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Wang F, Sun H, Kang C, Yan J, Chen J, Feng X, Yang B. Genomic island-encoded regulatory proteins in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Virulence 2024; 15:2313407. [PMID: 38357901 PMCID: PMC10877973 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2313407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is an important zoonotic pathogen that is a major cause of foodborne diseases in most developed and developing countries and can cause uncomplicated diarrhoea, haemorrhagic colitis, and haemolytic uraemic syndrome. O islands (OIs), which are unique genomic islands in EHEC O157:H7, are composed of 177 isolated genomic features and harbour 26% of the total genes that are absent in the non-pathogenic E. coli K-12 genome. In the last twenty years, many OI-encoded proteins have been characterized, including proteins regulating virulence, motility, and acid resistance. Given the critical role of regulatory proteins in the systematic and hierarchical regulation of bacterial biological processes, this review summarizes the OI-encoded regulatory proteins in EHEC O157:H7 characterized to date, emphasizing OI-encoded regulatory proteins for bacterial virulence, motility, and acid resistance. This summary will be significant for further exploration and understanding of the virulence and pathogenesis of EHEC O157:H7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Intensive Care Unit, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongmin Sun
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenbo Kang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Yan
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingnan Chen
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuequan Feng
- Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Yang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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2
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Goddard C, Nejman-Faleńczyk B, Donaldson LW. The NMR structure of the Ea22 lysogenic developmental protein from lambda bacteriophage. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2685. [PMID: 38302537 PMCID: PMC10834534 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52996-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The ea22 gene resides in a relatively uncharacterized region of the lambda bacteriophage genome between the exo and xis genes and is among the earliest genes transcribed upon infection. In lambda and Shiga toxin-producing phages found in enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) associated with food poisoning, Ea22 favors a lysogenic over lytic developmental state. The Ea22 protein may be considered in terms of three domains: a short amino-terminal domain, a coiled-coiled domain, and a carboxy-terminal domain (CTD). While the full-length protein is tetrameric, the CTD is dimeric when expressed individually. Here, we report the NMR solution structure of the Ea22 CTD that is described by a mixed alpha-beta fold with a dimer interface reinforced by salt bridges. A conserved mobile loop may serve as a ligand for an unknown host protein that works with Ea22 to promote bacterial survival and the formation of new lysogens. From sequence and structural comparisons, the CTD distinguishes lambda Ea22 from homologs encoded by Shiga toxin-producing bacteriophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Goddard
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J1P3, Canada
| | | | - Logan W Donaldson
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J1P3, Canada.
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Liu B, Jiang L, Liu Y, Sun H, Yan J, Kang C, Yang B. Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli utilizes host- and microbiota-derived L-malate as a signaling molecule for intestinal colonization. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7227. [PMID: 37945607 PMCID: PMC10636207 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43149-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian gastrointestinal tract is a complex environment that hosts a diverse microbial community. To establish infection, bacterial pathogens must be able to compete with the indigenous microbiota for nutrients, as well as sense the host environment and modulate the expression of genes essential for colonization and virulence. Here, we found that enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 imports host- and microbiota-derived L-malate using the DcuABC transporters and converts these substrates into fumarate to fuel anaerobic fumarate respiration during infection, thereby promoting its colonization of the host intestine. Moreover, L-malate is important not only for nutrient metabolism but also as a signaling molecule that activates virulence gene expression in EHEC O157:H7. The complete virulence-regulating pathway was elucidated; the DcuS/DcuR two-component system senses high L-malate levels and transduces the signal to the master virulence regulator Ler, which in turn activates locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) genes to promote EHEC O157:H7 adherence to epithelial cells of the large intestine. Disruption of this virulence-regulating pathway by deleting either dcuS or dcuR significantly reduced colonization by EHEC O157:H7 in the infant rabbit intestinal tract; therefore, targeting these genes and altering physiological aspects of the intestinal environment may offer alternatives for EHEC infection treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Lingyan Jiang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yutao Liu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Hongmin Sun
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yan
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Chenbo Kang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Bin Yang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China.
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China.
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Matsumoto K, Fukuda Y, Inoue T. Crystal structures of QseE and QseG: elements of a three-component system from Escherichia coli. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2023; 79:285-293. [PMID: 37877621 PMCID: PMC10619210 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x23009123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria regulate virulence by using two-component systems (TCSs) composed of a histidine kinase (HK) and a response regulator (RR). TCSs respond to environmental signals and change gene-expression levels. The HK QseE and the RR QseF regulate the virulence of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria such as enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. The operon encoding QseE/QseF also contains a gene encoding an outer membrane lipoprotein, qseG. The protein product QseG interacts with QseE in the periplasmic space to control the activity of QseE and constitutes a unique QseE/F/G three-component system. However, the structural bases of their functions are unknown. Here, crystal structures of the periplasmic regions of QseE and QseG were determined with the help of AlphaFold models. The periplasmic region of QseE has a helix-bundle structure as found in some HKs. The QseG structure is composed of an N-terminal globular domain and a long C-terminal helix forming a coiled-coil-like structure that contributes to dimerization. Comparison of QseG structures obtained from several crystallization conditions shows that QseG has structural polymorphisms at the C-terminus of the coiled-coil structure, indicating that the C-terminus is flexible. The C-terminal flexibility is derived from conserved hydrophilic residues that reduce the hydrophobic interaction at the coiled-coil interface. Electrostatic surface analysis suggests that the C-terminal coiled-coil region can interact with QseE. The observed structural fluctuation of the C-terminus of QseG is probably important for interaction with QseE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-6, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yohta Fukuda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-6, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-6, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Mosadegh S, Abtahi H, Amani J, Karizi SZ, Salmanian AH. Protective immunization against Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae Type 1 by chitosan nanoparticle loaded with recombinant chimeric antigens comprising EIT and STX1B-IpaD. Microb Pathog 2023; 184:106344. [PMID: 37704060 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence demonstrated that Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (S. dysenteriae1) are considered pathogens, that are connected with diarrhea and are still the greatest cause of death in children under the age of five years, worldwide. EHEC and S. dysenteriae 1 infections can be prevented and managed using a vaccination strategy against pathogen attachment stages. In this study, the chitosan nanostructures were loaded with recombinant EIT and STX1B-IpaD polypeptides. The immunogenic properties of this nano-vaccine candidate were investigated. The EIT and STX1B-IpaD recombinant proteins were heterologous expressed, purified, and confirmed by western blotting. The chitosan nanoparticles, were used to encapsulate the purified proteins. The immunogenicity of recombinant nano vaccine candidate, was examined in three groups of BalB/c mice by injection, oral delivery, and combination of oral-injection. ELISA and antibody titer, evaluated the humoral immune response. Finally, all three mice groups were challenged by two pathogens to test the ability of the nano-vaccine candidate to protect against bacterial infection. The Sereny test in guinea pigs was used to confirm the neutralizing effect of immune sera in controlling S. dysenteriae 1, infections. SDS-PAGE and western blotting, confirmed the presence and specificity of 63 and 27 kDa recombinant EIT and STX1B-IpaD, respectively. The results show that the nanoparticles containing recombinant proteins could stimulate the systemic and mucosal immune systems by producing IgG and IgA, respectively. The challenge test showed that, the candidate nano-vaccine could protect the animal model from bacterial infection. The combination of multiple recombinant proteins, carrying several epitopes and natural nanoparticles could evocate remarkable humoral and mucosal responses and improve the protection properties of synthetic antigens. Furthermore, compared with other available antigen delivery methods, using oral delivery as immune priming and injection as a booster method, could act as combinatorial methods to achieve a higher level of immunity. This approach could present an appropriate vaccine candidate against both EHEC and S. dysenteriae 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Mosadegh
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Abtahi
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Jafar Amani
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shohreh Zare Karizi
- Department of Biology, Varamin Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Pishva, Varamin, Iran
| | - Ali Hatef Salmanian
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
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Sheng H, Wu S, Xue Y, Zhao W, Caplan AB, Hovde CJ, Minnich SA. Engineering conjugative CRISPR-Cas9 systems for the targeted control of enteric pathogens and antibiotic resistance. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291520. [PMID: 37699034 PMCID: PMC10497133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica pose serious public health threats due to their ability to cause severe gastroenteritis and life-threatening sequela, particularly in young children. Moreover, the emergence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance in these bacteria have complicated control of infections. Alternative strategies that effectively target these enteric pathogens and negate or reduce the need of antibiotics are urgently needed. Such an alternative is the CRISPR-Cas9 system because it can generate sequence-specific lethal double stranded DNA breaks. In this study, two self-transmissible broad host range conjugative plasmids, pRK24 and pBP136, were engineered to deliver multiplexed CRSIPR-Cas9 systems that specifically target Enterohemorrhagic and Enteropathogenic strains of E. coli (EHEC and EPEC), S. enterica, and blaCMY-2 antibiotic resistance plasmids. Using in vitro mating assays, we show that the conjugative delivery of pRK24-CRISPR-Cas9 carrying guide RNAs to the EPEC/EHEC eae (intimin) gene can selectively kill enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157 eae+ cells (3 log kill at 6 h) but does not kill the isogenic Δeae mutant (P<0.001). Similar results were also obtained with a pBP136 derivative, pTF16, carrying multiplexed guide RNAs targeting E. coli eae and the S. enterica ssaN gene coding for the type III secretion ATPase. Another pBP136 derivative, TF18, carries guide RNAs targeting S. enterica ssaN and the antibiotic resistance gene, blaCMY-2, carried on the multi-drug resistant pAR06302. Introduction of pTF18 into bacteria harboring pAR06302 showed plasmids were cured at an efficiency of 53% (P<0.05). Using a murine neonate EPEC infection model, pTF16 was delivered by a murine derived E. coli strain to EPEC infected mice and showed significant reductions of intestinal EPEC (P<0.05). These results suggest that establishing conjugative CRISPR-Cas9 antimicrobials in the intestinal microbiome may provide protection from enteric pathogens and reduce antibiotic resistance without disrupting the normal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Sheng
- Animal, Veterinary and Food Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Sarah Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Yansong Xue
- Animal, Veterinary and Food Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Wei Zhao
- Animal, Veterinary and Food Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Allan B. Caplan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Carolyn J. Hovde
- Animal, Veterinary and Food Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Scott A. Minnich
- Animal, Veterinary and Food Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
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Wi SM, Kim SK, Lee JB, Yoon JW. Acid tolerance of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain ATCC 43894 and its relationship with a large virulence plasmid pO157. Vet Microbiol 2023; 284:109833. [PMID: 37515979 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 is a zoonotic pathogen that causes a severe intestinal infection including hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans. Various factors contribute to its pathogenesis, including a large virulence plasmid pO157. This F-like 92-kb plasmid is isolated in virtually all clinical EHEC isolates, and is considered a hallmark of EHEC virulence. A previous report stated that removal of pO157 from EHEC ATCC 43894 induced overexpression of GadAB that are essential in glutamate-dependent acid resistance (GDAR) system, yet the mechanism remains elusive. Based on this observation, we surmised that pO157 is involved in the regulation of GDAR system. We comparatively analyzed 43894 and its pO157-cured (ΔpO157) mutant 277 for i) their acid resistance, ii) changes in the transcriptional profiles and iii) expression of GDAR associated genes/proteins. Survivability of 43894 upon exposure to acidic conditions was significantly lower than the ΔpO157 mutant. In addition, RNA-sequencing revealed that genes involved in GDAR were significantly down-regulated in 43894 when compared to the ΔpO157 mutant. Exogenous expression of GadE in 43894 led to expression of GadAB, suggesting possible intervention of pO157 in GDAR regulation. Despite these findings, reintroduction of pO157 into 277 did not reverted Gad overexpression. Likewise, removing pO157 from 43894 using the plasmid incompatibility method did not induce Gad overexpression as shown in 277. Taken together, the results suggest that variation in acid resistance among EHEC isolates exists, and the large virulence plasmid pO157 has no effect on weak acid resistance phenotype displayed in 43894.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Mi Wi
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Kye Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Bong Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Won Yoon
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Melchior K, Salgaço MK, Sivieri K, Moreira CG. QseC sensor kinase modulates the human microbiota during enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME®). Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:1-14. [PMID: 36469301 PMCID: PMC9943815 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00877-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is an important gastrointestinal pathogen known for its ability to cause hemorrhagic colitis and induce hemolytic-uremic syndrome. The inner membrane QseC histidine kinase sensor has shown to be an important regulator of the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) island, where important EHEC key virulence genes are located. However, the QseC role during EHEC infection in human microbiota remains unknown. Herein, using the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME®), we investigated whether the QseC sensor has a role in human microbiota modulation by EHEC in a dynamic model. Our data demonstrated that the QseC sensor modulates human microbiota during EHEC infection, and its absence leads to an increase in Lactobacillaceae and Bifidobacterium genus predominance, although non-effect on Bacteroides genus by EHEC strains was observed. In co-culture, the Lactobacillus acidophilus has affected EHEC growth and impaired the EHEC growth under space-niche competition, although no growth difference was observed in the QseC sensor presence. Also, differences in EHEC growth were not detected in competition with Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and EHEC strains did not affect B. thetaiotaomicron growth either. When investigating the mechanisms behind the SHIME results, we found that hcp-2 expression for the type 6 secretion system, known to be involved in bacterial competition, is under QseC sensor regulation beneath different environmental signals, such as glucose and butyrate. Our findings broaden the knowledge about the QseC sensor in modulating the human microbiota and its importance for EHEC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Melchior
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Mateus Kawata Salgaço
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Katia Sivieri
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Gallina Moreira
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil.
