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Lim KJH, Lim YP, Hartono YD, Go MK, Fan H, Yew WS. Biosynthesis of Nature-Inspired Unnatural Cannabinoids. Molecules 2021; 26:2914. [PMID: 34068935 PMCID: PMC8156804 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products make up a large proportion of medicine available today. Cannabinoids from the plant Cannabis sativa is one unique class of meroterpenoids that have shown a wide range of bioactivities and recently seen significant developments in their status as therapeutic agents for various indications. Their complex chemical structures make it difficult to chemically synthesize them in efficient yields. Synthetic biology has presented a solution to this through metabolic engineering in heterologous hosts. Through genetic manipulation, rare phytocannabinoids that are produced in low yields in the plant can now be synthesized in larger quantities for therapeutic and commercial use. Additionally, an exciting avenue of exploring new chemical spaces is made available as novel derivatized compounds can be produced and investigated for their bioactivities. In this review, we summarized the biosynthetic pathways of phytocannabinoids and synthetic biology efforts in producing them in heterologous hosts. Detailed mechanistic insights are discussed in each part of the pathway in order to explore strategies for creating novel cannabinoids. Lastly, we discussed studies conducted on biological targets such as CB1, CB2 and orphan receptors along with their affinities to these cannabinoid ligands with a view to inform upstream diversification efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. H. Lim
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore; (K.J.H.L.); (Y.P.L.); (Y.D.H.); (M.K.G.); (H.F.)
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, 30 Biopolis Street, Matrix #07-01, Singapore 138671, Singapore
| | - Yan Ping Lim
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore; (K.J.H.L.); (Y.P.L.); (Y.D.H.); (M.K.G.); (H.F.)
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Yossa D. Hartono
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore; (K.J.H.L.); (Y.P.L.); (Y.D.H.); (M.K.G.); (H.F.)
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, 30 Biopolis Street, Matrix #07-01, Singapore 138671, Singapore
| | - Maybelle K. Go
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore; (K.J.H.L.); (Y.P.L.); (Y.D.H.); (M.K.G.); (H.F.)
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Hao Fan
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore; (K.J.H.L.); (Y.P.L.); (Y.D.H.); (M.K.G.); (H.F.)
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, 30 Biopolis Street, Matrix #07-01, Singapore 138671, Singapore
| | - Wen Shan Yew
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore; (K.J.H.L.); (Y.P.L.); (Y.D.H.); (M.K.G.); (H.F.)
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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2
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Qin Z, Devine R, Hutchings MI, Wilkinson B. A role for antibiotic biosynthesis monooxygenase domain proteins in fidelity control during aromatic polyketide biosynthesis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3611. [PMID: 31399587 PMCID: PMC6689052 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11538-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The formicamycin biosynthetic gene cluster encodes two groups of type 2 polyketide antibiotics: the formicamycins and their biosynthetic precursors the fasamycins, both of which have activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Here, we report the formicapyridines which are encoded by the same gene cluster and are structurally and biosynthetically related to the fasamycins and formicamycins but comprise a rare pyridine moiety. These compounds are trace-level metabolites formed by derailment of the major biosynthetic pathway. Inspired by evolutionary logic we show that rational mutation of a single gene in the biosynthetic gene cluster encoding an antibiotic biosynthesis monooxygenase (ABM) superfamily protein leads to a significant increase both in total formicapyridine production and their enrichment relative to the fasamycins/formicamycins. Our observations broaden the polyketide biosynthetic landscape and identify a non-catalytic role for ABM superfamily proteins in type II polyketide synthase assemblages for maintaining biosynthetic pathway fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Qin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Rebecca Devine
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Matthew I Hutchings
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Barrie Wilkinson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
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3
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Hernández K, Parella T, Petrillo G, Usón I, Wandtke CM, Joglar J, Bujons J, Clapés P. Intramolecular Benzoin Reaction Catalyzed by Benzaldehyde Lyase from Pseudomonas Fluorescens Biovar I. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karel Hernández
- Catalonia Institute for Advanced Chemistry; Dept. Chemical Biology & Molecular Modelling; IQAC-CSIC; Jordi Girona 18-26 08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Teodor Parella
- Servei de Ressonáncia Magnética Nuclear; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
| | - Giovanna Petrillo
- Dept. Chemical Biology & Molecular Modelling; Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña; IQAC-CSIC; Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona; IBMB-CSIC; Spain
| | - Isabel Usón
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona; IBMB-CSIC; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA); Spain
| | - Claudia M. Wandtke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - Jesús Joglar
