1
|
Ward S, O'Sullivan JM, O'Donnell JS. von Willebrand factor sialylation-A critical regulator of biological function. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:1018-1029. [PMID: 31055873 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Von Willebrand Factor (VWF) is extensively glycosylated with serial studies demonstrating that these carbohydrate determinants play critical roles in regulating multiple aspects of VWF biology. Terminal sialic acid residues, expressed on both the N- and O-linked glycans of VWF, regulate VWF functional activity, susceptibility to proteolysis and plasma clearance in vivo. Quantitative and qualitative variations in VWF sialylation have been reported in patients with von Willebrand Disease, as well as in a number of other physiological and pathological states. Further studies are warranted to define the molecular mechanisms through which N- and O-linked sialylation impacts upon the multiple biological activities of VWF. von Willebrand factor (VWF) undergoes complex post-translational modification prior to its secretion into the plasma. Consequently, VWF monomers contain complex N-glycan and O-glycan structures that, together, account for approximately 20% of the final monomeric mass. An increasing body of evidence has confirmed that these carbohydrate determinants play critical roles in regulating multiple aspects of VWF biology. In particular, studies have demonstrated that terminal ABO blood group has an important effect on plasma VWF levels. This effect is interesting, given that only 15% of the N-glycans and 1% of the O-glycans of VWF actually express terminal ABO(H) determinants. In contrast, the vast majority of the N-glycans and O-glycans on human VWF are capped by terminal negatively charged sialic acid residues. Recent data suggest that sialylation significantly regulates VWF functional activity, susceptibility to proteolysis, and clearance, through a number of independent pathways. These findings are of direct clinical relevence, in that quantitative and qualitative variations in VWF sialylation have been described in patients with VWD, as well as in patients with a number of other physiologic and pathologic conditions. Moreover, platelet-derived VWF is significantly hyposialylated as compared with plasma-derived VWF, whereas the recently licensed recombinant VWF therapeutic is hypersialylated. In this review, we examine the evidence supporting the hypothesis that VWF sialylation plays multiple biological roles. In addition, we consider data suggesting that quantitative and qualitative variations in VWF sialylation may play specific roles in the pathogenesis of VWD, and that sialic acid expression on VWF may also differ across a number of other physiologic and pathologic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soracha Ward
- Haemostasis Research Group, Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jamie M O'Sullivan
- Haemostasis Research Group, Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James S O'Donnell
- Haemostasis Research Group, Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- National Coagulation Centre, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
O'Sullivan JM, Ward S, Lavin M, O'Donnell JS. von Willebrand factor clearance - biological mechanisms and clinical significance. Br J Haematol 2018; 183:185-195. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M. O'Sullivan
- Haemostasis Research Group; Irish Centre for Vascular Biology; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Dublin Ireland
| | - Soracha Ward
- Haemostasis Research Group; Irish Centre for Vascular Biology; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Dublin Ireland
| | - Michelle Lavin
- Haemostasis Research Group; Irish Centre for Vascular Biology; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Dublin Ireland
- National Coagulation Centre; St James's Hospital; Dublin Ireland
| | - James S. O'Donnell
- Haemostasis Research Group; Irish Centre for Vascular Biology; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Dublin Ireland
- National Coagulation Centre; St James's Hospital; Dublin Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Eggink LL, Roby KF, Cote R, Kenneth Hoober J. An innovative immunotherapeutic strategy for ovarian cancer: CLEC10A and glycomimetic peptides. J Immunother Cancer 2018; 6:28. [PMID: 29665849 PMCID: PMC5905120 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0339-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Receptors specific for the sugar N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) include the human type II, C-type lectin receptor macrophage galactose-type lectin/C-type lectin receptor family member 10A (MGL/CLEC10A/CD301) that is expressed prominently by human peripheral immature dendritic cells, dendritic cells in the skin, alternatively-activated (M2a) macrophages, and to lesser extents by several other types of tissues. CLEC10A is an endocytic receptor on antigen-presenting cells and has been proposed to play an important role in maturation of dendritic cells and initiation of an immune response. In this study, we asked whether a peptide that binds in the GalNAc-binding site of CLEC10A would serve as an effective tool to activate an immune response against ovarian cancer. METHODS A 12-mer sequence emerged from a screen of a phage display library with a GalNAc-specific lectin. The peptide, designated svL4, and a shorter peptide consisting of the C-terminal 6 amino acids, designated sv6D, were synthesized as tetravalent structures based on a tri-lysine core. In silico and in vitro binding assays were developed to evaluate binding of the peptides to GalNAc-specific receptors. Endotoxin-negative peptide solutions were administered by subcutaneous injection and biological activity of the peptides was determined by secretion of cytokines and the response of peritoneal immune cells in mice. Anti-cancer activity was studied in a murine model of ovarian cancer. RESULTS The peptides bound to recombinant human CLEC10A with high avidity, with half-maximal binding in the low nanomolar range. Binding to the receptor was Ca2+-dependent. Subcutaneous injection of low doses of peptides into mice on alternate days resulted in several-fold expansion of populations of mature immune cells within the peritoneal cavity. Peptide sv6D effectively suppressed development of ascites in a murine ovarian cancer model as a monotherapy and in combination with the chemotherapeutic drug paclitaxel or the immunotherapeutic antibody against the receptor PD-1. Toxicity, including antigenicity and release of cytotoxic levels of cytokines, was not observed. CONCLUSION sv6D is a functional ligand for CLEC10A and induces maturation of immune cells in the peritoneal cavity. The peptide caused a highly significant extension of survival of mice with implanted ovarian cancer cells with a favorable toxicity and non-antigenic profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Eggink
- Susavion Biosciences, Inc., 1615 W. University Drive, Suite 132, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | | | - Robert Cote
- Susavion Biosciences, Inc., 1615 W. University Drive, Suite 132, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - J Kenneth Hoober
- Susavion Biosciences, Inc., 1615 W. University Drive, Suite 132, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
A novel role for the macrophage galactose-type lectin receptor in mediating von Willebrand factor clearance. Blood 2017; 131:911-916. [PMID: 29282218 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-06-787853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that loss of terminal sialic acid causes enhanced von Willebrand factor (VWF) clearance through the Ashwell-Morrell receptor (AMR). In this study, we investigated (1) the specific importance of N- vs O-linked sialic acid in protecting against VWF clearance and (2) whether additional receptors contribute to the reduced half-life of hyposialylated VWF. α2-3-linked sialic acid accounts for <20% of total sialic acid and is predominantly expressed on VWF O-glycans. Nevertheless, specific digestion with α2-3 neuraminidase (α2-3Neu-VWF) was sufficient to cause markedly enhanced VWF clearance. Interestingly, in vivo clearance experiments in dual VWF-/-/Asgr1-/- mice demonstrated enhanced clearance of α2-3Neu-VWF even in the absence of the AMR. The macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL) is a C-type lectin that binds to glycoproteins expressing terminal N-acetylgalactosamine or galactose residues. Importantly, the markedly enhanced clearance of hyposialylated VWF in VWF-/-/Asgr1-/- mice was significantly attenuated in the presence of an anti-MGL inhibitory antibody. Furthermore, dose-dependent binding of human VWF to purified recombinant human MGL was confirmed using surface plasmon resonance. Additionally, plasma VWF:Ag levels were significantly elevated in MGL1-/- mice compared with controls. Collectively, these findings identify MGL as a novel macrophage receptor for VWF that significantly contributes to the clearance of both wild-type and hyposialylated VWF.
Collapse
|
5
|
Targeting antigens to dendritic cell receptors for vaccine development. JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY 2013; 2013:869718. [PMID: 24228179 PMCID: PMC3817681 DOI: 10.1155/2013/869718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are highly specialized antigen presenting cells of the immune system which play a key role in regulating immune responses. Depending on the method of antigen delivery, DCs stimulate immune responses or induce tolerance. As a consequence of the dual function of DCs, DCs are studied in the context of immunotherapy for both cancer and autoimmune diseases. In vaccine development, a major aim is to induce strong, specific T-cell responses. This is achieved by targeting antigen to cell surface molecules on DCs that efficiently channel the antigen into endocytic compartments for loading onto MHC molecules and stimulation of T-cell responses. The most attractive cell surface receptors, expressed on DCs used as targets for antigen delivery for cancer and other diseases, are discussed.
