNA. ANXA2 was shown to bind specifically to poly(G) with high affinity (K(d) = 60 nM) and not to poly(A), poly(C), or poly(U). The binding of ANXA2 to poly(G) required Ca(2+) (A(50%) = 10 microM). The presence of RNA in the immunoprecipitates of ANXA2 isolated from HeLa cells established that ANXA2 formed a ribonucleoprotein complex in vivo. Sucrose gradient analysis showed that ANXA2 associates with ribonucleoprotein complexes and not with polyribosomes. Reverse transcriptase-PCR identified c-myc mRNA as a component of the ribonucleoprotein complex formed by ANXA2 in vivo, and binding studies confirmed a direct interaction between ANXA2 and c-myc mRNA. Transfection of LNCaP cells with the ANXA2 gene resulted in the up-regulation of c-Myc protein. These findings identify ANXA2 as a Ca(2+)-dependent RNA-binding protein that interacts with the mRNA of the nuclear oncogene, c-myc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan R Filipenko
- Cancer Biology Research Group, Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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26
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Hayes MJ, Merrifield CJ, Shao D, Ayala-Sanmartin J, Schorey CD, Levine TP, Proust J, Curran J, Bailly M, Moss SE. Annexin 2 binding to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate on endocytic vesicles is regulated by the stress response pathway. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:14157-64. [PMID: 14734570 PMCID: PMC1351152 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m313025200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexin 2 is a Ca(2+)-binding protein that has an essential role in actin-dependent macropinosome motility. We show here that macropinosome rocketing can be induced by hyperosmotic shock, either alone or synergistically when combined with phorbol ester or pervanadate. Rocketing was blocked by inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase(s), p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, and calcium, suggesting the involvement of phosphoinositide signaling. Since various phosphoinositides are enriched on inwardly mobile vesicles, we examined whether or not annexin 2 binds to any of this class of phospholipid. In liposome sedimentation assays, we show that recombinant annexin 2 binds to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns-4,5P(2)) but not to other poly- and mono-phosphoinositides. The affinity of annexin 2 for PtdIns-4,5P(2) (K(D) approximately 5 microm) is comparable with those reported for a variety of PtdIns-4,5P(2)-binding proteins and is enhanced in the presence of Ca(2+). Although annexin 1 also bound to PtdIns-4,5P(2), annexin 5 did not, indicating that this is not a generic annexin property. To test whether annexin 2 binds to PtdIns-4,5P(2) in vivo, we microinjected rat basophilic leukemia cells stably expressing annexin 2-green fluorescent protein (GFP) with fluorescently tagged antibodies to PtdIns-4,5P(2). Annexin 2-GFP and anti-PtdIns-4,5P(2) IgG co-localize at sites of pinosome formation, and annexin 2-GFP relocalizes to intracellular membranes in Ptk cells microinjected with Arf6Q67L, which has been shown to stimulate PtdIns-4,5P(2) synthesis on pinosomes through activation of phosphatidylinositol 5 kinase. These results establish a novel phospholipid-binding specificity for annexin 2 consistent with a role in mediating the interaction between the macropinosome surface and the polymerized actin tail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Hayes
- From the Division of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom, the
| | - Christien J. Merrifield
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Dongmin Shao
- From the Division of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom, the
| | - Jesus Ayala-Sanmartin
- INSERM U538, Trafic membranaire et signalization dans les cellules épithéliales, CHU Saint Antoine, 27, rue Chaligny, 75012 Paris, France, the
| | - Crislyn D’Souza Schorey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-0369, and
| | - Tim P. Levine
- From the Division of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom, the
| | - Jezabel Proust
- UMR 5546 CNRS/Université P. Sabatier, Pôle de Biotechnologies Végétales, 24, chemin de Borde Rouge, B.P. 17 Auzeville, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Julie Curran
- From the Division of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom, the
| | - Maryse Bailly
- From the Division of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom, the
| | - Stephen E. Moss
- From the Division of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom, the
- ‡‡ To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 020-7608-6973; Fax: 020-7608-4034; E-mail:
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Mizwicki MT, Bishop JE, Olivera CJ, Huhtakangas J, Norman AW. Evidence that annexin II Is not a putative membrane receptor for 1?,25(OH)2-vitamin D3. J Cell Biochem 2004; 91:852-63. [PMID: 14991775 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The seco-steroid hormone 1alpha,25(OH)(2)-vitamin D(3) (1,25-D(3)) is known to generate biological responses via both genomic and non-genomic rapid signal transduction pathways. The calcium regulated annexin II/p11 heterotetramer (AII(2)/p11(2)] was proposed by Baran and co-authors to be the membrane receptor responsible for mediating non-genomic, rapid actions of 1,25-D(3), based on ligand affinity labeling, competition, and saturation analysis experiments. Given the cytosolic presence of both the monomeric and heterotetrameric form of AII and their functional regulation by intracellular calcium concentrations, which are known to be affected by 1,25-D(3) rapid, non-genomic activities, we investigated in vitro the affinity of [(3)H]1,25-D(3) for the AII monomer and AII(2)/p11(2) in the absence and presence of calcium using saturation analysis and gel-filtration chromatography. Using two different techniques for separating bound from free ligand (perchlorate and hydroxylapatite (HAP)) over a series of 30 experiments, no evidence for specific binding of [(3)H]1,25-D(3) was obtained with or without the presence of 700 nM exogenous calcium, using either the AII monomer or AII(2)/p11(2). However saturable binding of [(3)H]1,25-D(3) to the lipid raft/caveolae enriched rat intestinal fraction was consistently observed (K(d) = 3.0 nM; B(max) = 45 fmols/mg total protein). AII was detected in lipid raft/caveolae enriched fractions from rat and mouse intestine and ROS 17/2.8 and NB4 cells by Western blot, but incubation in the presence of exogenous calcium did not ablate 1,25-D(3) binding as reported by Baran et al. Our results suggest that AII does not bind 1,25-D(3) in a physiologically relevant manner; however, recent studies linking AII(2)/p11(2) phosphorylation to vesicle fusion and its calcium regulated localization may make AII a possible down-stream substrate for 1,25-D(3) induced rapid cellular effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew T Mizwicki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside California 92521, USA
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Lambert O, Cavusoglu N, Gallay J, Vincent M, Rigaud JL, Henry JP, Ayala-Sanmartin J. Novel organization and properties of annexin 2-membrane complexes. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:10872-82. [PMID: 14701819 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m313657200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexin 2 belongs to the annexin family of proteins that bind to phospholipid membranes in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. Here we show that, under mild acidic conditions, annexin 2 binds to and aggregates membranes containing anionic phospholipids, a fact that questions the mechanism of its interaction with membranes via Ca(2+) bridges only. The H(+) sensitivity of annexin 2-mediated aggregation is modulated by lipid composition (i.e. cholesterol content). Cryo-electron microscopy of aggregated liposomes revealed that both the monomeric and the tetrameric forms of the protein form bridges between the liposomes at acidic pH. Monomeric annexin 2 induced two different organizations of the membrane junctions. The first resembled that obtained at pH 7 in the presence of Ca(2+). For the tetramer, the arrangement was different. These bridges seemed more flexible than the Ca(2+)-mediated junctions allowing the invagination of membranes. Time-resolved fluorescence analysis at mild acidic pH and the measurement of Stokes radius revealed that the protein undergoes conformational changes similar to those induced by Ca(2+). Labeling with the lipophilic probe 3-(trifluoromethyl)-3-(m-[(125)I]iodophenyl)diazirine indicated that the protein has access to the hydrophobic part of the membrane at both acidic pH in the absence of Ca(2+) and at neutral pH in the presence of Ca(2+). Models for the membrane interactions of annexin 2 at neutral pH in the presence of Ca(2+) and at acidic pH are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Lambert
- Unité de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire de la Sécrétion, CNRS UPR 1929, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005 Paris, France