- Catalonia Institute for Advanced Chemistry; Dept. Chemical Biology & Molecular Modelling; IQAC-CSIC; Jordi Girona 18-26 08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Jordi Bujons
- Catalonia Institute for Advanced Chemistry; Dept. Chemical Biology & Molecular Modelling; IQAC-CSIC; Jordi Girona 18-26 08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Pere Clapés
- Catalonia Institute for Advanced Chemistry; Dept. Chemical Biology & Molecular Modelling; IQAC-CSIC; Jordi Girona 18-26 08034 Barcelona Spain
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4
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Hernández K, Parella T, Petrillo G, Usón I, Wandtke CM, Joglar J, Bujons J, Clapés P. Intramolecular Benzoin Reaction Catalyzed by Benzaldehyde Lyase from Pseudomonas Fluorescens Biovar I. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:5304-5307. [PMID: 28387004 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Intramolecular benzoin reactions catalyzed by benzaldehyde lyase from Pseudomonas fluorescens biovar I (BAL) are reported. The structure of the substrates envisaged for this reaction consists of two benzaldehyde derivatives linked by an alkyl chain. The structural requirements needed to achieve the intramolecular carbon-carbon bond reaction catalyzed by BAL were established. Thus, a linker consisting of a linear alkyl chain of three carbon atoms connected through ether-type bonds to the 2 and 2' positions of two benzaldehyde moieties, which could be substituted with either Cl, Br, or OCH3 at either the 3 and 3' or 5 and 5' positions, were suitable substrates for BAL. Reactions with 61-84 % yields of the intramolecular product and ee values between 64 and 98 %, were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Hernández
- Catalonia Institute for Advanced Chemistry, Dept. Chemical Biology & Molecular Modelling, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teodor Parella
- Servei de Ressonáncia Magnética Nuclear, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Giovanna Petrillo
- Dept. Chemical Biology & Molecular Modelling, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña, IQAC-CSIC, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, IBMB-CSIC, Spain
| | - Isabel Usón
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, IBMB-CSIC, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Spain
| | - Claudia M Wandtke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jesús Joglar
- Catalonia Institute for Advanced Chemistry, Dept. Chemical Biology & Molecular Modelling, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Bujons
- Catalonia Institute for Advanced Chemistry, Dept. Chemical Biology & Molecular Modelling, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Clapés
- Catalonia Institute for Advanced Chemistry, Dept. Chemical Biology & Molecular Modelling, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Jackson DR, Yu X, Wang G, Patel AB, Calveras J, Barajas JF, Sasaki E, Metsä-Ketelä M, Liu HW, Rohr J, Tsai SC. Insights into Complex Oxidation during BE-7585A Biosynthesis: Structural Determination and Analysis of the Polyketide Monooxygenase BexE. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:1137-47. [PMID: 26813028 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cores of aromatic polyketides are essential for their biological activities. Most type II polyketide synthases (PKSs) biosynthesize these core structures involving the minimal PKS, a PKS-associated ketoreductase (KR) and aromatases/cyclases (ARO/CYCs). Oxygenases (OXYs) are rarely involved. BE-7585A is an anticancer polyketide with an angucyclic core. (13)C isotope labeling experiments suggest that its angucyclic core may arise from an oxidative rearrangement of a linear anthracyclinone. Here, we present the crystal structure and functional analysis of BexE, the oxygenase proposed to catalyze this key oxidative rearrangement step that generates the angucyclinone framework. Biochemical assays using various linear anthracyclinone model compounds combined with docking simulations narrowed down the substrate of BexE to be an immediate precursor of aklaviketone, possibly 12-deoxy-aklaviketone. The structural analysis, docking simulations, and biochemical assays provide insights into the role of BexE in BE-7585A biosynthesis and lay the groundwork for engineering such framework-modifying enzymes in type II PKSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Jackson
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, and
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Xia Yu
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Guojung Wang
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Avinash B. Patel
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, and
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jordi Calveras
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jesus F. Barajas
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, and
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Eita Sasaki
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | | | - Hung-wen Liu
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jürgen Rohr
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Shiou-Chuan Tsai
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, and
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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6