Collapse
|
6
|
Sørensen ALT, Clausen H, Wandall HH. Carbohydrate clearance receptors in transfusion medicine. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:1797-808. [PMID: 22846227 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complex carbohydrates play important functions for circulation of proteins and cells. They provide protective shields and refraction from non-specific interactions with negative charges from sialic acids to enhance circulatory half-life. For recombinant protein therapeutics carbohydrates are especially important to enhance size and reduce glomerular filtration loss. Carbohydrates are, however, also ligands for a large number of carbohydrate-binding lectins exposed to the circulatory system that serve as scavenger receptors for the innate immune system, or have more specific roles in targeting of glycoproteins and cells. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here we provide an overview of the common lectin receptors that play roles for circulating glycoproteins and cells, and present a discussion of ways to engineer glycosylation of recombinant biologics and cells to improve therapeutic effects. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS While the pharmaceutical industry has learned how to exploit carbohydrates to improve pharmacokinetic properties of recombinant therapeutics, our understanding of how to improve cell-based therapies by manipulation of complex carbohydrates is still at its infancy. Progress with the latter has recently been achieved with cold-stored platelets, where exposure of uncapped glycans lead to rapid clearance from circulation by several lectin-mediated pathways. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding lectin-mediated clearance pathways is essential for progress in development of biological pharmaceuticals.
Collapse
|
7
|
Khan MW, Kale AA, Bere P, Vajjala S, Gounaris E, Pakanati KC. Microbes, intestinal inflammation and probiotics. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 6:81-94. [PMID: 22149584 DOI: 10.1586/egh.11.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is known for causing disturbed homeostatic balance among the intestinal immune compartment, epithelium and microbiota. Owing to the emergence of IBD as a major cause of morbidity and mortality, great efforts have been put into understanding the sequence of intestinal inflammatory events. Intestinal macrophages and dendritic cells act in a synergistic fashion with intestinal epithelial cells and microbiota to initiate the triad that governs the intestinal immune responses (whether inflammatory or regulatory). In this review, we will discuss the interplay of intestinal epithelial cells, bacteria and the innate immune component. Moreover, whether or not genetic intervention of probiotic bacteria is a valid approach for attenuating/mitigating exaggerated inflammation and IBD will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad W Khan
- The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yamamoto K, Irimura T. Toshiaki Osawa: biochemistry of lectins and their applications in immunochemistry and cellular biology. J Biochem 2011; 150:477-82. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvr033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
9
|
Denda-Nagai K, Aida S, Saba K, Suzuki K, Moriyama S, Oo-Puthinan S, Tsuiji M, Morikawa A, Kumamoto Y, Sugiura D, Kudo A, Akimoto Y, Kawakami H, Bovin NV, Irimura T. Distribution and function of macrophage galactose-type C-type lectin 2 (MGL2/CD301b): efficient uptake and presentation of glycosylated antigens by dendritic cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:19193-204. [PMID: 20304916 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.113613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) express cell surface lectins that are potentially involved in the recognition, uptake, and presentation of glycosylated foreign substances. A unique calcium-type (C-type) lectin, the macrophage galactose (Gal)-type C-type lectin (MGL/CD301) expressed on DCs, is thought to participate in the recognition of molecules from both altered self and pathogens due to its monosaccharide specificity for Gal and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc). Although mice have two MGL genes, Mgl1 and Mgl2, their distinct roles have not been previously explored. The present report characterizes the properties of MGL2 by examining its distribution and its role in antigen presentation by DCs. We generated an MGL2-specific monoclonal antibody and examined MGL2 expression in tissues by immunohistochemistry and in isolated cells by flow cytometry. The cells reactive with this antibody were shown to be a portion of MGL1-expressing cells, mostly conventional DCs. Internalization of soluble polyacrylamide polymers (PAA) with alpha-GalNAc residues (GalNAc-PAA) by bone marrow-derived DCs (BM-DCs) was mediated by MGL2, as revealed by a comparison of Mgl1(-/-) and Mgl2(-/-) BM-DCs with wild-type BM-DCs. Biotinylated GalNAc-PAA conjugated to streptavidin (SAv) was more efficiently presented to SAv-primed T cells by BM-DCs than beta-N-acetylglucosamine-PAA conjugated to SAv or SAv alone as shown by thymidine uptake and cytokine production. This is the first report that demonstrates the involvement of GalNAc residues in antigen uptake and presentation by DCs that lead to CD4(+) T cell activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Denda-Nagai
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Coombs PJ, Harrison R, Pemberton S, Quintero-Martinez A, Parry S, Haslam SM, Dell A, Taylor ME, Drickamer K. Identification of novel contributions to high-affinity glycoprotein-receptor interactions using engineered ligands. J Mol Biol 2009; 396:685-96. [PMID: 20004209 PMCID: PMC2824085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Engineered receptor fragments and glycoprotein ligands employed in different assay formats have been used to dissect the basis for the dramatic enhancement of binding of two model membrane receptors, dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) and the macrophage galactose lectin, to glycoprotein ligands compared to simple sugars. These approaches make it possible to quantify the importance of two major factors that combine to enhance the affinity of single carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs) for glycoprotein ligands by 100-to 300-fold. First, the presence of extended binding sites within a single CRD can enhance interaction with branched glycans, resulting in increases of fivefold to 20-fold in affinity. Second, presentation of glycans on a glycoprotein surface increases affinity by 15-to 20-fold, possibly due to low-specificity interactions with the surface of the protein or restriction in the conformation of the glycans. In contrast, when solution-phase networking is avoided, enhancement due to binding of multiple branches of a glycan to multiple CRDs in the oligomeric forms of these receptors is minimal and binding of a receptor oligomer to multiple glycans on a single glycoprotein makes only a twofold contribution to overall affinity. Thus, in these cases, multivalent interactions of individual glycoproteins with individual receptor oligomers have a limited role in achieving high affinity. These findings, combined with considerations of membrane receptor geometry, are consistent with the idea that further enhancement of the binding to multivalent glycoprotein ligands requires interaction of multiple receptor oligomers with the ligands.