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Popov G, Fiebig-Comyn A, Syriste L, Little DJ, Skarina T, Stogios PJ, Birstonas S, Coombes BK, Savchenko A. Distinct Molecular Features of NleG Type 3 Secreted Effectors Allow for Different Roles during Citrobacter rodentium Infection in Mice. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0050522. [PMID: 36511702 PMCID: PMC9872709 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00505-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The NleGs are the largest family of type 3 secreted effectors in attaching and effacing (A/E) pathogens, such as enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), enteropathogenic E. coli, and Citrobacter rodentium. NleG effectors contain a conserved C-terminal U-box domain acting as a ubiquitin protein ligase and target host proteins via a variable N-terminal portion. The specific roles of these effectors during infection remain uncertain. Here, we demonstrate that the three NleG effectors-NleG1Cr, NleG7Cr, and NleG8Cr-encoded by C. rodentium DBS100 play distinct roles during infection in mice. Using individual nleGCr knockout strains, we show that NleG7Cr contributes to bacterial survival during enteric infection while NleG1Cr promotes the expression of diarrheal symptoms and NleG8Cr contributes to accelerated lethality in susceptible mice. Furthermore, the NleG8Cr effector contains a C-terminal PDZ domain binding motif that enables interaction with the host protein GOPC. Both the PDZ domain binding motif and the ability to engage with host ubiquitination machinery via the intact U-box domain proved to be necessary for NleG8Cr function, contributing to the observed phenotype during infection. We also establish that the PTZ binding motif in the EHEC NleG8 (NleG8Ec) effector, which shares 60% identity with NleG8Cr, is engaged in interactions with human GOPC. The crystal structure of the NleG8Ec C-terminal peptide in complex with the GOPC PDZ domain, determined to 1.85 Å, revealed a conserved interaction mode similar to that observed between GOPC and eukaryotic PDZ domain binding motifs. Despite these common features, nleG8Ec does not complement the ΔnleG8Cr phenotype during infection, revealing functional diversification between these NleG effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgy Popov
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aline Fiebig-Comyn
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lukas Syriste
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dustin J. Little
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tatiana Skarina
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Toronto University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter J. Stogios
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Toronto University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Birstonas
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian K. Coombes
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexei Savchenko
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Toronto University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Vogt SL, Serapio-Palacios A, Woodward SE, Santos AS, de Vries SP, Daigneault MC, Brandmeier LV, Grant AJ, Maskell DJ, Allen-Vercoe E, Finlay BB. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli responds to gut microbiota metabolites by altering metabolism and activating stress responses. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2190303. [PMID: 36951510 PMCID: PMC10038027 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2190303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a major cause of severe bloody diarrhea, with potentially lethal complications, such as hemolytic uremic syndrome. In humans, EHEC colonizes the colon, which is also home to a diverse community of trillions of microbes known as the gut microbiota. Although these microbes and the metabolites that they produce represent an important component of EHEC's ecological niche, little is known about how EHEC senses and responds to the presence of gut microbiota metabolites. In this study, we used a combined RNA-Seq and Tn-Seq approach to characterize EHEC's response to metabolites from an in vitro culture of 33 human gut microbiota isolates (MET-1), previously demonstrated to effectively resolve recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection in human patients. Collectively, the results revealed that EHEC adjusts to growth in the presence of microbiota metabolites in two major ways: by altering its metabolism and by activating stress responses. Metabolic adaptations to the presence of microbiota metabolites included increased expression of systems for maintaining redox balance and decreased expression of biotin biosynthesis genes, reflecting the high levels of biotin released by the microbiota into the culture medium. In addition, numerous genes related to envelope and oxidative stress responses (including cpxP, spy, soxS, yhcN, and bhsA) were upregulated during EHEC growth in a medium containing microbiota metabolites. Together, these results provide insight into the molecular mechanisms by which pathogens adapt to the presence of competing microbes in the host environment, which ultimately may enable the development of therapies to enhance colonization resistance and prevent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie L. Vogt
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Sarah E. Woodward
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew S. Santos
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stefan P.W. de Vries
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle C. Daigneault
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa V. Brandmeier
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew J. Grant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Duncan J. Maskell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emma Allen-Vercoe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - B. Brett Finlay
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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11
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Park JY, Kim CH, Cho SH. Glycan-Adhering Lectins and Experimental Evaluation of a Lectin FimH Inhibitor in Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 Strain EDL933. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179931. [PMID: 36077327 PMCID: PMC9455959 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we tried to develop a FimH inhibitor that inhibits adhesion of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) on the epithelium of human intestine during the initial stage of infections. Using a T7 phage display method with a reference strain, EHEC EDL933, FimH was selected as an adherent lectin to GM1a and Gb3 glycans. In order to detect the ligand binding domain (LBD) of FimH, we used a docking simulation and found three binding site sequences of FimH, i.e., P1, P2, and P3. Among Gb3 mimic peptides, P2 was found to have the strongest binding strength. Moreover, in vitro treatment with peptide P2 inhibited binding activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, we conducted confirmation experiments through several strains isolated from patients in Korea, EHEC NCCP15736, NCCP15737, and NCCP15739. In addition, we analyzed the evolutionary characteristics of the predicted FimH lectin-like adhesins to construct a lectin-glycan interaction (LGI). We selected 70 recently differentiated strains from the phylogenetic tree of 2240 strains with Shiga toxin in their genome. We can infer EHEC strains dynamically evolved but FimH was conserved during the evolution time according to the phylogenetic tree. Furthermore, FimH could be a reliable candidate of drug target in terms of evolution. We examined how pathogen lectins interact with host glycans early in infection in EDL933 as well as several field strains and confirmed that glycan-like peptides worked as an initial infection inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Young Park
- Division of Zoonotic and Vector Borne Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Science, Sung Kyunkwan University and Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology (SAIHST), Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Seung-Hak Cho
- Division of Zoonotic and Vector Borne Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju 28159, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-43-913-4899
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12
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Jin M, Chen J, Zhao X, Hu G, Wang H, Liu Z, Chen WH. An Engineered λ Phage Enables Enhanced and Strain-Specific Killing of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0127122. [PMID: 35876591 PMCID: PMC9431524 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01271-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages) are ideal alternatives to traditional antimicrobial agents in a world where antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is emerging and spreading at an unprecedented speed. In addition, due to their narrow host ranges, phages are also ideal tools to modulate the gut microbiota in which alterations of specific bacterial strains underlie human diseases, while dysbiosis caused by broad-spectrum antibiotics can be harmful. Here, we engineered a lambda phage (Eλ) to target enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) that causes a severe, sometimes lethal intestinal infection in humans. We enhanced the killing ability of the Eλ phage by incorporating a CRISPR-Cas3 system into the wild-type λ (wtλ) and the specificity by introducing multiple EHEC-targeting CRISPR spacers while knocking out the lytic gene cro. In vitro experiments showed that the Eλ suppressed the growth of EHEC up to 18 h compared with only 6 h with the wtλ; at the multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10, the Eλ killed the EHEC cells with ~100% efficiency and did not affect the growth of other laboratory- and human-gut isolated E. coli strains. In addition, the EHEC cells did not develop resistance to the Eλ. Mouse experiments further confirmed the enhanced and strain-specific killing of the Eλ to EHEC, while the overall mouse gut microbiota was not disturbed. Our methods can be used to target other genes that are responsible for antibiotic resistance genes and/or human toxins, engineer other phages, and support in vivo application of the engineered phages. IMPORTANCE Pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli are responsible for 0.8 million deaths per year and together ranked the first among all pathogenic species. Here, we obtained, for the first time, an engineered phage, Eλ, that could specifically and efficiently eliminate EHEC, one of the most common and often lethal pathogens that can spread from person to person. We verified the superior performance of the Eλ over the wild-type phage with in vitro and in vivo experiments and showed that the Eλ could suppress EHEC growth to nondetectable levels, fully rescue the EHEC-infected mice, and rescore disturbed mouse gut microbiota. Our results also indicated that the EHEC did not develop resistance to the Eλ, which has been the biggest challenge in phage therapy. We believe our methods can be used to target other pathogenic strains of E. coli and support in vivo application of the engineered phages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglu Jin
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging, Center for Artificial Intelligence Biology, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jingchao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging, Center for Artificial Intelligence Biology, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xueyang Zhao
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging, Center for Artificial Intelligence Biology, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guoru Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging, Center for Artificial Intelligence Biology, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hailei Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei-Hua Chen
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging, Center for Artificial Intelligence Biology, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institution of Medical Artificial Intelligence, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
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13
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Cherry JL. Recent Genetic Changes Affecting Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Causing Recurrent Outbreaks. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0050122. [PMID: 35467376 PMCID: PMC9241674 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00501-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) is responsible for significant human illness, death, and economic loss. The main reservoir for EHEC is cattle, but plant-based foods are common vectors for human infection. Several outbreaks have been attributed to lettuce and leafy green vegetables grown in the Salinas and Santa Maria regions of California. Bacteria causing different outbreaks are mostly not close relatives, but one group of closely-related O157:H7 has caused several of them. This unusual pattern of recurrence may have some genetic basis. Here I use whole-genome sequences to reconstruct the genetic changes that occurred in the recent ancestry of this EHEC. In a short period of time corresponding to little genetic change, there were several changes to adhesion-related sequences, mainly adhesins. These changes may have greatly altered the adhesive properties of the bacteria. Possible consequences include increased persistence of cattle infections, more bacteria shed in cattle feces, and greater virulence in humans. Similar constellations of genetic change, which are detectable by current sequencing-based surveillance, may identify other bacteria that are particular threats to human health. In addition, the Santa Maria subclade carries a nonsense mutation affecting ArsR, a repressor of genes that confer resistance to arsenic and antimony. This suggests that the persistent source of Santa Maria contamination is located in an area with arsenic-contaminated groundwater, a problem in many parts of California. This inference may aid identification of the reservoir of EHEC, which would greatly aid mitigation efforts. IMPORTANCE Food-borne bacterial infections cause substantial illness and death. Understanding how bacteria contaminate food and cause disease is important for combating the problem. Closely-related E. coli, likely originating in cattle, have repeatedly caused outbreaks spread by vegetables grown in California. Such recurrence is atypical, and might have a genetic basis. The genetic changes that occurred in the recent ancestry of these E. coli can be reconstructed from their DNA sequences. Several mutations affect genes involved in bacterial adhesion. These might affect persistence of infection in cattle, quantity of bacteria in their feces, and human disease. They also suggest a way of detecting dangerous bacteria from their genome sequences. Furthermore, a subgroup carries a mutation affecting the regulation of genes conferring arsenic resistance. This suggests that the reservoir for contamination utilizes groundwater contaminated with arsenic, a problem in parts of California. This observation may be an aid to locating the persistent reservoir of contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L. Cherry
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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14
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Sanchez-Garrido J, Ruano-Gallego D, Choudhary JS, Frankel G. The type III secretion system effector network hypothesis. Trends Microbiol 2022; 30:524-533. [PMID: 34840074 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Type III secretion system (T3SS) effectors are key virulence factors that underpin the infection strategy of many clinically important Gram-negative pathogens, including Salmonella enterica, Shigella spp., enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and their murine equivalent, Citrobacter rodentium. The cellular processes or proteins targeted by the effectors can be common to multiple pathogens or pathogen-specific. The main approach to understanding T3SS-mediated pathogenesis has been to determine the contribution of one effector at a time, with the aim of piecing together individual functions and unveiling infection mechanisms. However, in contrast to this prevailing approach, simultaneous deletion of multiple effectors revealed that they function as an interconnected network in vivo, uncovering effector codependency and context-dependent effector essentiality. This paradigm shift in T3SS biology is at the heart of this opinion article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sanchez-Garrido
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK.