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Yang X, Matsui T, Kodama T, Mori T, Zhou X, Taura F, Noguchi H, Abe I, Morita H. Structural basis for olivetolic acid formation by a polyketide cyclase from Cannabis sativa. FEBS J 2016; 283:1088-106. [PMID: 26783002 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In polyketide biosynthesis, ring formation is one of the key diversification steps. Olivetolic acid cyclase (OAC) from Cannabis sativa, involved in cannabinoid biosynthesis, is the only known plant polyketide cyclase. In addition, it is the only functionally characterized plant α+β barrel (DABB) protein that catalyzes the C2-C7 aldol cyclization of the linear pentyl tetra-β-ketide CoA as the substrate, to generate olivetolic acid (OA). Herein, we solved the OAC apo and OAC-OA complex binary crystal structures at 1.32 and 1.70 Å resolutions, respectively. The crystal structures revealed that the enzyme indeed belongs to the DABB superfamily, as previously proposed, and possesses a unique active-site cavity containing the pentyl-binding hydrophobic pocket and the polyketide binding site, which have never been observed among the functionally and structurally characterized bacterial polyketide cyclases. Furthermore, site-directed mutagenesis studies indicated that Tyr72 and His78 function as acid/base catalysts at the catalytic center. Structural and/or functional studies of OAC suggested that the enzyme lacks thioesterase and aromatase activities. These observations demonstrated that OAC employs unique catalytic machinery utilizing acid/base catalytic chemistry for the formation of the precursor of OA. The structural and functional insights obtained in this work thus provide the foundation for analyses of the plant polyketide cyclases that will be discovered in the future. DATA DEPOSITION Structural data reported in this paper are available in the Protein Data Bank under the accession numbers 5B08 for the OAC apo, 5B09 for the OAC-OA binary complex and 5B0A, 5B0B, 5B0C, 5B0D, 5B0E, 5B0F and 5B0G for the OAC His5Q, Ile7F, Tyr27F, Tyr27W, Val59M, Tyr72F and His78S mutant enzymes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmei Yang
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsui
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kodama
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Japan
| | - Takahiro Mori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiaoxi Zhou
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Japan
| | - Futoshi Taura
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Noguchi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Taura F, Iijima M, Yamanaka E, Takahashi H, Kenmoku H, Saeki H, Morimoto S, Asakawa Y, Kurosaki F, Morita H. A Novel Class of Plant Type III Polyketide Synthase Involved in Orsellinic Acid Biosynthesis from Rhododendron dauricum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1452. [PMID: 27729920 PMCID: PMC5037138 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Rhododendron dauricum L. produces daurichromenic acid, the anti-HIV meroterpenoid consisting of sesquiterpene and orsellinic acid (OSA) moieties. To characterize the enzyme responsible for OSA biosynthesis, a cDNA encoding a novel polyketide synthase (PKS), orcinol synthase (ORS), was cloned from young leaves of R. dauricum. The primary structure of ORS shared relatively low identities to those of PKSs from other plants, and the active site of ORS had a unique amino acid composition. The bacterially expressed, recombinant ORS accepted acetyl-CoA as the preferable starter substrate, and produced orcinol as the major reaction product, along with four minor products including OSA. The ORS identified in this study is the first plant PKS that generates acetate-derived aromatic tetraketides, such as orcinol and OSA. Interestingly, OSA production was clearly enhanced in the presence of Cannabis sativa olivetolic acid cyclase, suggesting that the ORS is involved in OSA biosynthesis together with an unidentified cyclase in R. dauricum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Futoshi Taura
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of ToyamaToyama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Futoshi Taura, Hiroyuki Morita,
| | - Miu Iijima
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of ToyamaToyama, Japan
| | - Eriko Yamanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Hiromichi Kenmoku
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Tokushima Bunri UniversityTokushima, Japan
| | - Haruna Saeki
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of ToyamaToyama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Morimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Asakawa
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Tokushima Bunri UniversityTokushima, Japan
| | - Fumiya Kurosaki
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of ToyamaToyama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Morita
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of ToyamaToyama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Futoshi Taura, Hiroyuki Morita,
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8
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Ogasawara Y, Yackley BJ, Greenberg JA, Rogelj S, Melançon CE. Expanding our understanding of sequence-function relationships of type II polyketide biosynthetic gene clusters: bioinformatics-guided identification of Frankiamicin A from Frankia sp. EAN1pec. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121505. [PMID: 25837682 PMCID: PMC4383371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A large and rapidly increasing number of unstudied “orphan” natural product biosynthetic gene clusters are being uncovered in sequenced microbial genomes. An important goal of modern natural products research is to be able to accurately predict natural product structures and biosynthetic pathways from these gene cluster sequences. This requires both development of bioinformatic methods for global analysis of these gene clusters and experimental characterization of select products produced by gene clusters with divergent sequence characteristics. Here, we conduct global bioinformatic analysis of all available type II polyketide gene cluster sequences and identify a conserved set of gene clusters with unique ketosynthase α/β sequence characteristics in the genomes of Frankia species, a group of Actinobacteria with underexploited natural product biosynthetic potential. Through LC-MS profiling of extracts from several Frankia species grown under various conditions, we identified Frankia sp. EAN1pec as producing a compound with spectral characteristics consistent with the type II polyketide produced by this gene cluster. We isolated the compound, a pentangular polyketide which we named frankiamicin A, and elucidated its structure by NMR and labeled precursor feeding. We also propose biosynthetic and regulatory pathways for frankiamicin A based on comparative genomic analysis and literature precedent, and conduct bioactivity assays of the compound. Our findings provide new information linking this set of Frankia gene clusters with the compound they produce, and our approach has implications for accurate functional prediction of the many other type II polyketide clusters present in bacterial genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Ogasawara
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J. Yackley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Jacob A. Greenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Snezna Rogelj
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico, United States of America
- Department of Biology, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Charles E. Melançon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Chen Y, Zhang W, Zhu Y, Zhang Q, Tian X, Zhang S, Zhang C. Elucidating hydroxylation and methylation steps tailoring piericidin A1 biosynthesis. Org Lett 2014; 16:736-9. [PMID: 24409990 DOI: 10.1021/ol4034176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The piericidin A1 (1) gene cluster was identified from the deep-sea derived Streptomyces sp. SCSIO 03032. Our in vivo and in vitro experiments verified PieE as a 4'-hydroxylase and PieB2 as a 4'-O-methyltransferase, allowing the elucidation of the post-PKS modification steps involved in 1 biosynthesis. In addition, the shunt metabolite piericidin E1 (7) was identified as a novel analogue featuring a C-2/C-3 epoxy ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaolong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
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10
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Zhang W, Wang L, Kong L, Wang T, Chu Y, Deng Z, You D. Unveiling the post-PKS redox tailoring steps in biosynthesis of the type II polyketide antitumor antibiotic xantholipin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 19:422-32. [PMID: 22444597 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Xantholipin from Streptomyces flavogriseus is a curved hexacyclic aromatic polyketide antitumor antibiotic. The entire 52 kb xantholipin (xan) biosynthetic gene cluster was sequenced, and bioinformatic analysis revealed open reading frames encoding type II polyketide synthases, regulators, and polyketide tailoring enzymes. Individual in-frame mutagenesis of five tailoring enzymes lead to the production of nine xantholipin analogs, revealing that the xanthone scaffold formation was catalyzed by the FAD binding monooxygenase XanO4, the δ-lactam formation by the asparagine synthetase homolog XanA, the methylenedioxy bridge generation by the P450 monooxygenase XanO2 and the hydroxylation of the carbon backbone by the FAD binding monooxygenase XanO5. These findings may also apply to other polycyclic xanthone antibiotics, and they form the basis for genetic engineering of the xantholipin and similar biosynthetic gene clusters for the generation of compounds with improved antitumor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weike Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
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11
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Identification of olivetolic acid cyclase from Cannabis sativa reveals a unique catalytic route to plant polyketides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:12811-6. [PMID: 22802619 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1200330109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Δ(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other cannabinoids are responsible for the psychoactive and medicinal properties of Cannabis sativa L. (marijuana). The first intermediate in the cannabinoid biosynthetic pathway is proposed to be olivetolic acid (OA), an alkylresorcinolic acid that forms the polyketide nucleus of the cannabinoids. OA has been postulated to be synthesized by a type III polyketide synthase (PKS) enzyme, but so far type III PKSs from cannabis have been shown to produce catalytic byproducts instead of OA. We analyzed the transcriptome of glandular trichomes from female cannabis flowers, which are the primary site of cannabinoid biosynthesis, and searched for polyketide cyclase-like enzymes that could assist in OA cyclization. Here, we show that a type III PKS (tetraketide synthase) from cannabis trichomes requires the presence of a polyketide cyclase enzyme, olivetolic acid cyclase (OAC), which catalyzes a C2-C7 intramolecular aldol condensation with carboxylate retention to form OA. OAC is a dimeric α+β barrel (DABB) protein that is structurally similar to polyketide cyclases from Streptomyces species. OAC transcript is present at high levels in glandular trichomes, an expression profile that parallels other cannabinoid pathway enzymes. Our identification of OAC both clarifies the cannabinoid pathway and demonstrates unexpected evolutionary parallels between polyketide biosynthesis in plants and bacteria. In addition, the widespread occurrence of DABB proteins in plants suggests that polyketide cyclases may play an overlooked role in generating plant chemical diversity.