Collapse
|
11
|
McGreal EP. Structural basis of pattern recognition by innate immune molecules. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 653:139-61. [PMID: 19799117 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0901-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the innate immune system as a first line defence against pathogenic challenge has long been recognised. Over the last decade the identity of many of the key molecules mediating innate host defence have been clarified and a model of self/ nonself discrimination by families of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) has emerged. Although a large amount of information is now available concerning the action of these innate immune molecules at the level of the cell and organism, little is known about the molecular interface between pathogens and innate immune recognition molecules. In this chapter the molecular basis for innate immune discrimination of a wide variety of pathogen derived molecules is discussed in the context of the emerging literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eamon P McGreal
- Department of Child Health, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Saba K, Denda-Nagai K, Irimura T. A C-type lectin MGL1/CD301a plays an anti-inflammatory role in murine experimental colitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 174:144-52. [PMID: 19095961 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is caused by abnormal inflammatory and immune responses to harmless substances, such as commensal bacteria, in the large bowel. Such responses appear to be suppressed under healthy conditions, although the mechanism of such suppression is currently unclear. The present study aimed to reveal whether the recognition of bacterial surface carbohydrates by the macrophage galactose-type C-type lectin-1, MGL1/CD301a, induces both the production and secretion of interleukin (IL)-10. Dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) was orally administrated to mice that lacked MGL1/CD301a (Mgl1(-/-) mice) and their wild-type littermates. Mgl1(-/-) mice showed significantly more severe inflammation than wild-type mice after administration of DSS. MGL1-positive cells in the colonic lamina propria corresponded to macrophage-like cells with F4/80-high, CD11b-positive, and CD11c-intermediate expression. These cells in Mgl1(-/-) mice produced a lower level of IL-10 mRNA compared with wild-type mice after the administration of DSS for 2 days. Recombinant MGL1 was found to bind both Streptococcus sp. and Lactobacillus sp. among commensal bacteria isolated from mesenteric lymph nodes of DSS-treated mice. Heat-killed Streptococcus sp. induced an increase in IL-10 secretion by MGL1-positive colonic lamina propria macrophages, but not the macrophage population from Mgl1(-/-) mice. These results strongly suggest that MGL1/CD301a plays a protective role against colitis by effectively inducing IL-10 production by colonic lamina propria macrophages in response to invading commensal bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Saba
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Linman MJ, Taylor JD, Yu H, Chen X, Cheng Q. Surface plasmon resonance study of protein-carbohydrate interactions using biotinylated sialosides. Anal Chem 2008; 80:4007-13. [PMID: 18461973 DOI: 10.1021/ac702566e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Lectins are carbohydrate binding proteins found in plants, animals, and microorganisms. They serve as important models for understanding protein-carbohydrate interactions at the molecular level. We report here the fabrication of a novel sensing interface of biotinylated sialosides to probe lectin-carbohydrate interactions using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPR). The attachment of carbohydrates to the surface using biotin-NeutrAvidin interactions and the implementation of an inert hydrophilic hexaethylene glycol spacer (HEG) between the biotin and the carbohydrate result in a well-defined interface, enabling desired orientational flexibility and enhanced access of binding partners. The specificity and sensitivity of lectin binding were characterized using Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA) and other lectins including Maackia amurensis lectin (MAL), concanavalin A (Con A), and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). The results indicate that alpha2,6-linked sialosides exhibit high binding affinity to SNA, while alteration in sialyl linkage and terminal sialic acid structure compromises the affinity by a varied degree. Quantitative analysis yields an equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of 777 +/- 93 nM for SNA binding to Neu5Ac alpha2,6-LHEB. Transient SPR kinetics confirms the K D value from the equilibrium binding studies. A linear relationship was obtained in the 10-100 microg/mL range with limit of detection of approximately 50 nM. Weak interactions with MAL, Con A, and WGA were also quantified. The control experiment with bovine serum albumin indicates that nonspecific interaction on this surface is insignificant over the concentration range studied. Multiple experiments can be performed on the same substrate using a glycine stripping buffer, which selectively regenerates the surface without damaging the sialoside or the biotin-NeutrAvidin interface. This surface design retains a high degree of native affinity for the carbohydrate motifs, allowing distinction of sialyl linkages and investigation pertaining to the effect of functional group on binding efficiency. It could be easily modified to identify and quantify binding patterns of any low-affinity biologically relevant systems, opening new avenues for probing carbohydrate-protein interactions in real time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Linman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hirabayashi J. Concept, Strategy and Realization of Lectin-based Glycan Profiling. J Biochem 2008; 144:139-47. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvn043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
15
|
Weimar T, Haase B, Köhli T. Low Affinity Carbohydrate Lectin Interactions Examined with Surface Plasmon Resonance. J Carbohydr Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/07328300008544136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Weimar
- a Institut für Chemie, Medizinische Universität zu Lübeck , Ratzeburger Alle 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
- b Biacore AB, Jechtinger Straße 8 , D-79111 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Haase
- a Institut für Chemie, Medizinische Universität zu Lübeck , Ratzeburger Alle 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
- b Biacore AB, Jechtinger Straße 8 , D-79111 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thies Köhli
- a Institut für Chemie, Medizinische Universität zu Lübeck , Ratzeburger Alle 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
- b Biacore AB, Jechtinger Straße 8 , D-79111 Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
van Vliet SJ, Saeland E, van Kooyk Y. Sweet preferences of MGL: carbohydrate specificity and function. Trends Immunol 2008; 29:83-90. [PMID: 18249034 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2007.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectins play important roles in both innate and adaptive immune responses. In contrast to the mannose- or fucose-specific C-type lectins DC-SIGN and mannose receptor, the galactose-type lectins, of which only macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL) is found within the immune system, are less well known. MGL is selectively expressed by immature dendritic cells and macrophages with elevated levels on tolerogenic or alternatively activated subsets. Human MGL has an exclusive specificity for rare terminal GalNAc structures, which are revealed on the tumor-associated mucin MUC1 and CD45 on effector T cells. These findings implicate MGL in the homeostatic control of adaptive immunity. We discuss here the functional similarities and differences between MGL orthologs and compare MGL to its closest homolog, the liver-specific asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra J van Vliet
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dupasquier M, Stoitzner P, Wan H, Cerqueira D, van Oudenaren A, Voerman JSA, Denda-Nagai K, Irimura T, Raes G, Romani N, Leenen PJM. The dermal microenvironment induces the expression of the alternative activation marker CD301/mMGL in mononuclear phagocytes, independent of IL-4/IL-13 signaling. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 80:838-49. [PMID: 16849611 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1005564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we have shown that mononuclear phagocytes comprise the majority of interstitial cells in the mouse dermis, as indicated by their phenotypic and functional characteristics. In particular, these cells express the mouse macrophage galactose-/N-acetylgalactosamine-specific-lectin (mMGL)/CD301, identified by the monoclonal antibody ER-MP23, as well as other macrophage markers. As expression of mMGL is induced by IL-4 or IL-13 and is therefore a marker of alternatively activated macrophages, we asked whether dermal mononuclear phagocytes are genuinely alternatively activated. We observed that these cells expressed, next to mMGL, two other alternative activation markers, namely, the mannose receptor/CD206 and Dectin-1. Yet, as this expression profile was similar in IL-4 receptor alpha knockout mice, neither IL-4 nor IL-13 signaling appeared to be required for this phenotype. We also found that Langerhans cells (LC), which showed only a low level of mMGL in the epidermis, up-regulated mMGL expression upon migration through the dermis, allowing these cells to internalize limited amounts of mMGL ligands. LC isolated from epidermal preparations did not show this up-regulation when cultured in standard medium, but whole skin-conditioned medium did stimulate mMGL expression by LC. The vast majority of mMGL molecules was present in the cytoplasm, however. LC, which arrived in skin-draining lymph nodes, quickly down-regulated mMGL expression, and dermally derived cells retained significant mMGL levels. Taken together, these data suggest that the dermal microenvironment induces mononuclear phagocyte subpopulations to express mMGL and possibly other markers of alternatively activated macrophages, independent of IL-4/IL-13 signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Dupasquier