| | - David Ruano-Gallego
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Centro de Astrobiología, Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INTA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jyoti S Choudhary
- Functional Proteomics Group, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Gad Frankel
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
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15
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Shimizu T, Onuki M, Suzuki S, Hirai S, Yokoyama E, Matsumoto A, Hamabata T. Enhanced production of Shiga toxin 1 in enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli by oxygen. Microbiology (Reading) 2021; 167. [PMID: 34951398 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) produces Shiga toxin 1 (Stx1) and Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2). Although stx1 and stx2 were found within the late operons of the Stx-encoding phages (Stx-phages), stx1 could mainly be transcribed from the stx1 promoter (P Stx1), which represents the functional operator-binding site (Fur box) for the transcriptional regulator Fur (ferric uptake regulator), upstream of stx1. In this study, we found that the production of Stx1 by EHEC was affected by oxygen concentration. Increased Stx1 production in the presence of oxygen is dependent on Fur, which is an Fe2+-responsive transcription factor. The intracellular Fe2+ pool was lower under microaerobic conditions than under anaerobic conditions, suggesting that lower Fe2+ availability drove the formation of less Fe2+-Fur, less DNA binding to the P Stx1 region, and an increase in Stx1 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Shimizu
- Departments of Molecular Infectiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Manami Onuki
- Departments of Molecular Infectiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Shin Suzuki
- Departments of Molecular Infectiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Hirai
- Department of Infectious Disease Risk Management Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Eiji Yokoyama
- Division of Bacteriology, Chiba Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 666-2 Nitona, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8715, Japan
| | - Akio Matsumoto
- Department of Aging Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Takashi Hamabata
- Department of Infectious Disease, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
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16
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Cointe A, Bizot E, Delannoy S, Fach P, Bidet P, Birgy A, Weill FX, Lefèvre S, Mariani-Kurkdjian P, Bonacorsi S. Emergence of New ST301 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Clones Harboring Extra-Intestinal Virulence Traits in Europe. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13100686. [PMID: 34678979 PMCID: PMC8537712 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
O80:H2 enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) of sequence type ST301 is one of the main serotypes causing European hemolytic and uremic syndrome, but also invasive infections, due to extra-intestinal virulence factors (VFs). Here, we determined whether other such heteropathotypes exist among ST301. EnteroBase was screened for ST301 strains that were included in a general SNP-phylogeny. French strains belonging to a new heteropathotype clone were sequenced. ST, hierarchical clusters (HC), serotype, resistome, and virulome were determined using EnteroBase, the CGE website, and local BLAST. The ST301 general phylogeny shows two groups. Group A (n = 25) is mainly composed of enteropathogenic E. coli, whereas group B (n = 55) includes mostly EHEC. Three serotypes, O186:H2, O45:H2 and O55:H9, share the same virulome as one of the O80:H2 sub-clones from which they derive subsequent O-antigen switches. The O55:H9 clone, mainly present in France (n = 29), as well as in the UK (n = 5) and Germany (n = 1), has a low background of genetic diversity (four HC20), although it has three Stx subtypes, an H-antigen switch, and genes encoding the major extra-intestinal VF yersiniabactin, and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Diverse heteropathotype clones genetically close to the O80:H2 clone are present among the ST301, requiring close European monitoring, especially the virulent O55:H9 clone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Cointe
- Service de Microbiologie, Centre National de Référence Escherichia coli, AP-HP, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, 75018 Paris, France; (E.B.); (P.B.); (A.B.); (P.M.-K.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Etienne Bizot
- Service de Microbiologie, Centre National de Référence Escherichia coli, AP-HP, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, 75018 Paris, France; (E.B.); (P.B.); (A.B.); (P.M.-K.); (S.B.)
| | - Sabine Delannoy
- Platform Identy Path, Food Safety Laboratory, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France; (S.D.); (P.F.)
| | - Patrick Fach
- Platform Identy Path, Food Safety Laboratory, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France; (S.D.); (P.F.)
| | - Philippe Bidet
- Service de Microbiologie, Centre National de Référence Escherichia coli, AP-HP, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, 75018 Paris, France; (E.B.); (P.B.); (A.B.); (P.M.-K.); (S.B.)
| | - André Birgy
- Service de Microbiologie, Centre National de Référence Escherichia coli, AP-HP, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, 75018 Paris, France; (E.B.); (P.B.); (A.B.); (P.M.-K.); (S.B.)
| | - François-Xavier Weill
- Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Institut Pasteur, Unités des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75015 Paris, France; (F.-X.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Sophie Lefèvre
- Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Institut Pasteur, Unités des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75015 Paris, France; (F.-X.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Patricia Mariani-Kurkdjian
- Service de Microbiologie, Centre National de Référence Escherichia coli, AP-HP, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, 75018 Paris, France; (E.B.); (P.B.); (A.B.); (P.M.-K.); (S.B.)
| | - Stéphane Bonacorsi
- Service de Microbiologie, Centre National de Référence Escherichia coli, AP-HP, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, 75018 Paris, France; (E.B.); (P.B.); (A.B.); (P.M.-K.); (S.B.)
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17
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O'Boyle N, Roe AJ. Heterogeneity in populations of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli undergoing D-serine adaptation. Curr Genet 2021; 67:221-224. [PMID: 33219834 PMCID: PMC8032621 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-020-01130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic and genetic heterogeneities are conserved features of prokaryotic populations. During periods of stress, this programmed diversity increases the likelihood that variants within the population will survive the adverse conditions, allowing for proliferation. Phenotypic heterogeneity can have a mutational or indeed a non-mutational basis as observed in bet-hedging strategies adopted by antibiotic-tolerant persister cells. Genetic variants can arise by phase variation (slip-strand mispairing, promoter inversions etc.), nucleotide polymorphisms resulting from replication errors or larger rearrangements such as deletions and insertions. In the face of selective pressures, these alterations may be neutral, beneficial or deleterious.We recently described the genetic basis of tolerance to a normally toxic metabolite, D-serine (D-ser) in enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). Here we summarize our work in the context of population dynamics, provide further discussion on the distinction between these tolerance mechanisms and the importance of heterogeneity for maximising adaptive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky O'Boyle
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
| | - Andrew J Roe
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
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18
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Eybpoosh S, Mostaan S, Gouya MM, Masoumi-Asl H, Owlia P, Eshrati B, Montazer Razavi Khorasan MR, Bouzari S. Frequency of five Escherichia Coli pathotypes in Iranian adults and children with acute diarrhea. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245470. [PMID: 33539359 PMCID: PMC7861387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Knowledge about the distribution of Escherichia Coli (E. coli) pathotypes in Iran is limited. This nation-wide survey aims to provide a comprehensive description of the distribution of five pathogenic E. coli in Iran. Methods Stool samples were collected from 1,306 acute diarrhea cases from 15 provinces (2013–2014). E. coli-positive cultures underwent PCR testing for the detection of STEC, ETEC, EPEC, EAEC, and EIEC pathotypes. Pathotype frequency by province, age-group, and season was estimated. Results 979 diarrhea samples (75.0%) were culture-positive for E. coli (95% CI: 72.6, 77.3%), and 659 (50.5%) were pathogenic E. coli (95% CI: 47.8, 53.2%). STEC was the most frequent pathotype (35.4%). ETEC (14.0%) and EPEC (13.1%) were the second and the third most frequent pathotypes, respectively. EAEC (4.3%) and EIEC (0.3%) were not highly prevalent. Fars (88.7%) and Khorasan-e-Razavi (34.8%) provinces had the highest and lowest frequencies, respectively. E. coli pathotypes were more frequent in warmer than cooler seasons, showed the highest frequency among children under five years of age (73%), and had no significant association with participants’ gender. Conclusions Diarrheagenic E. coli may be an important cause of acute diarrhea in adults and children in Iran. STEC and ETEC seem to be widespread in the country with a peak in warmer seasons, impacting the recommended use of seasonal STEC and ETEC vaccines, especially in high-risk groups. Monitoring the incidence of E. coli pathotypes, serotypes, and antibiotic resistance over time is highly recommended for evaluation of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Eybpoosh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Mostaan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Gouya
- Centre for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Masoumi-Asl
- Centre for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parviz Owlia
- Molecular Microbiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Eshrati
- Center for Preventive Medicine, Department of Social Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Saeid Bouzari
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail:
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19
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Stanford K. Introduction to the Special Issue "Molecular Basis and the Pathogenesis of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Infections". Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12120763. [PMID: 33287118 PMCID: PMC7761636 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although much of the world has progressed since the 1980s, our ability to treat infections with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) has unfortunately shown little improvement [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Stanford
- Research and Innovation Services, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
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20
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Kumar A, Russell RM, Pifer R, Menezes-Garcia Z, Cuesta S, Narayanan S, MacMillan JB, Sperandio V. The Serotonin Neurotransmitter Modulates Virulence of Enteric Pathogens. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 28:41-53.e8. [PMID: 32521224 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The gut-brain axis is crucial to microbial-host interactions. The neurotransmitter serotonin is primarily synthesized in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, where it is secreted into the lumen and subsequently removed by the serotonin transporter, SERT. Here, we show that serotonin decreases virulence gene expression by enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and Citrobacter rodentium, a murine model for EHEC. The membrane-bound histidine sensor kinase, CpxA, is a bacterial serotonin receptor. Serotonin induces dephosphorylation of CpxA, which inactivates the transcriptional factor CpxR controlling expression of virulence genes, notably those within the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE). Increasing intestinal serotonin by genetically or pharmacologically inhibiting SERT decreases LEE expression and reduces C. rodentium loads. Conversely, inhibiting serotonin synthesis increases pathogenesis and decreases host survival. As other enteric bacteria contain CpxA, this signal exploitation may be engaged by other pathogens. Additionally, repurposing serotonin agonists to inhibit CpxA may represent a potential therapeutic intervention for enteric bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Regan M Russell
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Reed Pifer
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Zelia Menezes-Garcia
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Santiago Cuesta
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sanjeev Narayanan
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - John B MacMillan
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Vanessa Sperandio
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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21
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Wyrsch ER, Chowdhury PR, Jarocki VM, Brandis KJ, Djordjevic SP. Duplication and diversification of a unique chromosomal virulence island hosting the subtilase cytotoxin in Escherichia coli ST58. Microb Genom 2020; 6:e000387. [PMID: 32519937 PMCID: PMC7371111 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The AB5 cytotoxins are important virulence factors in Escherichia coli. The most notable members of the AB5 toxin families include Shiga toxin families 1 (Stx1) and 2 (Stx2), which are associated with enterohaemorrhagic E. coli infections causing haemolytic uraemic syndrome and haemorrhagic colitis. The subAB toxins are the newest and least well understood members of the AB5 toxin gene family. The subtilase toxin genes are divided into a plasmid-based variant, subAB1, originally described in enterohaemorrhagic E. coli O113:H21, and distinct chromosomal variants, subAB2, that reside in pathogenicity islands encoding additional virulence effectors. Previously we identified a chromosomal subAB2 operon within an E. coli ST58 strain IBS28 (ONT:H25) taken from a wild ibis nest at an inland wetland in New South Wales, Australia. Here we show the subAB2 toxin operon comprised part of a 140 kb tRNA-Phe chromosomal island that co-hosted tia, encoding an outer-membrane protein that confers an adherence and invasion phenotype and additional virulence and accessory genetic content that potentially originated from known virulence island SE-PAI. This island shared a common evolutionary history with a secondary 90 kb tRNA-Phe pathogenicity island that was presumably generated via a duplication event. IBS28 is closely related [200 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)] to four North American ST58 strains. The close relationship between North American isolates of ST58 and IBS28 was further supported by the identification of the only copy of a unique variant of IS26 within the O-antigen gene cluster. Strain ISB28 may be a historically important E. coli ST58 genome sequence hosting a progenitor pathogenicity island encoding subAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan R. Wyrsch
- ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
- The Australian Centre for Genomic Epidemiological Microbiology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Piklu Roy Chowdhury
- ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
- The Australian Centre for Genomic Epidemiological Microbiology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Veronica M. Jarocki
- ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
- The Australian Centre for Genomic Epidemiological Microbiology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Kate J. Brandis
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052 NSW, Australia
| | - Steven P. Djordjevic
- ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