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12
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Liu Q, Yao F, Chooi YH, Kang Q, Xu W, Li Y, Shao Y, Shi Y, Deng Z, Tang Y, You D. Elucidation of Piericidin A1 biosynthetic locus revealed a thioesterase-dependent mechanism of α-pyridone ring formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 19:243-53. [PMID: 22365607 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Piericidins are a class of α-pyridone antibiotics that inhibit mitochondrial respiratory chain and exhibit antimicrobial, antifungal, and antitumor activities. Sequential analysis of Streptomyces piomogeues var. Hangzhouwanensis genome revealed six modular polyketide synthases, an amidotransferase, two methyltransferases, and a monooxygenase for piericidin A1 production. Gene functional analysis and deletion results provide overview of the biosynthesis pathway. Furthermore, in vitro characterization of the terminal polyketide synthase module with the thioesterase domain using β-ketoacyl substrates was performed. That revealed a pathway where the α-pyridone ring formation is dependent on hydrolysis of the product β, δ-diketo carboxylic acid by the C-terminal thioesterase followed by amidation and cyclization. These findings set the stage to investigate unusual enzymatic mechanisms in α-pyridone antibiotics biosynthesis, provide a foundation for genome mining of α-pyridone antibiotics, and produce analogs by molecular engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
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13
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Cloning of the biosynthetic gene cluster for naphthoxanthene antibiotic FD-594 from Streptomyces sp. TA-0256. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2010; 64:123-32. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2010.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Zhang X, Alemany LB, Fiedler HP, Goodfellow M, Parry RJ. Biosynthetic investigations of lactonamycin and lactonamycin z: cloning of the biosynthetic gene clusters and discovery of an unusual starter unit. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:574-85. [PMID: 18070976 PMCID: PMC2224763 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00717-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2007] [Revised: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibiotics lactonamycin and lactonamycin Z provide attractive leads for antibacterial drug development. Both antibiotics contain a novel aglycone core called lactonamycinone. To gain insight into lactonamycinone biosynthesis, cloning and precursor incorporation experiments were undertaken. The lactonamycin gene cluster was initially cloned from Streptomyces rishiriensis. Sequencing of ca. 61 kb of S. rishiriensis DNA revealed the presence of 57 open reading frames. These included genes coding for the biosynthesis of l-rhodinose, the sugar found in lactonamycin, and genes similar to those in the tetracenomycin biosynthetic gene cluster. Since lactonamycin production by S. rishiriensis could not be sustained, additional proof for the identity of the S. rishiriensis cluster was obtained by cloning the lactonamycin Z gene cluster from Streptomyces sanglieri. Partial sequencing of the S. sanglieri cluster revealed 15 genes that exhibited a very high degree of similarity to genes within the lactonamycin cluster, as well as an identical organization. Double-crossover disruption of one gene in the S. sanglieri cluster abolished lactonamycin Z production, and production was restored by complementation. These results confirm the identity of the genetic locus cloned from S. sanglieri and indicate that the highly similar locus in S. rishiriensis encodes lactonamycin biosynthetic genes. Precursor incorporation experiments with S. sanglieri revealed that lactonamycinone is biosynthesized in an unusual manner whereby glycine or a glycine derivative serves as a starter unit that is extended by nine acetate units. Analysis of the gene clusters and of the precursor incorporation data suggested a hypothetical scheme for lactonamycinone biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, MS60, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA
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15