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, NL-3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Coombs PJ, Taylor ME, Drickamer K. Two categories of mammalian galactose-binding receptors distinguished by glycan array profiling. Glycobiology 2006; 16:1C-7C. [PMID: 16670103 PMCID: PMC1751483 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwj126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Profiling of the four known galactose-binding receptors in the C-type lectin family has been undertaken in parallel on a glycan array. The results are generally consistent with those of previous assays using various different formats, but they provide a direct comparison of the properties of the four receptors, revealing that they fall into two distinct groups. The major subunit of the rat asialoglycoprotein receptor and the rat Kupffer cell receptor show similar broad preferences for GalNAc-terminated glycans, while the rat macrophage galactose lectin and the human scavenger receptor C-type lectin (SRCL) bind more restricted sets of glycans. Both of these receptors bind to Lewis x-type structures, but the macrophage galactose lectin also interacts strongly with biantennary galactose- and GalNAc-terminated glycans. Although the similar glycan-binding profiles for the asialoglycoprotein receptor and the Kupffer cell receptor might suggest that these receptors are functionally redundant, analysis of fibroblasts transfected with full-length Kupffer cell receptor reveals that they fail to endocytose glycosylated ligand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Coombs
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Maureen E. Taylor
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Kurt Drickamer
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: E-mail: , Telephone: + 44 20 7594 5282, Fax: + 44 20 7594 5207
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Maynard HD, Hubbell JA. Discovery of a sulfated tetrapeptide that binds to vascular endothelial growth factor. Acta Biomater 2005; 1:451-9. [PMID: 16701826 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2005] [Revised: 04/05/2005] [Accepted: 04/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecules that mimic the sulfated glycosaminoglycan heparin and bind to heparin-binding growth factors would serve as important building blocks for synthetic biomaterials, e.g. to create a growth factor reservoir within a matrix. Peptide-based heparin mimetics would be particularly attractive, given the ease of peptide synthesis and modification. A sulfated tetrapeptide that fits this description and binds to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was discovered using a rationally-designed combinatorial approach. A approximately 6600 member library of tetrapeptides, designed to include heparin functionality, was synthesized by solid-phase Fmoc chemistry. The library was analyzed on-resin for VEGF binding using a fluorescence assay that employed a 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin-modified VEGF(165). The beads were ranked according to fluorescent signal and SY(SO(3))DY(SO(3)) was identified as the top binder. The binding affinity of the peptide for VEGF(165) was ascertained by surface plasmon resonance and compared with the heparin mimic suramin; the peptide binds to VEGF(165) 100-fold stronger than the sulfonated compound. These results suggest that the identified peptide may be useful in biomaterial applications where binding of VEGF is desired.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather D Maynard
- Department of Materials Science and Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Beccati D, Halkes KM, Batema GD, Guillena G, Carvalho de Souza A, van Koten G, Kamerling JP. SPR Studies of Carbohydrate-Protein Interactions: Signal Enhancement of Low-Molecular-Mass Analytes by Organoplatinum(II)-Labeling. Chembiochem 2005; 6:1196-203. [PMID: 15912552 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200400402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The relatively insensitive surface plasmon resonance (SPR) signal detection of low-molecular-mass analytes that bind with weak affinity to a protein--for example, carbohydrate-lectin binding--is hampering the use of biosensors in interaction studies. In this investigation, low-molecular-mass carbohydrates have been labeled with an organoplatinum(II) complex of the type [PtCl(NCN-R)]. The attachment of this complex increased the SPR response tremendously and allowed the detection of binding events between monosaccharides and lectins at very low analyte concentrations. The platinum atom inside the organoplatinum(II) complex was shown to be essential for the SPR-signal enhancement. The organoplatinum(II) complex did not influence the specificity of the biological interaction, but both the signal enhancement and the different binding character of labeled compounds when compared with unlabeled ones makes the method unsuitable for the direct calculation of biologically relevant kinetic parameters. However, the labeling procedure is expected to be of high relevance for qualitative binding studies and relative affinity ranking of small molecules (not restricted only to carbohydrates) to receptors, a process of immense interest in pharmaceutical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Beccati
- Bijvoet Center, Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lee HK, Park KM, Jeon YJ, Kim D, Oh DH, Kim HS, Park CK, Kim K. Vesicle Formed by Amphiphilc Cucurbit[6]uril: Versatile, Noncovalent Modification of the Vesicle Surface, and Multivalent Binding of Sugar-Decorated Vesicles to Lectin. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:5006-7. [PMID: 15810820 DOI: 10.1021/ja042172s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel vesicle formed by an amphiphilic CB[6] derivative, the surface of which can be easily modified via host-guest interactions by taking advantage of molecular cavities, readily accessible at the vesicle surface, and their strong affinity toward polyamines. Amphiphilic CB[6] derivative 1 synthesized by reaction between (allyloxy)12CB[6] and 2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanethiol affords a vesicle that has been characterized by TEM, light scattering, and fluorescent dye entrapment experiments. Treatment of vesicle 1 with FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate)-spermine conjugate ligand 2, in which spermine serves as a binding motif to CB[6] and FITC as a fluorescent tag, produced a surface-modified vesicle, which can be easily visualized by a confocal microscope. This result provides us with a new noncovalent, modular approach to the modification of vesicle surfaces. By treating the vesicle derived from the amphiphilic CB[6] with a tag-attached polyamine, we can easily decorate the surface of the vesicle with the tag. Sugar-decorated vesicles were prepared by this noncovalent method, and their interactions with concanavalin A (ConA) were studied. The binding constant of the vesicle decorated with mannose-spermidine conjugate 3 to ConA was measured to be approximately 3 x 104 M-1, which is almost 3 orders of magnitude higher than that of free ligand 3 to ConA (K = approximately 50 M-1). On the other hand, the binding constant of the vesicle coated with galactose-spermidine conjugate 4 to ConA was too small to be measured. These results illustrate the specific and multivalent interactions between the mannose-decorated vesicle and ConA. The ability for facile surface modification suggests many practical applications, including its use in targeted drug delivery and immunization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Kun Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Smart Supramolecules, and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31 Hyojadong, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sato K, Higashi N, Kumamoto Y, Irimura T. Distribution of MGL1 Binding Sites and MGL1/2-positive Cells in Lymph Nodes during the Sensitization Phase of Contact Hypersensitivity. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2005. [DOI: 10.1267/ahc.38.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Sato
- Department of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Nobuaki Higashi
- Department of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yosuke Kumamoto
- Department of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Tatsuro Irimura
- Department of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kumamoto Y, Higashi N, Denda-Nagai K, Tsuiji M, Sato K, Crocker PR, Irimura T. Identification of Sialoadhesin as a Dominant Lymph Node Counter-receptor for Mouse Macrophage Galactose-type C-type Lectin 1. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:49274-80. [PMID: 15364954 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m409300200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the sensitization phase of contact hypersensitivity in mice, dermal macrophages (MOs) expressing MO galactose-type C-type lectin1 (MGL1) are known to migrate from the dermis to lymph nodes (LNs) where they accumulate in the subcapsular sinus, interfollicular regions, and areas surrounding high endothelial venules. We hypothesize that the interactions between MGL1 and its ligands determine the localizations of MGL1-positive cells within the LNs. In the present study, our major aim was to isolate MGL1 counter-receptor(s) from lysates of LNs using affinity chromatography with immobilized recombinant MGL1. Fractions bound and eluted with EDTA were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. One of the predominant components was sialoadhesin (Sn, Siglec-1). Sn from lysates of LNs was immobilized on microtiter plates precoated with anti-Sn monoclonal antibody, and binding of recombinant MGL1 and adhesion of cells expressing MGL1 were tested. The binding of recombinant MGL1 to Sn was shown to be dependent on Ca2+ and N-glycans on Sn. MGL1-transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells adhered to the Sn-coated plates, whereas mock transfectants did not. Immunohistochemical localization of anti-Sn monoclonal antibody in LN coincided with the subcapsular sinus area to which recombinant MGL1 was bound. Furthermore, the distribution of MGL1+ cells after sensitization with FITC was demonstrated to overlap with that of Sn within the subcapsular sinus of draining LNs. These results suggest that Sn acts as an endogenous counter-receptor for MGL1.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Asialoglycoproteins