- The Australian Centre for Genomic Epidemiological Microbiology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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Cho SH, Lee KM, Kim CH, Kim SS. Construction of a Lectin-Glycan Interaction Network from Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Strains by Multi-omics Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082681. [PMID: 32290560 PMCID: PMC7215717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) causes hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. EHEC infection begins with bacterial adherence to the host intestine via lectin-like adhesins that bind to the intestinal wall. However, EHEC-related lectin–glycan interactions (LGIs) remain unknown. Here, we conducted a genome-wide investigation of putative adhesins to construct an LGI network. We performed microarray-based transcriptomic and proteomic analyses with E. coli EDL933. Using PSORTb-based analysis, potential outer-membrane-embedded adhesins were predicted from the annotated genes of 318 strains. Predicted proteins were classified using TMHMM v2.0, SignalP v5.0, and LipoP v1.0. Functional and protein–protein interaction analyses were performed using InterProScan and String databases, respectively. Structural information of lectin candidate proteins was predicted using Iterative Threading ASSEmbly Refinement (I-TASSER) and Spatial Epitope Prediction of Protein Antigens (SEPPA) tools based on 3D structure and B-cell epitopes. Pathway analysis returned 42,227 Gene Ontology terms; we then selected 2585 lectin candidate proteins by multi-omics analysis and performed homology modeling and B-cell epitope analysis. We predicted a total of 24,400 outer-membrane-embedded proteins from the genome of 318 strains and integrated multi-omics information into the genomic information of the proteins. Our integrated multi-omics data will provide a useful resource for the construction of LGI networks of E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hak Cho
- Division of Bacterial Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Chungchungbuk-do 28160, Korea; (S.-H.C.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Kang Mo Lee
- Division of Bacterial Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Chungchungbuk-do 28160, Korea; (S.-H.C.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University and Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology (SAIHST), Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea
- Correspondence: (C.-H.K.); (S.S.K.); Tel.: +82-031-290-7002 (C.-H.K.); +82-043-719-8400 (S.S.K.); Fax: +82-043-719-8402 (S.S.K.)
| | - Sung Soon Kim
- Division of Bacterial Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Chungchungbuk-do 28160, Korea; (S.-H.C.); (K.M.L.)
- Correspondence: (C.-H.K.); (S.S.K.); Tel.: +82-031-290-7002 (C.-H.K.); +82-043-719-8400 (S.S.K.); Fax: +82-043-719-8402 (S.S.K.)
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23
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Gardette M, Le Hello S, Mariani-Kurkdjian P, Fabre L, Gravey F, Garrivier A, Loukiadis E, Jubelin G. Identification and prevalence of in vivo-induced genes in enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Virulence 2019; 10:180-193. [PMID: 30806162 PMCID: PMC6550539 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1582976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are food-borne pathogens responsible for bloody diarrhoea and renal failure in humans. While Shiga toxin (Stx) is the cardinal virulence factor of EHEC, its production by E. coli is not sufficient to cause disease and many Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC) strains have never been implicated in human infection. So far, the pathophysiology of EHEC infection is not fully understood and more knowledge is needed to characterize the "auxiliary" factors that enable a STEC strain to cause disease in humans. In this study, we applied a recombinase-based in vivo expression technology (RIVET) to the EHEC reference strain EDL933 in order to identify genes specifically induced during the infectious process, using mouse as an infection model. We identified 31 in vivo-induced (ivi) genes having functions related to metabolism, stress adaptive response and bacterial virulence or fitness. Eight of the 31 ivi genes were found to be heterogeneously distributed in EHEC strains circulating in France these last years. In addition, they are more prevalent in strains from the TOP seven priority serotypes and particularly strains carrying significant virulence determinants such as Stx2 and intimin adhesin. This work sheds further light on bacterial determinants over-expressed in vivo during infection that may contribute to the potential of STEC strains to cause disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Gardette
- UCA, INRA, UMR454 MEDIS, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Laboratoire d’écologie microbienne de Lyon, Université de Lyon, CNRS, INRA, UCBL, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Simon Le Hello
- Centre de Référence National des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université de Normandie, EA 2656 GRAM 2.0, UNICAEN, Caen, France
| | - Patricia Mariani-Kurkdjian
- Service de Microbiologie, Centre National de Référence associé Escherichia coli, Hôpital Robert-Debré, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Fabre
- Centre de Référence National des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - François Gravey
- Centre de Référence National des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université de Normandie, EA 2656 GRAM 2.0, UNICAEN, Caen, France
| | | | - Estelle Loukiadis
- Laboratoire d’écologie microbienne de Lyon, Université de Lyon, CNRS, INRA, UCBL, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l’Etoile, France
- Laboratoire national de référence des E. coli, Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l’Etoile, France
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Bufe T, Hennig A, Klumpp J, Weiss A, Nieselt K, Schmidt H. Differential transcriptome analysis of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli strains reveals differences in response to plant-derived compounds. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:212. [PMID: 31488056 PMCID: PMC6729007 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1578-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several serious vegetable-associated outbreaks of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) infections have occurred during the last decades. In this context, vegetables have been suggested to function as secondary reservoirs for EHEC strains. Increased knowledge about the interaction of EHEC with plants including gene expression patterns in response to plant-derived compounds is required. In the current study, EHEC O157:H7 strain Sakai, EHEC O157:H- strain 3072/96, and the EHEC/enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) hybrid O104:H4 strain C227-11φcu were grown in lamb's lettuce medium and in M9 minimal medium to study the differential transcriptional response of these strains to plant-derived compounds with RNA-Seq technology. RESULTS Many genes involved in carbohydrate degradation and peptide utilization were similarly upregulated in all three strains, suggesting that the lamb's lettuce medium provides sufficient nutrients for proliferation. In particular, the genes galET and rbsAC involved in galactose metabolism and D-ribose catabolism, respectively, were uniformly upregulated in the investigated strains. The most prominent differences in shared genome transcript levels were observed for genes involved in the expression of flagella. Transcripts of all three classes of the flagellar hierarchy were highly abundant in strain C227-11φcu. Strain Sakai expressed only genes encoding the basal flagellar structure. In addition, both strains showed increased motility in presence of lamb's lettuce extract. Moreover, strain 3072/96 showed increased transcription activity for genes encoding the type III secretion system (T3SS) including effectors, and was identified as a powerful biofilm-producer in M9 minimal medium. CONCLUSION The current study provides clear evidence that EHEC and EHEC/EAEC strains are able to adjust their gene expression patterns towards metabolization of plant-derived compounds, demonstrating that they may proliferate well in a plant-associated environment. Moreover, we propose that flagella and other surface structures play a fundamental role in the interaction of EHEC and EHEC/EAEC with plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Bufe
- Department of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - André Hennig
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, University of Tübingen, Sand 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jochen Klumpp
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Agnes Weiss
- Department of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kay Nieselt
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, University of Tübingen, Sand 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Herbert Schmidt
- Department of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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25
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Ghaffari Marandi BH, Zolfaghari MR, Kazemi R, Motamedi MJ, Amani J. Immunization against Vibrio cholerae, ETEC, and EHEC with chitosan nanoparticle containing LSC chimeric protein. Microb Pathog 2019; 134:103600. [PMID: 31202906 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Severe intestinal infections caused by V. cholerae, ETEC and EHEC have contributed to the mortality rate in developing countries. Vibrio Cholera, ETEC and EHEC bacterium with the production of CT, LT and Stx2 toxins respectively lead to severe watery and bloody diarrhea. This study aimed to investigate a trimeric vaccine candidate containing recombinant chimeric protein, encapsulate the protein in chitosan nanoparticles and assess its immunogenicity. METHODS The LSC recombinant gene was used. It is composed of LTB (L), STXB (S) and CTXB (C) subunits respectively. The LSC recombinant protein was expressed and purified and confirmed by western blotting. The purified protein was encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles, and its size was measured. BalB/c mice were immunized in four groups through oral and injection methods by LSC protein. The antibody titer was then evaluated by ELISA, and finally, the challenge test of the toxins from all three bacteria was done on the immunized mouse. RESULTS After expression and purification LSC protein size of nanoparticles containing protein was measured at 104.6 nm. Nanoparticles were able to induce systemic and mucosal immune responses by generating a useful titer of IgG and IgA. The challenge results with LT, CT and Stx toxins showed that the LSC protein might partially neutralize the effect of toxins. CONCLUSION LSC chimeric protein with the simultaneous three essential antigens have a protective effect against the toxins produced by ETEC, EHEC and Vibrio cholera bacteria and it can be used in vaccines to prevent Diarrhea caused by these three bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Reza Zolfaghari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Science, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
| | | | | | - Jafar Amani
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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26
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Shahul Hameed UF, Liao C, Radhakrishnan AK, Huser F, Aljedani SS, Zhao X, Momin AA, Melo FA, Guo X, Brooks C, Li Y, Cui X, Gao X, Ladbury JE, Jaremko Ł, Jaremko M, Li J, Arold ST. H-NS uses an autoinhibitory conformational switch for environment-controlled gene silencing. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:2666-2680. [PMID: 30597093 PMCID: PMC6411929 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As an environment-dependent pleiotropic gene regulator in Gram-negative bacteria, the H-NS protein is crucial for adaptation and toxicity control of human pathogens such as Salmonella, Vibrio cholerae or enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Changes in temperature affect the capacity of H-NS to form multimers that condense DNA and restrict gene expression. However, the molecular mechanism through which H-NS senses temperature and other physiochemical parameters remains unclear and controversial. Combining structural, biophysical and computational analyses, we show that human body temperature promotes unfolding of the central dimerization domain, breaking up H-NS multimers. This unfolding event enables an autoinhibitory compact H-NS conformation that blocks DNA binding. Our integrative approach provides the molecular basis for H-NS-mediated environment-sensing and may open new avenues for the control of pathogenic multi-drug resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar F Shahul Hameed
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900,Saudi Arabia
| | - Chenyi Liao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Anand K Radhakrishnan
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900,Saudi Arabia
| | - Franceline Huser
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900,Saudi Arabia
| | - Safia S Aljedani
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900,Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaochuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Afaque A Momin
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900,Saudi Arabia
| | - Fernando A Melo
- Department of Physics (IBILCE), São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Xianrong Guo
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Imaging and Characterization Core Lab, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Claire Brooks
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Yu Li
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xuefeng Cui
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xin Gao
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - John E Ladbury
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Łukasz Jaremko
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jianing Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Stefan T Arold
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900,Saudi Arabia
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27
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Rodrigues-Jesus MJ, Fotoran WL, Cardoso RM, Araki K, Wunderlich G, Ferreira LCS. Nano-multilamellar lipid vesicles (NMVs) enhance protective antibody responses against Shiga toxin (Stx2a) produced by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli strains (EHEC). Braz J Microbiol 2019; 50:67-77. [PMID: 30637647 PMCID: PMC6863297 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-018-0035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microlipid vesicles (MLV) have a broad spectrum of applications for the delivery of molecules, ranging from chemical compounds to proteins, in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. In the present study, we developed a new set of nanosize multilayer lipid vesicles (NMVs) containing a unique combination of lipids. The NMVs enable the adsorption of histidine-tagged proteins at the vesicle surface and were demonstrated to be suitable for the in vivo delivery of antigens. The NMVs contained a combination of neutral (DOPC) and anionic (DPPG) lipids in the inner membrane and an external layer composed of DOPC, cholesterol, and a nickel-containing lipid (DGS-NTA [Ni]). NMVs combined with a recombinant form of the B subunit of the Shiga toxin (rStx2B) produced by certain enterohemorragic Escherichia coli (EHEC) strains enhanced the immunogenicity of the antigen after parenteral administration to mice. Mice immunized with rStx2B-loaded NMVs elicited serum antibodies capable of neutralizing the toxic activities of the native toxin; this result was demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, these results demonstrated that the proposed NMVs represent an alternative for the delivery of antigens, including recombinant proteins, generated in different expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Rodrigues-Jesus
- Vaccine Development Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - W L Fotoran
- Unit for Drug Development and Plasmodium Molecular Biology, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R M Cardoso
- Supramolecular Chemistry and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - K Araki
- Supramolecular Chemistry and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G Wunderlich
- Unit for Drug Development and Plasmodium Molecular Biology, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luís C S Ferreira
- Vaccine Development Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil.