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Sattely ES, Fischbach MA, Walsh CT. Total biosynthesis: in vitro reconstitution of polyketide and nonribosomal peptide pathways. Nat Prod Rep 2008; 25:757-93. [DOI: 10.1039/b801747f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Lombó F, Menéndez N, Salas JA, Méndez C. The aureolic acid family of antitumor compounds: structure, mode of action, biosynthesis, and novel derivatives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 73:1-14. [PMID: 17013601 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0511-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Revised: 05/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Members of the aureolic acid family are tricyclic polyketides with antitumor activity which are produced by different streptomycete species. These members are glycosylated compounds with two oligosaccharide chains of variable sugar length. They interact with the DNA minor groove in high-GC-content regions in a nonintercalative way and with a requirement for magnesium ions. Mithramycin and chromomycins are the most representative members of the family, mithramycin being used as a chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of several cancer diseases. For chromomycin and durhamycin A, antiviral activity has also been reported. The biosynthesis gene clusters for mithramycin and chromomycin A(3) have been studied in detail by gene sequencing, insertional inactivation, and gene expression. Most of the biosynthetic intermediates in these pathways have been isolated and characterized. Some of these compounds showed an increase in antitumor activity in comparison with the parent compounds. A common step in the biosynthesis of all members of the family is the formation of the tetracyclic intermediate premithramycinone. Further biosynthetic steps (glycosylation, methylations, acylations) proceed through tetracyclic intermediates which are finally converted into tricyclic compounds by the action of a monooxygenase, a key event for the biological activity. Heterologous expression of biosynthetic genes from other aromatic polyketide pathways in the mithramycin producer (or some mutants) led to the isolation of novel hybrid compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Lombó
- Departamento de Biología Funcional e Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (I.U.O.P.A), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
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17
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Thompson TB, Katayama K, Watanabe K, Hutchinson CR, Rayment I. Structural and functional analysis of tetracenomycin F2 cyclase from Streptomyces glaucescens. A type II polyketide cyclase. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:37956-63. [PMID: 15231835 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m406144200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetracenomycin F2 cyclase (tcmI gene product), catalyzes an aromatic rearrangement in the biosynthetic pathway for tetracenomycin C in Streptomyces glaucescens. The x-ray structure of this small enzyme has been determined to 1.9-A resolution together with an analysis of site-directed mutants of potential catalytic residues. The protein exhibits a dimeric betaalphabeta ferredoxin-like fold that utilizes strand swapping between subunits in its assembly. The fold is dominated by four strands of antiparallel sheet and a layer of alpha-helices, which creates a cavity that is proposed to be the active site. This type of secondary structural arrangement has been previously observed in polyketide monooxygenases and suggests an evolutionary relationship between enzymes that catalyze adjacent steps in these biosynthetic pathways. Mutational analysis of all of the obvious catalytic bases within the active site suggests that the enzyme functions to steer the chemical outcome of the cyclization rather than providing a specific catalytic group. Together, the structure and functional analysis provide insight into the structural framework necessary to perform the complex rearrangements catalyzed by this class of polyketide cyclases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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18
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Rawlings
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, UK.