- Binding Sites
- Blotting, Western
- CHO Cells
- Calcium/chemistry
- Carbohydrates/chemistry
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Movement
- Chromatography, Affinity
- Cricetinae
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Edetic Acid
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lectins/chemistry
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Ligands
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Polysaccharides/chemistry
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Immunologic/chemistry
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 1
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Time Factors
- Transfection
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Kumamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kapoor M, Thomas CJ, Bachhawat-Sikder K, Sharma S, Surolia A. Exploring kinetics and mechanism of protein-sugar recognition by surface plasmon resonance. Methods Enzymol 2003; 362:312-29. [PMID: 12968373 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(03)01022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mili Kapoor
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hirabayashi J, Hashidate T, Arata Y, Nishi N, Nakamura T, Hirashima M, Urashima T, Oka T, Futai M, Muller WEG, Yagi F, Kasai KI. Oligosaccharide specificity of galectins: a search by frontal affinity chromatography. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1572:232-54. [PMID: 12223272 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(02)00311-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 691] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Galectins are widely distributed sugar-binding proteins whose basic specificity for beta-galactosides is conserved by evolutionarily preserved carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs). Although they have long been believed to be involved in diverse biological phenomena critical for multicellular organisms, in only few a cases has it been proved that their in vivo functions are actually based on specific recognition of the complex carbohydrates expressed on cell surfaces. To obtain clues to understand the physiological roles of diverse members of the galectin family, detailed analysis of their sugar-binding specificity is necessary from a comparative viewpoint. For this purpose, we recently reinforced a conventional system for frontal affinity chromatography (FAC) [J. Chromatogr., B, Biomed. Sci. Appl. 771 (2002) 67-87]. By using this system, we quantitatively analyzed the interactions at 20 degrees C between 13 galectins including 16 CRDs originating from mammals, chick, nematode, sponge, and mushroom, with 41 pyridylaminated (PA) oligosaccharides. As a result, it was confirmed that galectins require three OH groups of N-acetyllactosamine, as had previously been denoted, i.e., 4-OH and 6-OH of Gal, and 3-OH of GlcNAc. As a matter of fact, no galectin could bind to glycolipid-type glycans (e.g., GM2, GA2, Gb3), complex-type N-glycans, of which both 6-OH groups are sialylated, nor Le-related antigens (e.g., Le(x), Le(a)). On the other hand, considerable diversity was observed for individual galectins in binding specificity in terms of (1) branching of N-glycans, (2) repeating of N-acetyllactosamine units, or (3) substitutions at 2-OH or 3-OH groups of nonreducing terminal Gal. Although most galectins showed moderately enhanced affinity for branched N-glycans or repeated N-acetyllactosamines, some of them had extremely enhanced affinity for either of these multivalent glycans. Some galectins also showed particular preference for alpha1-2Fuc-, alpha1-3Gal-, alpha1-3GalNAc-, or alpha2-3NeuAc-modified glycans. To summarize, galectins have evolved their sugar-binding specificity by enhancing affinity to either "branched", "repeated", or "substituted" glycans, while conserving their ability to recognize basic disaccharide units, Galbeta1-3/4GlcNAc. On these bases, they are considered to exert specialized functions in diverse biological phenomena, which may include formation of local cell-surface microdomains (raft) by sorting glycoconjugate members for each cell type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hirabayashi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamiko, Kanagawa 199-0195, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tsuiji M, Fujimori M, Ohashi Y, Higashi N, Onami TM, Hedrick SM, Irimura T. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel mouse macrophage C-type lectin, mMGL2, which has a distinct carbohydrate specificity from mMGL1. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:28892-901. [PMID: 12016228 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m203774200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel mouse macrophage galactose-type C-type lectin 2 (mMGL2) was identified by BLAST analysis of expressed sequence tags. The sequence of mMGL2 is highly homologous to the mMGL, which should now be called mMGL1. The open reading frame of mMGL2 contains a sequence corresponding to a type II transmembrane protein with 332 amino acids having a single extracellular C-type lectin domain. The 3'-untranslated region included long terminal repeats of mouse early transposon. The Mgl2 gene was cloned from a 129/SvJ mouse genomic library and sequenced. The gene spans 7,136 base pairs and consists of 10 exons, which is similar to the genomic organization of mMGL1. The reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis indicates that mMGL2 is expressed in cell lines and normal mouse tissues in a macrophage-restricted manner, also very similar to that of mMGL1. The mMGL2 mRNA was also detected in mMGL1-positive cells, which were sorted from thioglycollate-induced peritoneal cells with a mMGL1-specific monoclonal antibody, LOM-8.7. The soluble recombinant proteins of mMGL2 exhibited carbohydrate specificity for alpha- and beta-GalNAc-conjugated soluble polyacrylamides, whereas mMGL1 preferentially bound Lewis X-conjugated soluble polyacrylamides in solid phase assays. These two lectins may function cooperatively as recognition and endocytic molecules on macrophages and related cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Tsuiji
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Denda-Nagai K, Kubota N, Tsuiji M, Kamata M, Irimura T. Macrophage C-type lectin on bone marrow-derived immature dendritic cells is involved in the internalization of glycosylated antigens. Glycobiology 2002; 12:443-50. [PMID: 12122026 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwf061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) were examined for the expression of the murine macrophage C-type lectin specific for galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine (mMGL). Flow cytometric analysis after double staining for MHC class II and mMGL with specific monoclonal antibodies indicated that mMGL was expressed on immature DCs with low to moderate levels of MHC class II and down-regulated during maturation. Immature DCs bound and internalized alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminides conjugated to soluble polyacrylamide (alpha-GalNAc polymers), whereas mature DCs and bone marrow cells did not. The two-color flow cytometric profiles indicated that the degree of alpha-GalNAc polymer bindings exactly coincided with the intensity of the binding of a mMGL-specific monoclonal antibody LOM-14. The internalized alpha-GalNAc polymers seemed to be transported to MHC class II compartments. Thus, mMGL is transiently expressed on bone marrow-derived DCs during their development and maturation and suggested to be involved in the uptake of glycosylated antigens for presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Denda-Nagai
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Onami TM, Lin MY, Page DM, Reynolds SA, Katayama CD, Marth JD, Irimura T, Varki A, Varki N, Hedrick SM. Generation of mice deficient for macrophage galactose- and N-acetylgalactosamine-specific lectin: limited role in lymphoid and erythroid homeostasis and evidence for multiple lectins. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:5173-81. [PMID: 12077344 PMCID: PMC139776 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.14.5173-5181.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage receptors function in pattern recognition for the induction of innate immunity, in cellular communication to mediate the regulation of adaptive immune responses, and in the clearance of some glycosylated cells or glycoproteins from the circulation. They also function in homeostasis by initiating the engulfment of apoptotic cells. Evidence has suggested that macrophage receptors function to recognize cells that are destined for programmed cell death but not yet overtly apoptotic. We have examined the function of a macrophage receptor specific for unsialylated glycoproteins, known as the mouse macrophage galactose- and N-acetylgalactosamine-specific lectin (mMGL) (Ii et al., J. Biol. Chem. 265:11295-11298, 1990; Sato et al., J. Biochem. [Tokyo] 111:331-336, 1992; Yamamoto et al., Biochemistry 33:8159-8166, 1994). With targeted disruption, we tested whether mMGL is necessary for macrophage function, controlled thymic development, the loss of activated CD8 T cells, and the turnover of red blood cells. Evidence indicates that mMGL may play a nonessential role in several of these macrophage functions. Experiments are presented that indicate the existence of another galactose- and N-acetylgalactosamine-recognizing lectin distinct from mMGL. This may explain the absence of a strong phenotype in mMGL-deficient mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thandi M Onami