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28
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Karnisova L, Marejkova M, Hrbackova H, Mellmann A, Karch H, Fruth A, Drevinek P, Blahova K, Bielaszewska M, Nunvar J. Attack of the clones: whole genome-based characterization of two closely related enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O26 epidemic lineages. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:647. [PMID: 30170539 PMCID: PMC6119250 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O26:H11/H-, the most common non-O157 serotype causing hemolytic uremic syndrome worldwide, are evolutionarily highly dynamic with new pathogenic clones emerging rapidly. Here, we investigated the population structure of EHEC O26 isolated from patients in several European countries using whole genome sequencing, with emphasis on a detailed analysis of strains of the highly virulent new European clone (nEC) which has spread since 1990s. RESULTS Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based analysis of 32 EHEC O26 isolated in the Czech Republic, Germany, Austria and Italy demonstrated a split of the nEC (ST29C2 clonal group) into two distinct lineages, which we termed, based on their temporal emergence, as "early" nEC and "late" nEC. The evolutionary divergence of the early nEC and late nEC is marked by the presence of 59 and 70 lineage-specific SNPs (synapomorphic mutations) in the genomes of the respective lineages. In silico analyses of publicly available E. coli O26 genomic sequences identified the late nEC lineage worldwide. Using a PCR designed to target the late nEC synapomorphic mutation in the sen/ent gene, we identified the early nEC decline accompanied by the late nEC rise in Germany and the Czech Republic since 2004 and 2013, respectively. Most of the late nEC strains harbor one of two major types of Shiga toxin 2a (Stx2a)-encoding prophages. The type I stx2a-phage is virtually identical to stx2a-phage of EHEC O104:H4 outbreak strain, whereas the type II stx2a-phage is a hybrid of EHEC O104:H4 and EHEC O157:H7 stx2a-phages and carries a novel mutation in Stx2a. Strains harboring these two phage types do not differ by the amounts and biological activities of Stx2a produced. CONCLUSIONS Using SNP-level analyses, we provide the evidence of the evolutionary split of EHEC O26:H11/H- nEC into two distinct lineages, and a recent replacement of the early nEC by the late nEC in Germany and the Czech Republic. PCR targeting the late nEC synapomorphic mutation in ent/sen enables the discrimination of early nEC strains and late nEC strains in clinical and environmental samples, thereby facilitating further investigations of their geographic distribution, prevalence, clinical significance and epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Karnisova
- Department of Paediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Marejkova
- National Reference Laboratory for E. coli and Shigella, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hrbackova
- Laboratory for Tissue Cultures, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Mellmann
- Institute for Hygiene and the National Consulting Laboratory on Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Helge Karch
- Institute for Hygiene and the National Consulting Laboratory on Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Angelika Fruth
- National Reference Center for Salmonella and Other Enteric Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Pavel Drevinek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kveta Blahova
- Department of Paediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Bielaszewska
- National Reference Laboratory for E. coli and Shigella, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Nunvar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
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Soysal N, Mariani-Kurkdjian P, Smail Y, Liguori S, Gouali M, Loukiadis E, Fach P, Bruyand M, Blanco J, Bidet P, Bonacorsi S. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Hybrid Pathotype O80:H2 as a New Therapeutic Challenge. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 22:1604-12. [PMID: 27533474 PMCID: PMC4994344 DOI: 10.3201/eid2209.160304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This emerging clonal group harbors the extraintestinal virulence–associated
plasmid pS88 and can induce invasive infections and death. We describe the epidemiology, clinical features, and molecular characterization of
enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) infections caused by
the singular hybrid pathotype O80:H2, and we examine the influence of antibiotics on
Shiga toxin production. In France, during 2005–2014, a total of 54 patients
were infected with EHEC O80:H2; 91% had hemolytic uremic syndrome. Two patients had
invasive infections, and 2 died. All strains carried stx2 (variants
stx2a, 2c, or 2d); the rare intimin gene
(eae-ξ); and at least 4 genes characteristic of pS88, a
plasmid associated with extraintestinal virulence. Similar strains were found in
Spain. All isolates belonged to the same clonal group. At subinhibitory
concentrations, azithromycin decreased Shiga toxin production significantly,
ciprofloxacin increased it substantially, and ceftriaxone had no major effect.
Antibiotic combinations that included azithromycin also were tested. EHEC O80:H2,
which can induce hemolytic uremic syndrome complicated by bacteremia, is emerging in
France. However, azithromycin might effectively combat these infections.
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Carlson-Banning KM, Sperandio V. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli outwits hosts through sensing small molecules. Curr Opin Microbiol 2018; 41:83-88. [PMID: 29258058 PMCID: PMC5862742 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Small molecules help intestinal pathogens navigate the complex human gastrointestinal tract to exploit favorable microhabitats. These small molecules provide spatial landmarks for pathogens to regulate synthesis of virulence caches and are derived from the host, ingested plant and animal material, and the microbiota. Their concentrations and fluxes vary along the length of the gut and provide molecular signatures that are beginning to be explored through metabolomics and genetics. However, while many small molecules have been identified and are reviewed here, there are undoubtedly others that may also profoundly affect how enteric pathogens infect their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Carlson-Banning
- Departments of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Vanessa Sperandio
- Departments of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Ogura Y, Gotoh Y, Itoh T, Sato MP, Seto K, Yoshino S, Isobe J, Etoh Y, Kurogi M, Kimata K, Maeda E, Piérard D, Kusumoto M, Akiba M, Tominaga K, Kirino Y, Kato Y, Shirahige K, Ooka T, Ishijima N, Lee KI, Iyoda S, Mainil JG, Hayashi T. Population structure of Escherichia coli O26 : H11 with recent and repeated stx2 acquisition in multiple lineages. Microb Genom 2017; 3:e000141. [PMID: 29208163 PMCID: PMC5729918 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A key virulence factor of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is the bacteriophage-encoded Shiga toxin (Stx). Stxs are classified into two types, Stx1 and Stx2, and Stx2-producing strains are thought to cause more severe infections than strains producing only Stx1. Although O26 : H11 is the second most prevalent EHEC following O157 : H7, the majority of O26 : H11 strains produce Stx1 alone. However, Stx2-producing O26 strains have increasingly been detected worldwide. Through a large-scale genome analysis, we present a global phylogenetic overview and evolutionary timescale for E. coli O26 : H11. The origin of O26 has been estimated to be 415 years ago. Sequence type 21C1 (ST21C1), one of the two sublineages of ST21, the most predominant O26 : H11 lineage worldwide, emerged 213 years ago from one of the three ST29 sublineages (ST29C2). The other ST21 lineage (ST21C2) emerged 95 years ago from ST21C1. Increases in population size occurred in the late 20th century for all of the O26 lineages, but most remarkably for ST21C2. Analysis of the distribution of stx2-positive strains revealed the recent and repeated acquisition of the stx2 gene in multiple lineages of O26, both in ST21 and ST29. Other major EHEC virulence genes, such as type III secretion system effector genes and plasmid-encoded virulence genes, were well conserved in ST21 compared to ST29. In addition, more antimicrobial-resistance genes have accumulated in the ST21C1 lineage. Although current attention is focused on several highly virulent ST29 clones that have acquired the stx2 gene, there is also a considerable risk that the ST21 lineage could yield highly virulent clones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kazuko Seto
- Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shyuji Yoshino
- Miyazaki Prefectural Institute for Public Health and Environment, Miyazaki, Japan
| | | | - Yoshiki Etoh
- Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mariko Kurogi
- Miyazaki Prefectural Institute for Public Health and Environment, Miyazaki, Japan
| | | | - Eriko Maeda
- Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Masahiro Kusumoto
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masato Akiba
- National Institute of Animal Health, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Tominaga
- Yamaguchi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ken-ichi Lee
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sunao Iyoda
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
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Miletic S, Hünerberg M, Kaldis A, MacDonald J, Leuthreau A, McAllister T, Menassa R. A Plant-Produced Candidate Subunit Vaccine Reduces Shedding of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in Ruminants. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [PMID: 28869356 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are commonly present in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle and cause serious infectious disease in humans. Immunizing cattle against EHEC is a promising strategy to decrease the risk of food contamination; however, veterinary vaccines against EHEC such as Econiche have not been widely adopted by the agricultural industry, and have been discontinued, prompting the need for more cost-effective EHEC vaccines. The objective of this project is to develop a platform to produce plant-made antigens for oral vaccination of ruminants against EHEC. Five recombinant proteins were designed as vaccine candidates and expressed transiently in Nicotiana benthamiana and transplastomically in Nicotiana tabacum. Three of these EHEC proteins, NleA, Stx2b, and a fusion of EspA accumulated when transiently expressed. Transient protein accumulation was the highest when EHEC proteins were fused to an elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) tag. In the transplastomic lines, EspA accumulated up to 479 mg kg-1 in lyophilized leaf material. Sheep that were administered leaf tissue containing recombinant EspA shed less E. coli O157:H7 when challenged, as compared to control animals. These results suggest that plant-made, transgenic EspA has the potential to reduce EHEC shedding in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Miletic
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, 1391 Sandford Street, London N5V 4T3, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London N6A 3K7, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Hünerberg
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1 Avenue South, Lethbridge T1J 4P4, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ruminant Nutrition Unit, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Angelo Kaldis
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, 1391 Sandford Street, London N5V 4T3, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacqueline MacDonald
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, 1391 Sandford Street, London N5V 4T3, Ontario, Canada
| | - Antoine Leuthreau
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, 1391 Sandford Street, London N5V 4T3, Ontario, Canada
- Université de Bordeaux and INRA, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'ornon, France
| | - Tim McAllister
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1 Avenue South, Lethbridge T1J 4P4, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rima Menassa
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, 1391 Sandford Street, London N5V 4T3, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London N6A 3K7, Ontario, Canada
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Galia W, Leriche F, Cruveiller S, Garnier C, Navratil V, Dubost A, Blanquet-Diot S, Thevenot-Sergentet D. Strand-specific transcriptomes of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in response to interactions with ground beef microbiota: interactions between microorganisms in raw meat. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:574. [PMID: 28774270 PMCID: PMC5543532 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3957-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are zoonotic agents associated with outbreaks worldwide. Growth of EHEC strains in ground beef could be inhibited by background microbiota that is present initially at levels greater than that of the pathogen E. coli. However, how the microbiota outcompetes the pathogenic bacteria is unknown. Our objective was to identify metabolic pathways of EHEC that were altered by natural microbiota in order to improve our understanding of the mechanisms controlling the growth and survival of EHECs in ground beef. RESULTS Based on 16S metagenomics analysis, we identified the microbial community structure in our beef samples which was an essential preliminary for subtractively analyzing the gene expression of the EHEC strains. Then, we applied strand-specific RNA-seq to investigate the effects of this microbiota on the global gene expression of EHEC O2621765 and O157EDL933 strains by comparison with their behavior in beef meat without microbiota. In strain O2621765, the expression of genes connected with nitrate metabolism and nitrite detoxification, DNA repair, iron and nickel acquisition and carbohydrate metabolism, and numerous genes involved in amino acid metabolism were down-regulated. Further, the observed repression of ftsL and murF, involved respectively in building the cytokinetic ring apparatus and in synthesizing the cytoplasmic precursor of cell wall peptidoglycan, might help to explain the microbiota's inhibitory effect on EHECs. For strain O157EDL933, the induced expression of the genes implicated in detoxification and the general stress response and the repressed expression of the peR gene, a gene negatively associated with the virulence phenotype, might be linked to the survival and virulence of O157:H7 in ground beef with microbiota. CONCLUSION In the present study, we show how RNA-Seq coupled with a 16S metagenomics analysis can be used to identify the effects of a complex microbial community on relevant functions of an individual microbe within it. These findings add to our understanding of the behavior of EHECs in ground beef. By measuring transcriptional responses of EHEC, we could identify putative targets which may be useful to develop new strategies to limit their shedding in ground meat thus reducing the risk of human illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wessam Galia
- UMR 5557 Ecologie Microbienne, Research Group on Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment, CNRS, VetAgro Sup and Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UMRF, F-15000, Aurillac, France.