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Liu J, Rothermund CA, Ayala-Sanmartin J, Vishwanatha JK. Nuclear annexin II negatively regulates growth of LNCaP cells and substitution of ser 11 and 25 to glu prevents nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling of annexin II. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2003; 4:10. [PMID: 12962548 PMCID: PMC200965 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-4-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2003] [Accepted: 09/09/2003] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Annexin II heavy chain (also called p36, calpactin I) is lost in prostate cancers and in a majority of prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). Loss of annexin II heavy chain appears to be specific for prostate cancer since overexpression of annexin II is observed in a majority of human cancers, including pancreatic cancer, breast cancer and brain tumors. Annexin II exists as a heterotetramer in complex with a protein ligand p11 (S100A10), and as a monomer. Diverse cellular functions are proposed for the two forms of annexin II. The monomer is involved in DNA synthesis. A leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES) in the N-terminus of annexin II regulates its nuclear export by the CRM1-mediated nuclear export pathway. Mutation of the NES sequence results in nuclear retention of annexin II. RESULTS Annexin II localized in the nucleus is phosphorylated, and the appearance of nuclear phosphorylated annexin II is cell cycle dependent, indicating that phosphorylation may play a role in nuclear entry, retention or export of annexin II. By exogenous expression of annexin II in the annexin II-null LNCaP cells, we show that wild-type annexin II is excluded from the nucleus, whereas the NES mutant annexin II localizes in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Nuclear retention of annexin II results in reduced cell proliferation and increased doubling time of cells. Expression of annexin II, both wild type and NES mutant, causes morphological changes of the cells. By site-specific substitution of glutamic acid in the place of serines 11 and 25 in the N-terminus, we show that simultaneous phosphorylation of both serines 11 and 25, but not either one alone, prevents nuclear localization of annexin II. CONCLUSION Our data show that nuclear annexin II is phosphorylated in a cell cycle-dependent manner and that substitution of serines 11 and 25 inhibit nuclear entry of annexin II. Aberrant accumulation of nuclear annexin II retards proliferation of LNCaP cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Christy A Rothermund
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jesus Ayala-Sanmartin
- INSERM U538, Trafic membranaire et signalisation dans les cellules épithéliales, CHU Saint Antoine, 27, rue Chaligny, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Jamboor K Vishwanatha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Hofmann A, Huber R. Structural Conservation and Functional Versatility: Allostery as a Common Annexin Feature. ANNEXINS 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9214-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Sopkova J, Raguenes-Nicol C, Vincent M, Chevalier A, Lewit-Bentley A, Russo-Marie F, Gallay J. Ca(2+) and membrane binding to annexin 3 modulate the structure and dynamics of its N terminus and domain III. Protein Sci 2002; 11:1613-25. [PMID: 12070314 PMCID: PMC2373663 DOI: 10.1110/ps.4230102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Annexin 3 (ANX A3) represents approximately 1% of the total protein of human neutrophils and promotes tight contact between membranes of isolated specific granules in vitro leading to their aggregation. Like for other annexins, the primary molecular events of the action of this protein is likely its binding to negatively charged phospholipid membranes in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner, via Ca(2+)-binding sites located on the convex side of the highly conserved core of the molecule. The conformation and dynamics of domain III can be affected by this process, as it was shown for other members of the family. The 20 amino-acid, N-terminal segment of the protein also could be affected and also might play a role in the modulation of its binding to the membranes. The structure and dynamics of these two regions were investigated by fluorescence of the two tryptophan residues of the protein (respectively, W190 in domain III and W5 in the N-terminal segment) in the wild type and in single-tryptophan mutants. By contrast to ANX A5, which shows a closed conformation and a buried W187 residue in the absence of Ca(2+), domain III of ANX A3 exhibits an open conformation and a widely solvent-accessible W190 residue in the same conditions. This is in agreement with the three-dimensional structure of the ANX A3-E231A mutant lacking the bidentate Ca(2+) ligand in domain III. Ca(2+) in the millimolar concentration range provokes nevertheless a large mobility increase of the W190 residue, while interaction with the membranes reduces it slightly. In the N-terminal region, the W5 residue, inserted in the central pore of the protein, is weakly accessible to the solvent and less mobile than W190. Its amplitude of rotation increases upon binding of Ca(2+) and returns to its original value when interacting with membranes. Ca(2+) concentration for half binding of the W5A mutant to negatively charged membranes is approximately 0.5 mM while it increases to approximately 1 mM for the ANX A3 wild type and to approximately 3 mM for the W190 ANX A3 mutant. In addition to the expected perturbation of the W190 environment at the contact surface between the protein and the membrane bilayer, binding of the protein to Ca(2+) and to membranes modulates the flexibility of the ANX A3 hinge region at the opposite of this interface and might affect its membrane permeabilizing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Sopkova