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20
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Künzel E, Wohlert SE, Beninga C, Haag S, Decker H, Hutchinson CR, Blanco G, Mendez C, Salas JA, Rohr J. Tetracenomycin M, a Novel Genetically Engineered Tetracenomycin Resulting from a Combination of Mithramycin and Tetracenomycin Biosynthetic Genes. Chemistry 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.19970031017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Shen B, Hutchinson CR. Deciphering the mechanism for the assembly of aromatic polyketides by a bacterial polyketide synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:6600-4. [PMID: 8692863 PMCID: PMC39071 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.13.6600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aromatic polyketides are assembled by a type 11 (iterative) polyketide synthase (PKS) in bacteria. Understanding the enzymology of such enzymes should provide the information needed for the synthesis of novel polyketides through the genetic engineering of PKSs. Using a previously described cell-free system [B.S. & C.R.H. (1993) Science 262, 1535-1540], we studied a PKS enzyme whose substrate is not directly available and purified the TcmN polyketide cyclase from Streptomyces glaucescens. TcmN is a bifunctional protein that catalyzes the regiospecific cyclization of the Tcm PKS-bound linear decaketide to Tcm F2 and the 0-methylation of Tcm D3 to Tcm B3. In the absence of TcmN, the decaketide formed by the minimal PKS consisting of the TcmJKLM proteins undergoes spontaneous cyclization to form some Tcm F2 as well as SEK15 and many other aberrant shunt products. Addition of purified TcmN to a mixture of the other Tcm PKS components both restores and enhances Tcm F2 production. Interestingly, Tcm F2 but none of the aberrant products was bound tightly to the PKS. The results described support the notion that the polyketide cyclase, not the minimal PKS, dictates the regiospecificity for the cyclization of the linear polyketide intermediate. Furthermore, because the addition of TcmN to the TcmJKLM proteins results in a significant increase of the total yield of decaketide, interactions among the individual components of the Tcm PKS complex must give rise to the optimal PKS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Shen
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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22
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Yang K, Han L, Ayer SW, Vining LC. Accumulation of the angucycline antibiotic rabelomycin after disruption of an oxygenase gene in the jadomycin B biosynthetic gene cluster of Streptomyces venezuelae. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1996; 142 ( Pt 1):123-132. [PMID: 8581159 DOI: 10.1099/13500872-142-1-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
DNA from a region downstream of and overlapping the polyketide synthase (PKS) gene cluster for jadomycin B biosynthesis in Streptomyces venezuelae was cloned and sequenced. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence located one complete ORF (ORF6), an incomplete one representing the 3' region of ORF4 in the PKS cluster, and a second incomplete one (ORF7). The deduced amino acid sequences for ORFs 6 and 7 resemble those of oxygenases. Since a plausible biosynthetic pathway for jadomycin B includes an angular polyketide intermediate that undergoes oxidative ring fission before condensation with an amino acid, we subcloned one of the presumptive oxygenase genes (ORF6) in a segregationally unstable shuttle vector (pHJL400) and disrupted it by inserting the gene for apramycin resistance. Transformation of S. venezuelae with the disruption vector and selection for apramycin resistance gave mutants blocked in jadomycin biosynthesis. Southern hybridization confirmed that gene replacement had occurred. Cultures of the mutants accumulated a metabolite identified by comparison with an authentic sample as rabelomycin, a non-nitrogenous polyketide-derived antibiotic originally isolated from Streptomyces olivaceus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqian Yang
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J1
| | - Lei Han
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J1
| | - Stephen W Ayer
- Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council of Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3Z1
| | - Leo C Vining
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J1
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23
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Decker H, Haag S. Cloning and characterization of a polyketide synthase gene from Streptomyces fradiae Tü2717, which carries the genes for biosynthesis of the angucycline antibiotic urdamycin A and a gene probably involved in its oxygenation. J Bacteriol 1995; 177:6126-36. [PMID: 7592377 PMCID: PMC177452 DOI: 10.1128/jb.177.21.6126-6136.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A DNA fragment was cloned as cosmid purd8, which encodes a polyketide synthase involved in the production of the angucycline antibiotic urdamycin from Streptomyces fradiae Tü2717. Deletion of the polyketide synthase genes from the chromosome abolished urdamycin production. In addition, purd8 conferred urdamycin resistance on introduction into Streptomyces lividans TK24. Sequence analysis of 5.7 kb of purd8 revealed six open reading frames transcribed in the same direction. The deduced amino acid sequences of the six open reading frames strongly resemble proteins from known type II polyketide synthase gene clusters: a ketoacyl synthase, a chain length factor, an acyl carrier protein, a ketoreductase, a cyclase, and an oxygenase. Heterologous expression of the urdamycin genes encoding a ketoacyl synthase and a chain length factor in Streptomyces glaucescens tetracenomycin C-nonproducing mutants impaired in either the TcmK ketoacyl synthase or TcmL chain length factor resulted in the production of tetracenomycin C. Heterologous expression of a putative oxygenase gene from the urdamycin gene cluster in S. glaucescens GLA.O caused production of the hybrid antibiotic 6-hydroxy tetracenomycin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Decker
- Lehrbereich Mikrobiologie/Antibiotika, Universität Tübingen, Germany