- UMR UCA INRA 454 MEDIS Microbiota Digestive environment and Health, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- VetAgro Sup, Campus Agronomique de Lempdes, Lempdes, France.
| | - Francoise Leriche
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UMRF, F-15000, Aurillac, France
- VetAgro Sup, Campus Agronomique de Lempdes, Lempdes, France
| | - Stéphane Cruveiller
- Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Genomic Institute Genoscope & CNRS-UMR8030 & Evry University, Laboratory of Bioinformatics Analysis in Genomics and Metabolism, Evry, France
| | - Cindy Garnier
- UMR 5557 Ecologie Microbienne, Research Group on Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment, CNRS, VetAgro Sup and Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Navratil
- PRABI, Rhône Alpes Bioinformatics Center, UCBL, Lyon1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Audrey Dubost
- UMR 5557 Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphanie Blanquet-Diot
- UMR UCA INRA 454 MEDIS Microbiota Digestive environment and Health, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Delphine Thevenot-Sergentet
- UMR 5557 Ecologie Microbienne, Research Group on Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment, CNRS, VetAgro Sup and Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli including Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, Lyon, France
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Nolskog P, Svenungsson B, Jernberg C. [New regulations concerning EHEC/VTEC]. Lakartidningen 2017; 114:ER3L. [PMID: 28718863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
New regulations concerning EHEC/VTEC Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) is the most severe complication to an infection with EHEC (enterohemorrhagic E. coli), also called VTEC (verocytotoxin-producing E. coli). Risk of severe complications such as HUS is an important reason why the Swedish Communicable Diseases Act (Smittskyddslag. 2004:168) includes infection with EHEC. With very few exceptions, only EHEC with the stx2 gene is associated with HUS. According to the law, persons working with unpackaged foods, infants or severely immunocompromised patients, and children attending preschool can be suspended awaiting negative test results for EHEC. Symptom free carriers of EHEC-infection only harbouring the stx1 gene and without an epidemiological association to HUS need not be suspended from work or preschool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Nolskog
- Smittskydd Västra Götaland - Skövde, Sweden - Smittskydd Västra Götaland Skövde, Sweden
| | | | - Cecilia Jernberg
- Folkhalsomyndigheten - Solna, Sweden Folkhalsomyndigheten - Solna, Sweden
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35
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Stanford K, Johnson RP, Alexander TW, McAllister TA, Reuter T. Influence of Season and Feedlot Location on Prevalence and Virulence Factors of Seven Serogroups of Escherichia coli in Feces of Western-Canadian Slaughter Cattle. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159866. [PMID: 27482711 PMCID: PMC4970752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pooled feces collected over two years from 1749 transport trailers hauling western-Canadian slaughter cattle were analysed by PCR for detection of Escherichia coli serogroups O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157. Sequential immunomagnetic separation was then used to collect bacterial isolates (n = 1035) from feces positive for target serogroups. Isolated bacteria were tested by PCR to confirm serogroup and the presence of eae, ehxA, stx1, and stx2 virulence genes. Based on PCR screening, serogroup prevalence in feces ranged from 7.0% (O145) to 94.4% (O103) with at least 3 serogroups present in 79.5% of samples. Origin of cattle affected serogroup PCR prevalence and O157 was most prevalent in feces from south-west Alberta (P < 0.001). All serogroups demonstrated seasonal variations in PCR prevalence, with O26, O45, O103, O121, and O157 least prevalent (P < 0.001) in cooler winter months, while uncommon serogroups O111 and O145 increased in prevalence during winter (P < 0.001). However, isolates collected during winter were predominantly from serogroups O103 and O45. No seasonal variation was noted in proportion of isolates which were Shiga toxin containing E. coli (STEC; P = 0.18) or positive for Shiga toxin and eae (enterohemorrhagic E. coli; EHEC; P = 0.29). Isolates of serogroups O111, O145, and O157 were more frequently EHEC than were others, although 37.6–54.3% of isolates from other serogroups were also EHEC. Shiga-toxin genes present also varied by geographic origin of cattle (P < 0.05) in all serogroups except O157. As cattle within feedlots are sourced from multiple regions, locational differences in serogroup prevalence and virulence genes imply existence of selection pressures for E. coli and their virulence in western-Canadian cattle. Factors which reduce carriage or expression of virulence genes, particularly in non-O157 serogroups, should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Stanford
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | - Tim Reuter
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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36
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Sun WSW, Chen JW, Wu YC, Tsai HY, Kuo YL, Syu WJ. Expression Regulation of Polycistronic lee3 Genes of Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155578. [PMID: 27182989 PMCID: PMC4868261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EHEC) carries a pathogenic island LEE that is consisted mainly of five polycistronic operons. In the lee3 operon, mpc is the first gene and has been reported to down regulate the type-3 secretion system of EHEC when its gene product is over-expressed. Furthermore, mpc has been suggested to have a regulation function via translation but the mechanism remains unclear. To clarify this hypothesis, we dissected the polycistron and examined the translated products. We conclude that translation of mpc detrimentally governs the translation of the second gene, escV, which in turn affects the translation of the third gene, escN. Then sequentially, escN affects the expression of the downstream genes. Furthermore, we located a critical cis element within the mpc open-reading frame that plays a negative role in the translation-dependent regulation of lee3. Using qRT-PCR, we found that the amount of mpc RNA transcript present in EHEC was relatively limited when compared to any other genes within lee3. Taken together, when the transcription of LEE is activated, expression of mpc is tightly controlled by a restriction of the RNA transcript of mpc, translation of which is then critical for the efficient production of the operon’s downstream gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Sheng W. Sun
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jenn-Wei Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Chih Wu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsing-Yuan Tsai
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Liang Kuo
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Medical Imaging, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wan-Jr Syu
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
- * E-mail:
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Beutin L, Delannoy S, Fach P. Sequence Variations in the Flagellar Antigen Genes fliCH25 and fliCH28 of Escherichia coli and Their Use in Identification and Characterization of Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) O145:H25 and O145:H28. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126749. [PMID: 26000885 PMCID: PMC4441469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) serogroup O145 is regarded as one of the major EHEC serogroups involved in severe infections in humans. EHEC O145 encompasses motile and non-motile strains of serotypes O145:H25 and O145:H28. Sequencing the fliC-genes associated with the flagellar antigens H25 and H28 revealed the genetic diversity of the fliCH25 and fliCH28 gene sequences in E. coli. Based on allele discrimination of these fliC-genes real-time PCR tests were designed for identification of EHEC O145:H25 and O145:H28. The fliCH25 genes present in O145:H25 were found to be very similar to those present in E. coli serogroups O2, O100, O165, O172 and O177 pointing to their common evolution but were different from fliCH25 genes of a multiple number of other E. coli serotypes. In a similar way, EHEC O145:H28 harbor a characteristic fliCH28 allele which, apart from EHEC O145:H28, was only found in enteropathogenic (EPEC) O28:H28 strains that shared some common traits with EHEC O145:H28. The real time PCR-assays targeting these fliCH25[O145] and fliCH28[O145] alleles allow better characterization of EHEC O145:H25 and EHEC O145:H28. Evaluation of these PCR assays in spiked ready-to eat salad samples resulted in specific detection of both types of EHEC O145 strains even when low spiking levels of 1-10 cfu/g were used. Furthermore these PCR assays allowed identification of non-motile E. coli strains which are serologically not typable for their H-antigens. The combined use of O-antigen genotyping (O145wzy) and detection of the respective fliCH25[O145] and fliCH28[O145] allele types contributes to improve identification and molecular serotyping of E. coli O145 isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Beutin
- National Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Diedersdorfer Weg 1, D-12277, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Delannoy
- Université Paris-Est, Anses (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), Food Safety Laboratory, IdentyPath platform, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Fr-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Patrick Fach
- Université Paris-Est, Anses (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), Food Safety Laboratory, IdentyPath platform, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Fr-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Abstract
McNemar’s test and the Pearson Chi-square were used to assess the co-detection and observed frequency, respectively, for potentially virulent E. coli genes in river water. Conventional multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assays confirmed the presence of the aggR gene (69%), ipaH gene (23%) and the stx gene (15%) carried by Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) and Enterohermorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), respectively, in river water samples collected from the Berg River (Paarl, South Africa). Only the aggR gene was present in 23% of samples collected from the Plankenburg River system (Stellenbosch, South Africa). In a comparative study, real-time multiplex PCR assays confirmed the presence of aggR (EAEC) in 69%, stx (EHEC) in 15%, ipaH (EIEC) in 31% and eae (EPEC) in 8% of the river water samples collected from the Berg River. In the Plankenburg River, aggR (EAEC) was detected in 46% of the samples, while eae (EPEC) was present in 15% of the water samples analyzed using real-time multiplex PCR in the Plankenburg River. Pearson Chi-square showed that there was no statistical difference (p > 0.05) between the conventional and real-time multiplex PCRs for the detection of virulent E. coli genes in water samples. However, the McNemar’s test showed some variation in the co-detection of virulent E. coli genes, for example, there was no statistical difference in the misclassification of the discordant results for stx versus ipaH, which implies that the ipaH gene was frequently detected with the stx gene. This study thus highlights the presence of virulent E. coli genes in river water and while early detection is crucial, quantitative microbial risk analysis has to be performed to identify and estimate the risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thando Ndlovu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
| | - Marcellous Le Roux
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
| | - Wesaal Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Sehaam Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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39
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Young JC, Clements A, Lang AE, Garnett JA, Munera D, Arbeloa A, Pearson J, Hartland EL, Matthews SJ, Mousnier A, Barry DJ, Way M, Schlosser A, Aktories K, Frankel G. The Escherichia coli effector EspJ blocks Src kinase activity via amidation and ADP ribosylation. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5887. [PMID: 25523213 PMCID: PMC4284639 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The hallmark of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) infection is the formation of actin-rich pedestal-like structures, which are generated following phosphorylation of the bacterial effector Tir by cellular Src and Abl family tyrosine kinases. This leads to recruitment of the Nck-WIP-N-WASP complex that triggers Arp2/3-dependent actin polymerization in the host cell. The same phosphorylation-mediated signalling network is also assembled downstream of the Vaccinia virus protein A36 and the phagocytic Fc-gamma receptor FcγRIIa. Here we report that the EPEC type-III secretion system effector EspJ inhibits autophosphorylation of Src and phosphorylation of the Src substrates Tir and FcγRIIa. Consistent with this, EspJ inhibits actin polymerization downstream of EPEC, Vaccinia virus and opsonized red blood cells. We identify EspJ as a unique adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ribosyltransferase that directly inhibits Src kinase by simultaneous amidation and ADP ribosylation of the conserved kinase-domain residue, Src E310, resulting in glutamine-ADP ribose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna C. Young
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ London, UK
| | - Abigail Clements
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ London, UK
| | - Alexander E. Lang
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - James A. Garnett
- Centre for Structural Biology, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ London, UK
| | - Diana Munera
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ London, UK
| | - Ana Arbeloa
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ London, UK
| | - Jaclyn Pearson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Elizabeth L. Hartland
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - Aurelie Mousnier
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ London, UK
| | - David J. Barry
- Cell Motility Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Michael Way
- Cell Motility Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Andreas Schlosser
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Aktories
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gad Frankel
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ London, UK