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biology, Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Higashi N, Fujioka K, Denda-Nagai K, Hashimoto SI, Nagai S, Sato T, Fujita Y, Morikawa A, Tsuiji M, Miyata-Takeuchi M, Sano Y, Suzuki N, Yamamoto K, Matsushima K, Irimura T. The macrophage C-type lectin specific for galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine is an endocytic receptor expressed on monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:20686-93. [PMID: 11919201 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m202104200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins on antigen presenting cells are potentially involved in the antigen uptake and the cellular recognition and trafficking. Serial analysis of gene expression in monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes, and macrophages revealed that 7 of the 19 C-type lectin mRNA were present in immature DCs. Two of these, the macrophage mannose receptor and the macrophage lectin specific for galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine (MGL), were found only in immature DCs, as confirmed by reverse transcriptase-PCR and flow cytometric analysis. By subcloning and sequencing the amplified mRNA, we obtained nucleotide sequences encoding seven different human MGL (hMGL) subtypes, which were apparently derived from alternatively spliced mRNA. In addition, the hMGL gene locus on human chromosome 17p13 contains one gene. A single nucleotide polymorphism was identified at a position in exon 3 that corresponds to the cytoplasmic region proximal to the transmembrane domain. Of all the splicing variants, the hMGL variant 6C was expressed at the highest levels on immature DCs from all donors tested. Immature DCs could incorporate alpha-GalNAc-modified soluble acrylamide polymers, and this was significantly inhibited by pretreatment of the cells with an anti-hMGL monoclonal antibody that blocks the lectin-carbohydrate interaction. We propose that hMGL is a marker of imDCs and that it functions as an endocytic receptor for glycosylated antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Higashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Higashi N, Morikawa A, Fujioka K, Fujita Y, Sano Y, Miyata-Takeuchi M, Suzuki N, Irimura T. Human macrophage lectin specific for galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine is a marker for cells at an intermediate stage in their differentiation from monocytes into macrophages. Int Immunol 2002; 14:545-54. [PMID: 12039906 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxf021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the expression of a human macrophage lectin specific for galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine (hMGL) during macrophage differentiation. The expression of hMGL during the in vitro differentiation induced by human serum was examined by immunostaining and Western blotting with a specific mAb, MLD-1, as well as with RT-PCR analysis. hMGL was detected on cells at an intermediate stage of differentiation. These cells were round, slightly larger in size (12.7 +/- 0.2 microm) than monocytes (9.8 +/- 0.1 microm) and expressed the macrophage marker CD14, but lacked the dendritic cell marker CD1a. The highest levels of expression occurred after 2-4 days of culture. At this time point, MLD-1 prominently stained 20-40% of the cells. Monocytes cultured for 16 h or fully differentiated monocyte-derived macrophages were negative or weak for hMGL expression. Similar transient expression was also observed during granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor- or macrophage colony stimulating factor-dependent macrophage differentiation. The lectin was characterized as a functional endocytic receptor for glycosylated macromolecules, since the uptake of carbohydrate polymers was partially inhibited by the addition of MLD-1. The distribution of hMGL(+) cells in normal human skin was found by immunostaining to be mainly in the upper dermis distant from vascular structures. More than 90% of the hMGL(+) cells were double stained with anti-CD68 mAb and constituted approximately 20% of the CD68(+) cells. We suggest that the dermal hMGL(+) cells are a subset of differentiated cells derived from monocytes and that hMGL is a unique marker for cells at an intermediate stage of macrophage differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Higashi
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Jungar C, Mandenius CF. Neoglycoconjugates as affinity ligands in surface plasmon resonance analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)01393-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
32
|
Nemoto-Sasaki Y, Mitsuki M, Morimoto-Tomita M, Maeda A, Tsuiji M, Irimura T. Correlation between the sialylation of cell surface Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen and the metastatic potential of colon carcinoma cells in a mouse model. Glycoconj J 2001; 18:895-906. [PMID: 12820723 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022252509765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The cell surface glycosylation profiles of a liver metastatic colon carcinoma variant cell line, SL4 cells previously selected from colon 38 cells in vivo for liver colonization were investigated. Flowcytometric analysis was performed with 7 plant lectins and 10 carbohydrate specific monoclonal antibodies. The results showed that peanut agglutinin (PNA), Sambucus nigra agglutinin, Ulex europeus agglutinin-I, anti-LeX, anti-LeY, and anti-Le(b) antibodies bound to the parental colon 38 cells but not to SL4 cells. Another variant cell line was selected in vitro for the paucity of cell surface PNA-binding sites using a magnetic cell sorter and was designated as 38-N4 cells. The binding profiles of plant lectins and carbohydrate-specific antibodies to 38-N4 cells were very similar to those of SL4 cells. After intrasplenic injections, metastatic ability of 38-N4 cells was higher than that of colon 38 cells. PNA binding to SL4 cells and 38-N4 cells was detected after sialidase treatment of these cells, indicating increased sialylation of Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen in these cells. The mRNA levels of sialyltransferases, ST3Gal I, ST3Gal II, ST6GalNAc I, and ST6GalNAc II, were compared. The level of ST3Gal II mRNA was elevated in both SL4 cells and 38-N4 cells, whereas the level of ST6GalNAc II mRNA was elevated in 38-N4 cells compared with colon 38 cells. According to the expression array analysis, there are other glycosyltransferase genes differentially expressed between SL4 and colon 38 cells, yet their involvement in the altered glycosylation in these cells is unclear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Nemoto-Sasaki
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Unravelling Carbohydrate Interactions with Biosensors Using Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-45010-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
|
34
|
Dettmann W, Grandbois M, André S, Benoit M, Wehle AK, Kaltner H, Gabius HJ, Gaub HE. Differences in zero-force and force-driven kinetics of ligand dissociation from beta-galactoside-specific proteins (plant and animal lectins, immunoglobulin G) monitored by plasmon resonance and dynamic single molecule force microscopy. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 383:157-70. [PMID: 11185549 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2000.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein-carbohydrate interactions are involved in diverse regulatory processes. To help understand the mechanics and kinetics of dissociation of receptor-ligand complexes, we have analyzed the separation of lactose and the N-glycan chains of asialofetuin (ASF) from three lectins and an immunoglobulin G fraction by surface plasmon resonance at zero force and by atomic force microscopy with variations of the external force. While the (AB)2 agglutinins from Ricinus communis (RCA) and Viscum album (VAA) show structural homology, the homodimeric galectin-1 from bovine heart (BHL) has no similarity to the two plant lectins except for sharing this monosaccharide specificity. The beta-galactoside-binding immunoglobulin G (IgG) fraction from human serum provides a further model system with distinct binding-site architecture. The k(off) constants for the two plant agglutinins were independent of the nature of the ligand at 1.1-1.3 x 10(-3) s(-1), whereas the geometry of ligand and binding site presentation affected this parameter for BHL (0.5 x 10(-3) s(-1) for lactose and 1 x 10(-3) s(-1) for ASF) and IgG (1.3 x 10(-3) s(-1) for lactose and 0.55 x 10(-3) s(-1) for ASF). When assessing comparatively the rupture forces at a loading rate of 3 nN/s with lactose as ligand, 34 +/- 6 pN (BHL), 36 +/- 4 pN (IgG), 47 +/- 7 pN (VAA), and 58 +/- 9 pN (RCA) were measured. For the same loading rate the rupture forces for the receptor-ASF interactions were found to be 37 +/- 3 pN (BHL), 43 +/- 5 pN (VAA), 45 +/- 6 pN (IgG), and 65 +/- 9 pN (RCA). The variation of the pulling velocity revealed in all cases a linear dependence between the rupture force and the natural logarithm of the loading rate. Performing probability density and Monte Carlo calculations, the potential barrier widths, which determine the inverse dynamic dependence with the rate of force elevation, increased from 4 A (RCA) and 7 A (VAA and IgG) to 10 A (BHL) for the receptor-lactose interactions. Presenting ASF as ligand potential widths of 4 A for RCA and IgG and 6 A for VAA and BHL were obtained. Since the dissociation kinetics at zero force apparently cannot predict the behavior in force-driven experiments, these results reveal new insights into biological functions. The dissociation kinetics under force helps to explain the difference in the toxic potency of VAA and RCA and points to a function of the galectin in cis-crosslinking and in transient trans-bridging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Dettmann
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Physik, Sektion Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Patil AR, Thomas CJ, Surolia A. Kinetics and the mechanism of interaction of the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone, calreticulin, with monoglucosylated (Glc1Man9GlcNAc2) substrate. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:24348-56. [PMID: 10821837 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m003102200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin is a lectin-like molecular chaperone of the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes. Its interaction with N-glycosylated polypeptides is mediated by the glycan, Glc(1)Man(9)GlcNAc(2), present on the target glycoproteins. In this work, binding of monoglucosyl IgG (chicken) substrate to calreticulin has been studied using real time association kinetics of the interaction with the biosensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR). By SPR, accurate association and dissociation rate constants were determined, and these yielded a micromolar association constant. The nature of reaction was unaffected by immobilization of either of the reactants. The Scatchard analysis values for K(a) agreed well with the one obtained by the ratio k(1)/k(-1). The interaction was completely inhibited by free oligosaccharide, Glc(1)Man(9)GlcNAc(2,) whereas Man(9)GlcNAc(2) did not bind to the calreticulin-substrate complex, attesting to the exquisite specificity of this interaction. The binding of calreticulin to IgG was used for the development of immunoassay and the relative affinity of the lectin-substrate association was indirectly measured. The values are in agreement with those obtained with SPR. Although the reactions are several orders of magnitude slower than the diffusion controlled processes, the data are qualitatively and quantitatively consistent with single-step bimolecular association and dissociation reaction. Analyses of the activation parameters indicate that reaction is enthalpically driven and does not involve a highly ordered transition state. Based on these data, the mechanism of its chaperone activity is briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Patil