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24
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Tsoi CJ, Khosla C. Combinatorial biosynthesis of 'unnatural' natural products: the polyketide example. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 1995; 2:355-62. [PMID: 9383437 DOI: 10.1016/1074-5521(95)90214-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Multi-enzyme systems, such as those involved in the biosynthesis of polyketides, typically catalyze several distinct reactions that are combined in different ways to generate diverse natural products. The variability available in such systems has not been fully harnessed from nature. It may therefore be possible to create 'unnatural' natural products, which may be as structurally diverse and medicinally valuable as existing natural products, using combinatorial biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Tsoi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, CA 94305-5025, USA
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Hutchinson
- Dept of Medicinal Chemistry & Bacteriology, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA
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26
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Grimm A, Madduri K, Ali A, Hutchinson CR. Characterization of the Streptomyces peucetius ATCC 29050 genes encoding doxorubicin polyketide synthase. Gene X 1994; 151:1-10. [PMID: 7828855 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90625-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The dps genes of Streptomyces peucetius, encoding daunorubicin (DNR)-doxorubicin (DXR) polyketide synthase (PKS), are largely within an 8.7-kb region of DNA that has been characterized by Southern analysis, and gene sequencing, mutagenesis and expression experiments. This region contains nine ORFs, many of whose predicted products are homologous to known PKS enzymes. Surprisingly, the gene encoding the DXR PKS acyl carrier protein is not in this region, but is located about 10 kb distant from the position it usually occupies in other gene clusters encoding type-II PKS. An in-frame deletion in the dpsB gene, encoding a putative subunit of the DXR PKS, resulted in loss of production of DXR and the known intermediates of its biosynthetic pathway, confirming that this gene and, by implication, the adjacent dps genes are required for DXR biosynthesis. This was verified by expression of the dps genes in the heterologous host, Streptomyces lividans, which resulted in the production of aklanonic acid, an early intermediate of DXR biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Grimm
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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27
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Shen B, Hutchinson CR. Triple hydroxylation of tetracenomycin A2 to tetracenomycin C in Streptomyces glaucescens. Overexpression of the tcmG gene in Streptomyces lividans and characterization of the tetracenomycin A2 oxygenase. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)43874-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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28
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Hutchinson CR, Decker H, Madduri K, Otten SL, Tang L. Genetic control of polyketide biosynthesis in the genus Streptomyces. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1994; 64:165-76. [PMID: 8092857 DOI: 10.1007/bf00873025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The genetic control of polyketide metabolite biosynthesis in Streptomyces sp. producing actinorhodin, daunorubicin, erythromycin, spiramycin, tetracenomycin and tylosin is reviewed. Several examples of positively-acting transcriptional regulators of polyketide metabolism are known, including some two-component sensor kinase-response regulator systems. Translational and posttranslational control mechanisms are only briefly mentioned since very little is known about either of these processes. Examples of how enzyme levels and substrate supply affect polyketide metabolism also are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Hutchinson
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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29
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Shen B, Hutchinson CR. Enzymatic synthesis of a bacterial polyketide from acetyl and malonyl coenzyme A. Science 1993; 262:1535-40. [PMID: 8248801 DOI: 10.1126/science.8248801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms and plants manufacture a large collection of medically and commercially useful natural products called polyketides by a process that resembles fatty acid biosynthesis. Genetically engineered microorganisms with modified polyketide synthase (PKS) genes can produce new metabolites that may have new or improved pharmacological activity. A potentially general method to prepare cell-free systems for studying bacterial type II PKS enzymes has been developed that facilitates the purification and reconstitution of their constituent proteins. Selective expression of different combinations of the Streptomyces glaucescens tetracenomycin (Tcm) tcmJKLMN genes in a tcmGHIJKLMNO null background has been used to show that the Tcm PKS consists of at least the TcmKLMN proteins. Addition of the TcmJ protein to the latter four enzymes resulted in a greater than fourfold increase of overall activity and thus represents the optimal Tcm PKS. Polyclonal antibodies raised against each of the TcmKLMN proteins strongly inhibit the Tcm PKS, as do known inhibitors targeted to the active site Cys and Ser residues of a fatty acid synthase. This system exhibits a strict starter unit specificity because neither propionyl, butyryl, or isobutyryl coenzyme A substitute for acetyl coenzyme A in assembly of the Tcm decaketide. Because the Tcm PKS activity is significantly diminished by removal of the TcmM acyl carrier protein and can be restored by addition of separately purified TcmM to two different types of TcmM-deficient PKS, it should be possible to use such preparations to assay for each of the constituents of the Tcm PKS.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Shen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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