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Ojima-Kato T, Yamamoto N, Suzuki M, Fukunaga T, Tamura H. Discrimination of Escherichia coli O157, O26 and O111 from other serovars by MALDI-TOF MS based on the S10-GERMS method. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113458. [PMID: 25411793 PMCID: PMC4239071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), causes a potentially life-threatening infection in humans worldwide. Serovar O157:H7, and to a lesser extent serovars O26 and O111, are the most commonly reported EHEC serovars responsible for a large number of outbreaks. We have established a rapid discrimination method for E. coli serovars O157, O26 and O111 from other E. coli serovars, based on the pattern matching of mass spectrometry (MS) differences and the presence/absence of biomarker proteins detected in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight MS (MALDI-TOF MS). Three biomarkers, ribosomal proteins S15 and L25, and acid stress chaperone HdeB, with MS m/z peaks at 10138.6/10166.6, 10676.4/10694.4 and 9066.2, respectively, were identified as effective biomarkers for O157 discrimination. To distinguish serovars O26 and O111 from the others, DNA-binding protein H-NS, with an MS peak at m/z 15409.4/15425.4 was identified. Sequence analysis of the O157 biomarkers revealed that amino acid changes: Q80R in S15, M50I in L25 and one mutation within the start codon ATG to ATA in the encoded HdeB protein, contributed to the specific peak pattern in O157. We demonstrated semi-automated pattern matching using these biomarkers and successfully discriminated total 57 O157 strains, 20 O26 strains and 6 O111 strains with 100% reliability by conventional MALDI-TOF MS analysis, regardless of the sample conditions. Our simple strategy, based on the S10-spc-alpha operon gene-encoded ribosomal protein mass spectrum (S10-GERMS) method, therefore allows for the rapid and reliable detection of this pathogen and may prove to be an invaluable tool both clinically and in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruyo Ojima-Kato
- Hub of Knowledge Aichi, Aichi Science and Technology Foundation, Yakusa, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail: (TO); (HT)
| | - Naomi Yamamoto
- School of Agriculture, Meijo University, Shiogamaguchi, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mayumi Suzuki
- School of Agriculture, Meijo University, Shiogamaguchi, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Fukunaga
- Japan Food Research Laboratories, Osu, Naka-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroto Tamura
- School of Agriculture, Meijo University, Shiogamaguchi, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail: (TO); (HT)
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Abstract
Two recent publications have demonstrated how delivering CRISPR nucleases provides a promising solution to the growing problem of bacterial antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase L Beisel
- />Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7905 USA
| | - Ahmed A Gomaa
- />Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7905 USA
- />Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, 12613 Egypt
| | - Rodolphe Barrangou
- />Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7624 USA
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Citorik RJ, Mimee M, Lu TK. Sequence-specific antimicrobials using efficiently delivered RNA-guided nucleases. Nat Biotechnol 2014; 32:1141-5. [PMID: 25240928 PMCID: PMC4237163 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Current antibiotics tend to be broad spectrum, leading to indiscriminate killing of commensal bacteria and accelerated evolution of drug resistance. Here, we use CRISPR-Cas technology to create antimicrobials whose spectrum of activity is chosen by design. RNA-guided nucleases (RGNs) targeting specific DNA sequences are delivered efficiently to microbial populations using bacteriophage or bacteria carrying plasmids transmissible by conjugation. The DNA targets of RGNs can be undesirable genes or polymorphisms, including antibiotic resistance and virulence determinants in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Delivery of RGNs significantly improves survival in a Galleria mellonella infection model. We also show that RGNs enable modulation of complex bacterial populations by selective knockdown of targeted strains based on genetic signatures. RGNs constitute a class of highly discriminatory, customizable antimicrobials that enact selective pressure at the DNA level to reduce the prevalence of undesired genes, minimize off-target effects and enable programmable remodeling of microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Citorik
- 1] MIT Microbiology Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] MIT Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark Mimee
- 1] MIT Microbiology Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] MIT Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Timothy K Lu
- 1] MIT Microbiology Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] MIT Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [5] Harvard Biophysics Program, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [6] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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43
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Marejková M, Petráš P. [Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli as the cause of diarrhea in the Czech Republic, 1965-2013]. Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 2014; 63:173-183. [PMID: 25412480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is the cause of diarrhea, bloody diarrhea, and haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) worldwide. The role of EHEC in the etiology of HUS in the Czech Republic has recently been described, but the prevalence, characteristics, and epidemiology of EHEC causing diarrhea have not been fully known. Therefore, this study analyzed the serotypes, stx genotypes, and virulence factors in EHEC strains isolated in 1965-2013 from patients with diarrhea or bloody diarrhea and their family contacts. In addition, we characterized diagnostically relevant phenotypes of EHEC strains, their antimicrobial susceptibility, seasonal trends, and distribution by administrative region. MATERIAL AND METHODS Serogrouped E. coli isolates from patients were referred to the National Reference Laboratory (NRL) for E. coli and Shigella for the detection of Stx. Specimens of both human and non-human origin were referred to the NRL for epidemiological investigation. Serotyping was performed by conventional and molecular methods, PCR was applied to stx genotyping and identification of non-stx virulence factors, and standard methods were used for phenotypic analysis and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The epidemiological link between the human and animal isolates was confirmed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). RESULTS Of 50 EHEC strains, 24 were recovered from patients with diarrhea without blood, 19 from patients with bloody diarrhea, six from family contacts, and one from an epidemiologically linked animal. EHEC cases were reported during the whole year, with peaks in May through October, most often in the Central Bohemian and Hradec Králové Regions. EHEC outbreaks occurred in three families: in one of them sheep-to-human transmission of EHEC was detected. The EHEC strains were assigned to five serotypes, with more than half of them being non-sorbitol fermenting (NSF) O157:H7/NM[fliCH7] and a third being strains O26:H11/NM[fliCH11]; serotypes O111:NM[fliCH8], O118:NM[fliCH25], and O104:H4, similarly to sorbitol-fermenting (SF) strains O157:NM[fliCH7], were rare. Of seven stx genotypes identified, all were present in NSF EHEC O157, two in each of EHEC O26 and O111, and one in each of EHEC O118, O104, and SF O157. All but one strain were Stx producers. Genes encoding other virulence factors including toxins (EHEC-hlyA, cdt-V, and espP) and adhesins (eae, efa1, iha, lpf, and sfpA) were detected in all strains and their occurrence was serotype specific. The most common of these genes were eae encoding adhesin intimin and EHEC-hlyA encoding EHEC hemolysin. All EHEC strains but SF O157 harboured terE encoding tellurite resistance. All strains except NSF EHEC O157 and EHEC O118 fermented sorbitol and produced ß-D-glucuronidase. Most (89.8%) EHEC strains were susceptible to all 12 antimicrobials tested. CONCLUSION EHEC strains cause diarrhea and bloody diarrhea in the Czech Republic. Nevertheless, only a systematic screening of the stool from patients with diarrhea can make it possible to elucidate their actual role in the etiology of diarrheal diseases (as well as HUS) in the Czech Republic and to consider the data in the European context. EHEC cases are reported to the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) within the Food and Waterborne Diseases Surveillance Network.
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Wang S, Czuchry D, Liu B, Vinnikova AN, Gao Y, Vlahakis JZ, Szarek WA, Wang L, Feng L, Brockhausen I. Characterization of two UDP-Gal:GalNAc-diphosphate-lipid β1,3-galactosyltransferases WbwC from Escherichia coli serotypes O104 and O5. J Bacteriol 2014; 196:3122-33. [PMID: 24957618 PMCID: PMC4135647 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01698-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli displays O antigens on the outer membrane that play an important role in bacterial interactions with the environment. The O antigens of enterohemorrhagic E. coli O104 and O5 contain a Galβ1-3GalNAc disaccharide at the reducing end of the repeating unit. Several other O antigens contain this disaccharide, which is identical to the mammalian O-glycan core 1 or the cancer-associated Thomsen-Friedenreich (TF) antigen. We identified the wbwC genes responsible for the synthesis of the disaccharide in E. coli serotypes O104 and O5. To functionally characterize WbwC, an acceptor substrate analog, GalNAcα-diphosphate-phenylundecyl, was synthesized. WbwC reaction products were isolated by high-pressure liquid chromatography and analyzed by mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, galactosidase and O-glycanase digestion, and anti-TF antibody. The results clearly showed that the Galβ1-3GalNAcα linkage was synthesized, confirming WbwCECO104 and WbwCECO5 as UDP-Gal:GalNAcα-diphosphate-lipid β1,3-Gal-transferases. Sequence analysis revealed a conserved DxDD motif, and mutagenesis showed the importance of these Asp residues in catalysis. The purified enzymes require divalent cations (Mn(2+)) for activity and are specific for UDP-Gal and GalNAc-diphosphate lipid substrates. WbwC was inhibited by bis-imidazolium salts having aliphatic chains of 18 to 22 carbons. This work will help to elucidate mechanisms of polysaccharide synthesis in pathogenic bacteria and provide technology for vaccine synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diana Czuchry
- Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bin Liu
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Anna N Vinnikova
- Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yin Gao
- Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason Z Vlahakis
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Walter A Szarek
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lei Wang
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Feng
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Inka Brockhausen
- Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Prager R, Lang C, Aurass P, Fruth A, Tietze E, Flieger A. Two novel EHEC/EAEC hybrid strains isolated from human infections. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95379. [PMID: 24752200 PMCID: PMC3994036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The so far highest number of life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome was associated with a food-borne outbreak in 2011 in Germany which was caused by an enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) of the rare serotype O104:H4. Most importantly, the outbreak strain harbored genes characteristic of both EHEC and enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC). Such strains have been described seldom but due to the combination of virulence genes show a high pathogenicity potential. To evaluate the importance of EHEC/EAEC hybrid strains in human disease, we analyzed the EHEC strain collection of the German National Reference Centre for Salmonella and other Bacterial Enteric Pathogens (NRC). After exclusion of O104:H4 EHEC/EAEC strains, out of about 2400 EHEC strains sent to NRC between 2008 and 2012, two strains exhibited both EHEC and EAEC marker genes, specifically were stx2 and aatA positive. Like the 2011 outbreak strain, one of the novel EHEC/EAEC harbored the Shiga toxin gene type stx2a. The strain was isolated from a patient with bloody diarrhea in 2010, was serotyped as O59:H−, belonged to MLST ST1136, and exhibited genes for type IV aggregative adherence fimbriae (AAF). The second strain was isolated from a patient with diarrhea in 2012, harbored stx2b, was typed as Orough:H−, and belonged to MLST ST26. Although the strain conferred the aggregative adherence phenotype, no known AAF genes corresponding to fimbrial types I to V were detected. In summary, EHEC/EAEC hybrid strains are currently rarely isolated from human disease cases in Germany and two novel EHEC/EAEC of rare serovars/MLST sequence types were characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Prager
- Divison of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella, National Reference Centre for Salmonella and other Bacterial Enteric Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institut, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Christina Lang
- Divison of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella, National Reference Centre for Salmonella and other Bacterial Enteric Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institut, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Philipp Aurass
- Divison of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella, National Reference Centre for Salmonella and other Bacterial Enteric Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institut, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Angelika Fruth
- Divison of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella, National Reference Centre for Salmonella and other Bacterial Enteric Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institut, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Erhard Tietze
- Divison of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella, National Reference Centre for Salmonella and other Bacterial Enteric Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institut, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Antje Flieger
- Divison of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella, National Reference Centre for Salmonella and other Bacterial Enteric Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institut, Wernigerode, Germany
- * E-mail:
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46
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Zeighami H, Haghi F, Hajiahmadi F, Kashefiyeh M, Memariani M. Multi-drug-resistant enterotoxigenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli isolated from children with diarrhea. J Chemother 2014; 27:152-5. [PMID: 24571245 DOI: 10.1179/1973947813y.0000000161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Multi-drug-resistant (MDR) diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) has rapidly spread worldwide and represents the most serious threat to the management of diarrhea in developing countries. During the period from March 2011 to January 2012, a total of 450 stool samples of diarrheal children aged 0-60 months were studied. In order to detect enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) simultaneously, a mixture of four primer pairs specific for eltB, estA, vt1, and vt2 genes was used in a multiplex PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed as the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. A total of 140 (31·1%) DEC were isolated from 450 stool samples. Diarrheagenic E. coli exhibited high-level resistance to aztreonam (80·7%), amoxicillin (74·4%), and tetracycline (69·3%). Also, 86·4% of E. coli isolates were resistant to at least three different classes of antimicrobial agents and considered as MDR. The frequency of ETEC and EHEC pathotypes was 46·4 and 12·1%, respectively and all of these isolates were MDR. In conclusion, MDR ETEC continues to be an important agent associated with diarrhea in children from Tabriz, Iran.