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
André S, Ortega PJ, Perez MA, Roy R, Gabius HJ. Lactose-containing starburst dendrimers: influence of dendrimer generation and binding-site orientation of receptors (plant/animal lectins and immunoglobulins) on binding properties. Glycobiology 1999; 9:1253-61. [PMID: 10536041 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/9.11.1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Starburst glycodendrimers offer the potential to serve as high-affinity ligands for clinically relevant sugar receptors. In order to define areas of application, their binding behavior towards sugar receptors with differential binding-site orientation but identical monosaccharide specificity must be evaluated. Using poly(amidoamine) starburst dendrimers of five generations, which contain the p-isothiocyanato derivative of p-aminophenyl-beta-D-lactoside as ligand group, four different types of galactoside-binding proteins were chosen for this purpose, i.e., the (AB)(2)-toxic agglutinin from mistletoe, a human immunoglobulin G fraction, the homodimeric galectin-1 with its two binding sites at opposite ends of the jelly-roll-motif-harboring protein and monomeric galectin-3. Direct solid-phase assays with surface-immobilized glycodendrimers resulted in obvious affinity enhancements by progressive core branching for the plant agglutinin and less pronounced for the antibody and galectin-1. High density of binding of galectin-3 with modest affinity increases only from the level of the 32-mer onwards points to favorable protein-protein interactions of the monomeric lectin and a spherical display of the end groups without a major share of backfolding. When the inhibitory potency of these probes was evaluated as competitor of receptor binding to an immobilized neoglycoprotein or to asialofetuin, a marked selectivity was detected. The 32- and 64-mers were second to none as inhibitors for the plant agglutinin against both ligand-exposing matrices and for galectin-1 on the matrix with a heterogeneous array of interglycoside distances even on the per-sugar basis. In contrast, a neoglycoprotein with the same end group was superior in the case of the antibody and, less pronounced, monomeric galectin-3. Intimate details of topological binding-site presentation and the ligand display on different generations of core assembly are major operative factors which determine the potential of dendrimers for applications as lectin-targeting device, as attested by these observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S André
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstrasse 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Haseley SR, Talaga P, Kamerling JP, Vliegenthart JF. Characterization of the carbohydrate binding specificity and kinetic parameters of lectins by using surface plasmon resonance. Anal Biochem 1999; 274:203-10. [PMID: 10527517 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1999.4277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An accurate, rapid, and sensitive method for characterizing the carbohydrate binding properties of lectins using a BIAcore apparatus and the detection method of surface plasmon resonance is described. As a model study, the sialic acid binding lectins from Sambucus nigra and Maackia amurensis, which are specific for the epitopes Neu5Ac(alpha2-6)Gal and Neu5Ac(alpha2-3)Gal, respectively, were chosen as suitable candidates. Two systems, one for the analysis of oligosaccharides and the other for glycoproteins, were developed after a rigorous analysis and evaluation of such parameters as binding conditions, buffers, and regeneration conditions. The systems take into account nonspecific binding, using the respective denatured lectin as negative blank, and avoid loss of activity: regeneration of the surface using either 10 mM NaOAc (pH 4.3) buffer (oligosaccharide system) or 20 mM HCl (glycoprotein system). The specificity of the lectins is well illustrated, while the kinetics parameters are shown to be sensitive to subtle changes in the recognized epitopes, and to be affected by steric hindrance. Surface plasmon resonance is a suitable technique for the analysis and characterization of lectins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S R Haseley
- Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, NL-3508 TB, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Barboni EA, Bawumia S, Hughes RC. Kinetic measurements of binding of galectin 3 to a laminin substratum. Glycoconj J 1999; 16:365-73. [PMID: 10619709 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007004330048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Galectin 3, a beta-galactoside binding protein, contains a C-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) and an N-terminal segment including multiple repeats of a proline/tyrosine/glycine-rich motif. Previous work has shown that galectin 3 but not the isolated CRD binds to laminin, a multivalent ligand, with positive cooperativety indicating the formation of multiple interactions although the lectin in solution is monomeric. Using surface plasmon resonance, we find that hamster galectin 3 at sub-micromolar concentrations or its isolated CRD at all concentrations binds to a laminin substratum with similar association (k(ass); 10-30,000 M(-1) S(-1)) and dissociation (k(diss); 0.2-0.3 S1(-1)) rates and weak affinity (Ka; 1-3 x 10(5) M(-1)). At higher concentrations of galectin 3 the off rate decreases ten fold leading to increased affinity. Ligation of an N-terminal epitope of galectin 3 with a monoclonal Fab fragment increases association and dissociation rates ten fold. A recombinant protein obtained by deletion of the first 93 N-terminal residues binds to laminin with positive cooperativity and a slowly dissociating fraction (K(diss); 0.002 S(-1)) accumulates on the substratum. The data suggest that homophilic interactions between CRD as well as N terminal domains are implicated in galectin 3 aggregation on the substratum leading to positive binding cooperativity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E A Barboni
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Akimoto Y, Imai Y, Hirabayashi J, Kasai K, Hirano H. Histochemistry and cytochemistry of endogenous animal lectins. PROGRESS IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY 1999; 33:1-90. [PMID: 10319374 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6336(98)80002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Akimoto
- Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Yoshida A, Minowa MT, Takamatsu S, Hara T, Ikenaga H, Takeuchi M. A novel second isoenzyme of the human UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:alpha1,3-D-mannoside beta1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase family: cDNA cloning, expression, and chromosomal assignment. Glycoconj J 1998; 15:1115-23. [PMID: 10372966 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006951519522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We isolated a novel cDNA encoding a second isoenzyme of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:alpha1,3-D-mannoside beta1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnT-IV; EC 2.4.1.145). The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the cDNA were homologous to those of the previously cloned human GnT-IV cDNA (63% and 62% identity, respectively). The new cDNA is also confirmed to express GnT-IV activity, suggesting that two isoenzymes of human GnT-IV exist. Although genomic Southern analysis suggested that both genes exist in many mammalian species and the chicken, northern analysis revealed that both genes are expressed in different ways in human tissues. This is the first report concerning the gene family of an N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Yoshida