- L.U.R.E., Bâtiment 209D, Centre Universitaire Paris-Sud, F-91898 Orsay, France
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Faure AV, Migné C, Devilliers G, Ayala-Sanmartin J. Annexin 2 "secretion" accompanying exocytosis of chromaffin cells: possible mechanisms of annexin release. Exp Cell Res 2002; 276:79-89. [PMID: 11978010 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2002.5512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Annexin 2 is a Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipid-binding protein that is involved in secretion. Despite the fact that this protein does not have signals for its secretion, many reports have shown its presence in the extracellular milieu. Here we demonstrate that, upon stimulation of exocytosis in chromaffin cells, a fraction of annexin 2 is secreted into the culture medium. This release of annexin 2 is specific, correlated with catecholamine secretion, and independent of cell death. To explain the liberation of cytosolic annexin 2 into the medium, we propose and bring evidence for a mechanism of multiporic membrane disruption during membrane fusion. Prior, in cross-linking experiments, annexin 2 forms aggregates of high molecular weight, revealing its capacity to form networks. Second, immunoelectron microscopy studies of fused chromaffin granules revealed the presence of annexin 2 and membrane proteins inside the fused vesicles, as would be predicted by the multiporic hypotheses. These data suggest that annexin 2 "secretion" in chromaffin cells is the consequence of membrane disruption during exocytosis. The role of annexin 2 in exocytosis is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane-Valérie Faure
- INSERM U332, Signalisation, Inflammation et Transformation Cellulaire, 22 rue Méchain, 75014 Paris, France
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Abstract
We have compiled a comprehensive list of the articles published in the year 2000 that describe work employing commercial optical biosensors. Selected reviews of interest for the general biosensor user are highlighted. Emerging applications in areas of drug discovery, clinical support, food and environment monitoring, and cell membrane biology are emphasized. In addition, the experimental design and data processing steps necessary to achieve high-quality biosensor data are described and examples of well-performed kinetic analysis are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Ayala-Sanmartin J. Cholesterol enhances phospholipid binding and aggregation of annexins by their core domain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 283:72-9. [PMID: 11322769 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Annexins are Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins composed of two domains: A conserved core that is responsible for Ca(2+)- and phospholipid-binding, and a variable N-terminal tail. A Ca(2+)-independent annexin 2-membrane association has been shown to be modulated by the presence of cholesterol in the membranes. Herein, the roles of the core and the N-terminal tail on the cholesterol-enhancement of annexin 2 membrane binding and aggregation were studied. The results show that (i) the cholesterol-mediated increase in membrane binding and in the Ca(2+) sensitivity for membrane aggregation were not modified by a N-terminal peptide (residues 15-26), and were conserved in mutants of the N-terminal end (S11 and S25 substitutions); (ii) cholesterol induced an increase in the Ca(2+)-dependent membrane binding and aggregation of the N-terminally truncated protein (Delta 1-29); and (iii) annexins 5 and 6, two proteins with unrelated N-terminal tails and homologous core domains showed a cholesterol-mediated enhancement of the Ca(2+)-dependent binding to membranes. These data indicate that the core domain is responsible for the cholesterol-mediated effects. A model for the cholesterol effect in membrane organisation, annexin binding and aggregation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ayala-Sanmartin
- INSERM U332, Signalisation, Inflammation et Transformation Cellulaire, Institut Cochin de Génétique Moléculaire, 22 rue Méchain, Paris, 75014, France.
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