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Levine JA, Hansen AM, Michalski JM, Hazen TH, Rasko DA, Kaper JB. H-NST induces LEE expression and the formation of attaching and effacing lesions in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86618. [PMID: 24466172 PMCID: PMC3897749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli are important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. These enteric pathogens contain a type III secretion system (T3SS) responsible for the attaching and effacing (A/E) lesion phenotype. The T3SS is encoded by the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) pathogenicity island. The H-NS-mediated repression of LEE expression is counteracted by Ler, the major activator of virulence gene expression in A/E pathogens. A regulator present in EPEC, H-NST, positively affects expression of H-NS regulon members in E. coli K-12, although the effect of H-NST on LEE expression and virulence of A/E pathogens has yet-to-be determined. Results We examine the effect of H-NST on LEE expression and A/E lesion formation on intestinal epithelial cells. We find that H-NST positively affects the levels of LEE-encoded proteins independently of ler and induces A/E lesion formation. We demonstrate H-NST binding to regulatory regions of LEE1 and LEE3, the first report of DNA-binding by H-NST. We characterize H-NST mutants substituted at conserved residues including Ala16 and residues Arg60 and Arg63, which are part of a potential DNA-binding domain. The single mutants A16V, A16L, R60Q and the double mutant R60Q/R63Q exhibit a decreased effect on LEE expression and A/E lesion formation. DNA mobility shift assays reveal that these residues are important for H-NST to bind regulatory LEE DNA targets. H-NST positively affects Ler binding to LEE DNA in the presence of H-NS, and thereby potentially helps Ler displace H-NS bound to DNA. Conclusions H-NST induces LEE expression and A/E lesion formation likely by counteracting H-NS-mediated repression. We demonstrate that H-NST binds to DNA and identify arginine residues that are functionally important for DNA-binding. Our study suggests that H-NST provides an additional means for A/E pathogens to alleviate repression of virulence gene expression by H-NS to promote virulence capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. Levine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anne-Marie Hansen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jane M. Michalski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tracy H. Hazen
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David A. Rasko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James B. Kaper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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48
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Bingle LEH, Constantinidou C, Shaw RK, Islam MS, Patel M, Snyder LAS, Lee DJ, Penn CW, Busby SJW, Pallen MJ. Microarray analysis of the Ler regulon in enteropathogenic and enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli strains. PLoS One 2014; 9:e80160. [PMID: 24454682 PMCID: PMC3891560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The type III protein secretion system is an important pathogenicity factor of enteropathogenic and enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli pathotypes. The genes encoding this apparatus are located on a pathogenicity island (the locus of enterocyte effacement) and are transcriptionally activated by the master regulator Ler. In each pathotype Ler is also known to regulate genes located elsewhere on the chromosome, but the full extent of the Ler regulon is unclear, especially for enteropathogenic E. coli. The Ler regulon was defined for two strains of E. coli: E2348/69 (enteropathogenic) and EDL933 (enterohaemorrhagic) in mid and late log phases of growth by DNA microarray analysis of the transcriptomes of wild-type and ler mutant versions of each strain. In both strains the Ler regulon is focused on the locus of enterocyte effacement - all major transcriptional units of which are activated by Ler, with the sole exception of the LEE1 operon during mid-log phase growth in E2348/69. However, the Ler regulon does extend more widely and also includes unlinked pathogenicity genes: in E2348/69 more than 50 genes outside of this locus were regulated, including a number of known or potential pathogenicity determinants; in EDL933 only 4 extra-LEE genes, again including known pathogenicity factors, were activated. In E2348/69, where the Ler regulon is clearly growth phase dependent, a number of genes including the plasmid-encoded regulator operon perABC, were found to be negatively regulated by Ler. Negative regulation by Ler of PerC, itself a positive regulator of the ler promoter, suggests a negative feedback loop involving these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis E. H. Bingle
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robert K. Shaw
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Md. Shahidul Islam
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mala Patel
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lori A. S. Snyder
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Lee
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Charles W. Penn
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. W. Busby
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J. Pallen
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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49
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Bielaszewska M, Rüter C, Kunsmann L, Greune L, Bauwens A, Zhang W, Kuczius T, Kim KS, Mellmann A, Schmidt MA, Karch H. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli hemolysin employs outer membrane vesicles to target mitochondria and cause endothelial and epithelial apoptosis. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003797. [PMID: 24348251 PMCID: PMC3861543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) strains cause diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome resulting from toxin-mediated microvascular endothelial injury. EHEC hemolysin (EHEC-Hly), a member of the RTX (repeats-in-toxin) family, is an EHEC virulence factor of increasingly recognized importance. The toxin exists as free EHEC-Hly and as EHEC-Hly associated with outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) released by EHEC during growth. Whereas the free toxin is lytic towards human endothelium, the biological effects of the OMV-associated EHEC-Hly on microvascular endothelial and intestinal epithelial cells, which are the major targets during EHEC infection, are unknown. Using microscopic, biochemical, flow cytometry and functional analyses of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) and Caco-2 cells we demonstrate that OMV-associated EHEC-Hly does not lyse the target cells but triggers their apoptosis. The OMV-associated toxin is internalized by HBMEC and Caco-2 cells via dynamin-dependent endocytosis of OMVs and trafficked with OMVs into endo-lysosomal compartments. Upon endosome acidification and subsequent pH drop, EHEC-Hly is separated from OMVs, escapes from the lysosomes, most probably via its pore-forming activity, and targets mitochondria. This results in decrease of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential and translocation of cytochrome c to the cytosol, indicating EHEC-Hly-mediated permeabilization of the mitochondrial membranes. Subsequent activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 leads to apoptotic cell death as evidenced by DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation in the intoxicated cells. The ability of OMV-associated EHEC-Hly to trigger the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in human microvascular endothelial and intestinal epithelial cells indicates a novel mechanism of EHEC-Hly involvement in the pathogenesis of EHEC diseases. The OMV-mediated intracellular delivery represents a newly recognized mechanism for a bacterial toxin to enter host cells in order to target mitochondria. During the last 30 years, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) emerged as worldwide causes of diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome, the most common cause of acute kidney failure in children. EHEC hemolysin (EHEC-Hly) is one of the toxins produced by EHEC during infection that afflict the human host. EHEC-Hly belongs to a large family of toxins, whose members typically kill target cells by inserting themselves into the cell membranes, which results in pore formation and ultimately cell lysis. Here we show that EHEC-Hly associated with outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) secreted by EHEC during growth does not lyse human microvascular endothelial and intestinal epithelial cells, which are the major targets in EHEC-mediated human diseases. Instead, the OMV-associated EHEC-Hly uses the OMVs to enter the cells and acts intracellularly. The toxin separates from its carriers in lysosomes, translocates into mitochondria and triggers apoptotic death of the target cells via the mitochondrial pathway. EHEC-Hly is the first known bacterial toxin, which enters host cells via OMVs in order to attack mitochondria. The apoptotic potential of OMV-associated EHEC-Hly indicates a novel mechanism for this toxin to cause cell death during human EHEC infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Rüter
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lisa Kunsmann
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lilo Greune
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Bauwens
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Wenlan Zhang
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Kwang Sik Kim
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - M. Alexander Schmidt
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Helge Karch
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Venturini C, Hassan KA, Roy Chowdhury P, Paulsen IT, Walker MJ, Djordjevic SP. Sequences of two related multiple antibiotic resistance virulence plasmids sharing a unique IS26-related molecular signature isolated from different Escherichia coli pathotypes from different hosts. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78862. [PMID: 24223859 PMCID: PMC3817090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (aEPEC) are important zoonotic pathogens that increasingly are becoming resistant to multiple antibiotics. Here we describe two plasmids, pO26-CRL125 (125 kb) from a human O26:H- EHEC, and pO111-CRL115 (115kb) from a bovine O111 aEPEC, that impart resistance to ampicillin, kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, sulfathiazole, trimethoprim and tetracycline and both contain atypical class 1 integrons with an identical IS26-mediated deletion in their 3´-conserved segment. Complete sequence analysis showed that pO26-CRL125 and pO111-CRL115 are essentially identical except for a 9.7 kb fragment, present in the backbone of pO26-CRL125 but absent in pO111-CRL115, and several indels. The 9.7 kb fragment encodes IncI-associated genes involved in plasmid stability during conjugation, a putative transposase gene and three imperfect repeats. Contiguous sequence identical to regions within these pO26-CRL125 imperfect repeats was identified in pO111-CRL115 precisely where the 9.7 kb fragment is missing, suggesting it may be mobile. Sequences shared between the plasmids include a complete IncZ replicon, a unique toxin/antitoxin system, IncI stability and maintenance genes, a novel putative serine protease autotransporter, and an IncI1 transfer system including a unique shufflon. Both plasmids carry a derivate Tn21 transposon with an atypical class 1 integron comprising a dfrA5 gene cassette encoding resistance to trimethoprim, and 24 bp of the 3´-conserved segment followed by Tn6026, which encodes resistance to ampicillin, kanymycin, neomycin, streptomycin and sulfathiazole. The Tn21-derivative transposon is linked to a truncated Tn1721, encoding resistance to tetracycline, via a region containing the IncP-1α oriV. Absence of the 5 bp direct repeats flanking Tn3-family transposons, indicates that homologous recombination events played a key role in the formation of this complex antibiotic resistance gene locus. Comparative sequence analysis of these closely related plasmids reveals aspects of plasmid evolution in pathogenic E. coli from different hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Venturini
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karl A. Hassan
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Piklu Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
- The ithree Institute - Infection. Immunity. Innovation, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ian T. Paulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark J. Walker
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Steven P. Djordjevic
- The ithree Institute - Infection. Immunity. Innovation, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * . E-mail:
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