- Central Laboratories for Key Technology, Kirin Brewery Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Yu YY, Van Wie BJ, Koch AR, Moffett DF, Davis WC. Real-time analysis of immunogen complex reaction kinetics using surface plasmon resonance. Anal Biochem 1998; 263:158-68. [PMID: 9799527 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1998.2784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Real-time biospecific interactions of immunogens, measured via BIAcore, were used to verify qualitatively a biosensor design which relies on analyte binding competition reactions to open cross-linked receptor channels. The complexes of importance are: (1) cardiac troponin I (TnI) and monoclonal mouse anti-TnI IgG mAb 265, (2) TnI and bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) which on one end recognize TnI while the other end recognizes nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), (3) nAChRs and rat anti-nAChR IgG mAb 148, (4) nAChRs and BsAbs, (5) nAChRs and Fab'148-TnI biopolymers, and (6) mAb 265 and Fab-TnI biopolymers. A commonly used sensor chip, CM5, was employed to immobilize TnI by covalent amine coupling, while bilayer membrane-associated protein, nAChR, was noncovalently sequestered on a HPA sensor chip via hydrophobic adsorption of membrane lipids. The epitopes of membrane-bound nAChRs were still available to immunogens after being immobilized. Kinetic rate constants and affinities of these systems were calculated from BIAcore sensorgrams. The order of magnitude for dissociation rate constants of the BsAb/TnI linker complex and biopolymer/mAb 265 complex is 10(-2) s-1, which provides an opportunity for competitive binding of free analyte in the sensing systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hosoi T, Imai Y, Irimura T. Coordinated binding of sugar, calcium, and antibody to macrophage C-type lectin. Glycobiology 1998; 8:791-8. [PMID: 9639540 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/8.8.791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse macrophage galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine-specific C-type lectin (MMGL) is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the C-type lectin family. Our development of monoclonal antibodies led us to discover that a calcium-dependent conformational change is detected by an antibody (termed mAb LOM-11) and that the antibody's binding to the respective site locks the lectin in an active conformation. These findings correspond to the divalent cation-mediated regulatory mechanisms in a family of cell adhesion molecule integrins that have gained much attention. We now provide direct evidence that mAb LOM-11 increases the affinity of the lectin for calcium ions as a mechanism for the conformational lock using a soluble recombinant form of MMGL (rML) produced in bacteria. Furthermore, we discovered by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that specific monosaccharides induced a binding site for mAb LOM-11 on the immobilized rML under low calcium environments. We also demonstrated that cell surface MMGL on a transfectant cell line underwent a conformational change upon addition of calcium or ligands, as detected by the binding of mAb LOM-11. These properties are reminiscent of ligand-induced binding sites defined for integrins. The present results suggest a possibility that the mAb LOM-11 binding site on the lectin may be a site at which protein-protein interaction helps to fine tune the specificity of the C-type lectins by means of coordinated recognition mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Hosoi
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Mizuochi S, Akimoto Y, Imai Y, Hirano H, Irimura T. Immunohistochemical study on a macrophage calcium-type lectin in mouse embryos: transient expression in chondroblasts during endochondral ossification. Glycoconj J 1998; 15:397-404. [PMID: 9613827 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006930019886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated expression of mouse macrophage galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine-specific calcium-type lectin (MMGL) in mouse embryos using a rat monoclonal antibody (mAb) LOM-14 that we previously developed. Immunoblot analysis revealed that a significant expression of MMGL was first detected in detergent extracts of whole embryos of 11 days post coitus (dpc) and the level of its expression increased during further fetal development (examined up to 18-dpc embryos). Tissue sections of 12, 14, 16, and 18-dpc embryos, newborn and adult mice were investigated by immunohistochemical staining. In embryos of 12-dpc and later stages, mesenchymal cells (typically distributed in the embryonic skin) exhibited positive signals for MMGL. Interestingly, a conspicuous staining was observed during endochondral ossification in temporary cartilage tissue, in which chondroblasts were transiently positive for MMGL. The staining intensity for the chondroblasts peaked in 14-dpc embryos and then gradually decreased. The staining was diminished while hypertrophy and maturation of chondrocytes proceeded, and was eliminated in areas with calcification. Immunoelectron microscopic study demonstrated the presence of MMGL in rough endoplasmic reticulum in the chondroblasts in the temporary cartilage tissue in 14-dpc embryos. These results provide first evidence showing the expression of MMGL in cells other than macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Mizuochi
- Department of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Imata H, Kubota K, Hattori K, Aoyagi M, Jindoh C. The Interaction of Oligosaccharide-Branched Cyclodextrins with Immobilized Concanavalin A. Polym J 1997. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.29.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
45
|
The specificity of association between concanavalin a and oligosaccharide-branched cyclodextrins with an optical biosensor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(96)00586-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
46
|
Abstract
The immune system consists of various types of cells and molecules that specifically interact with each other to initiate the host defense mechanism. Recent studies have shown that carbohydrates and lectins (carbohydrate-binding proteins) play an essential role in mediating such interactions. Both lectins and carbohydrates are widely distributed in the mammalian tissues as well as in microorganisms. Carbohydrates, due to their chemical nature, can potentially form structures that are more variable than proteins and nucleic acids. Lectins can exist in either soluble or cell-associated form, and although overall structures vary, invariably possess carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRD) with various specificities. The interaction between lectins and carbohydrates have been shown to be involved in such activities as opsonization of microorganisms, phagocytosis, cell adhesion and migration, cell activation and differentiation, and apoptosis. The number of lectins identified in the immune system is increasing at a rapid pace. The development in this area has opened a new aspect in studying the immune system, and at the same time, provided new therapeutic routes for the treatment and prevention of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Ni
- Glycobiology Laboratory, Carrington Laboratories Inc., College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
McDonnell JM, Jones GE, White TK, Tanzer ML. Calreticulin binding affinity for glycosylated laminin. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:7891-4. [PMID: 8626465 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.14.7891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that calreticulin has lectin-like properties. As a molecular chaperone, calreticulin binds preferentially to nascent glycoproteins via their immature carbohydrates; this property closely resembles that seen for calnexin, a chaperone with extensive molecular identity to calreticulin. A cell surface form of calreticulin also exhibits lectin-like properties, binding specific oligomannosides including those covalently linked to laminin. In the present study we examined the interaction between calreticulin and laminin by means of surface plasmon resonance. The results show that calreticulin specifically binds to glycosylated laminin but fails to specifically bind tunicamycin-derived unglycosylated laminin or bovine serum albumin. Calreticulin binding to glycosylated laminin requires calcium and is abolished in the presence of EDTA. Scatchard analysis of binding yields an apparent association constant, Ka, of 2.1 +/- 0.9 x 10(6) m-1 while kinetic analysis yields an estimate of the association on rate, (Kassoc), as 2 x 10(5) m-1 s-1. The composite results support calreticulin's lectin-like properties as well as its proposed role in laminin recognition, both in the cell interior and on the cell surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M McDonnell
- Randall Institute, King's College, London WC2B 5RL, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
van der Merwe PA, Barclay AN. Analysis of cell-adhesion molecule interactions using surface plasmon resonance. Curr Opin Immunol 1996; 8:257-61. [PMID: 8725949 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-7915(96)80065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The molecular interactions that mediate cell adhesion are often very weak, making them difficult to study. However, real-time optical biosensors based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) are greatly facilitating the biochemical analysis of these interactions. Analysis of the T cell surface molecule CD2 has shown that adhesion molecules can interact with very low affinities (Kd approximately 100 microM) and dissociate with half lives of approximately 0.2 seconds or less. SPR has been combined with site-directed mutagenesis to delineate the interacting surfaces of CD2 and its ligand, CD48, quantify the contribution of individual residues to the binding energy, and determine the binding orientation of these surfaces in the CD2-CD48 complex. Furthermore, SPR has been combined with in situ modification of carbohydrates on purified glycoproteins to analyze the binding specificity of lectins such as CD22. Researchers have discovered the potential pitfalls of SPR, which can lead to inaccurate affinity and kinetic measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P A van der Merwe
- MRC Cellular Immunology Unit, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
The synthesis of oligosaccharide-branched cyclodextrins and their interaction with concanavalin A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01041538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
50
|
Dill K, Olson JD. Picogram detection levels of asialofetuin via the carbohydrate moieties using the light addressable potentiometric sensor. Glycoconj J 1995; 12:660-3. [PMID: 8595257 DOI: 10.1007/bf00731262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Fetal calf serum asialofetuin was assayed in the sandwich format using biotinylated and fluoresceinated ricin toxin (B-RCA and F-RCA). The sandwiched species was captured on a biotin-BSA coated nitrocellulose membrane with streptavidin. Anti-fluorescein antibody-urease conjugate was bound to the complex, and detected and quantitated under microvolume conditions using the light addressable potentiometric sensor. As little as 250 pg of asialofetuin was detectable whereas fetuin gave no response at conditions as high as 32 ng. Using a competitive inhibition assay, we established that the binding constant for the asialofetuin-ricin complex was 3.6 x 10(8) M-1. This is in good agreement with data published using glycopeptides derived from asialofetuin, and RCA and the ricin agglutinin, RCA-120.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Dill
- Molecular Devices Corporation, Sunnyvale, CA 94089, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|